And join thy voice unto the angel-quire, From out his secret altar touched with hallowed fire. Milton.

The king with angry threatnings from out a window, where he was not ashamed the world should behold him a beholder, commanded his guard and the rest of his soldiers to hasten their death.

Sidney. Now shake, from out thy fruitful breast, the seeds Of envy, discord, and of cruel deeds.

Dryden's Eneid. Strong god of arms, whose iron sceptre sways The freezing North and hyperborean seas, Terror is thine, and wild amazement, flung From out thy chariot, withers even the strong.

Whatsoever such principle there is, it was first found out by discourse, and drawn from out of Hooker. the very bowels of heaven and earth. From under.

bay of the English Channel, called Poolhaven, near Wareham.

FROME, OF FROME-SELWOOD, a town of Somersetshire, and one of the most considerable of this part of the country, which was anciently one great forest, called Selwoodshire. Here is a large handsome church, 150 feet long, and fiftyfour broad, comprising a nave, chancel, north and south aisles, four chapels, and a vestry-room, with a square embattled tower and an octagonal spire, 120 feet high. There are likewise several meeting-houses in the town, belonging to different denominations of dissenters, two of which are large handsome edifices. Near the bridge stands a free-school for twenty boys, and an alms-house for widows; the latter is a handsome building, and was erected, by subscription, in 1720. Here is also an hospital for old men, a charity-school for boys, and an asylum for girls, together with various Sunday-schools, which afford instruction to 2000 children. The chief manufacture is broad and narrow cloth. Formerly more wire cards, for carding wool for the spinners, were made at this place than in all the rest of England, and there were no fewer than twenty master card-makers, one of whom employed 400 men, women, and children, in that manufactory at once. This town has been long noted for its fine ale, which is kept to a great age. It is thirteen miles south of Bath, and 105 west by south of London.

FRO'MWARD, prep. Sax. Fþam and peand. Away from; the contrary to the word towards. Not now in use.

As cheerfully going towards as Pyrocles went froward fromward his death. Sidney.

The horizontal needle is continually varying to wards East and West; and so the dipping or inclining needle is varying up and down, towards or fromwards Cheyne.

the zenith.

FRONDESCENTIE TEMPUS, in botany, the precise time of the year and month, in which each species of plants unfolds its first leaves. All plants produce new leaves every year; but all do not renew them at the same time. Among woody plants, the elder, and most of the honeysuckles; among the perennial herbs, the crocus and tulip are the first that push or expand their leaves. The time of sowing the seeds decides with respect to annuals. The oak and ash are constantly the latest in pushing their leaves; the greatest number unfold them in spring; the mosses and firs in winter. These striking differences seem to indicate that each species of plants has a temperature proper or peculiar to itself, and requires a certain degree of heat to extricate the leaves from the buds. This temperature, however, is not so fixed or constant as it may at first view appear. Among plants of the same species, there are some more early than others; whether that circumstance depends, as it most commonly does, on the nature of the plants, or is owing to differences in heat, exposure, and soil. In general, it may be affirmed that small and young trees are always earlier than larger or old ones. The pushing of the leaves is likewise accelerated or retarded, according to the temperature of the season; that is, according as the sun is sooner or later in dispensing the degree of heat suitable to each species.

FRONDI FEROUS, adj. Bearing leaves.

FRONT, n. s., v. a. & v. n.
FRONT'ED, adj.
FRONT LESS, adj.

Latin frondifer

Fr. front; Lat. frons. Face ared Sfront both signify

the human countenance, and figuratively designate the particular parts of bodies, which bear some sort of resemblance to it, or to the forehead. Crabb thus distinguishes their peculiar application: Face is applied to that part of bodies which serves as an index or rule, and contains certain marks to direct the observer; front is employed for that part which is most prominent or foremost: hence we speak of the face of a wheel or clock, the face of a painting, or the face of nature; but the front of a house or building, and the front of a stage: hence likewise the propriety of the expressions, to put a good face on a thing; to show a bold front.' The verb signifies to oppose directly, or face to face, in the sense of confront; to stand opposed or over against any place or thing; to stand foremost. Frontless is used in the sense of barefaced unblushing impudence.

I front but in that file,
Where others tell steps with me.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII. You four shall front them in the narrow lane; we will walk lower: if they 'scape from your encounter, then they light on us. Shakspeare.

Can you, when you have pushed out of your gates the very defender of them, think to front his revenges with easy groans?

Id.

Some are either to be won to the state in a fast and true manner, or fronted with some other of the same party that may oppose them, and so divide the reputation. Bacon's Essays.

Both these sides are not only returns, but parts of the front; and uniform without, though severally portioned within, and are on both sides of a great and stately tower, in the midst of the front. Bacon.

The access of the town was only by a neck of land: our men had shot, that thundered upon them from the rampier in front, and from the gallies that lay at

sca in flank.

Id.

other.

The high moon sails upon her beauteous way,
Serenely smoothing o'er the lofty walls
Of those tall piles and sea-girt palaces,
Whose porphyry pillars, and whose costly fronts,
Fraught with the orient spoil of many marbles,
Like altars ranged along the broad canal,
Seem each a trophy of some mighty deed
Reared up from out the waters.

Byron. The Doge of Venice.

They erred, as aged men will do; but by
And by we'll talk of that; and if we don't
Twill be because our notion is not high
Of politicians, and their double front
Who live by lies, yet dare not boldly lie. Byron.
They reached the hotel: forth streamed from the
front door

A tide of well clad waiters; and around
The mob stood, and as usual several score
Of those pedestrian Paphians, who abound

In decent London, when the day light's o'er. Id.

FRONT, in architecture, denotes the principal face or side of a building, or that presented to their chief aspect or view.

FRONTAL, n. s. Fr. frontale; Lat. frontale. Any external form of medicine to be applied to the forehead, generally composed among the ancients of coolers and hypnoticks.

We may apply intercipients upon the temples of mastick: frontales may also be applied. Wiseman. The torpedo, alive, stupefies at a distance; but after death produceth no such effect; which had they retained, they might have supplied opium, and served as frontals in phrensies.

Browne.

FRONTAL, FRONTLET, or brow-band, in the Jewish ceremonies, consists of four several pieces of vellum, on each of which is written some text of scripture. They are all laid on a piece of black calf's leather with thongs to tie it by. The Jews apply the leather with the vellum on their foreheads in the synagogue, and tie it round the head with the thongs.

FRONTATED, adj. Lat. frons. In botany, the frontated leaf of a flower grows broader and broader, and at last perhaps terminates in a right line: used in opposition to cuspated, which is, when the leaves of a flower end in a point. FRONTBOX, n. s. Front and box. The box in the playhouse from which there is a direct view to the stage.

How vain are all these glories, all our pains, Unless good sense preserve what beauty gains! That men may say, when we the frontbox grace, Behold the first in virtue, as in face.

Pope.

FRONTIER, n. s. & adj. Fr. frontiere. The limit or utmost verge of any territory; the border; properly that which terminates not at the

terminous.

Draw all the inhabitants of those borders away, or plant garrisons upon all those frontiers about him. Spenser on Ireland. I upon my frontiers here keep residence, That little which is left so to defend. Milton. Yet had his temple high

Reared in Azotus, dreaded through the coast Of Palestine, in Gath and Askalon, An Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds. Id. Paradise Lost. A place there lies on Gallia's utmost bounds, Where rising seas insult the frontier grounds.

Addison.

Beyond the frontiers, his anxious view could discover nothing, except the ocean, inhospitable deserts, hostile tribes of barbarians of fierce manuers and unknown language, or dependant kings who would gladly purchase the emperor's protection by the sacrifice of an obnoxious fugitive. Gibbon.

FRONTIERS are the extremes of a kingdom or country, which the enemies find in front when they would enter it. They were anciently called marches.

FRONTINAC, FORT, a fortress of Canada, or. the north-west side of Lake Ontario, three miles from its mouth, and 300 from Quebec. It was taken from the French, in August 1759, by the British under colonel Bradstreet, though defended by 110 men and sixty pieces of cannon, besides Indians.

FRONTINUS (Sextus Julius), an ancient Roman anthor, of consular dignity, who flourished under Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, in Britain; was made city prætor when Vespaand Trajan. He commanded the Roman armies sian and Titus were consuls; and curator of the aqueducts by Nerva, which occasioned his writing De Aquæductibus Urbis Romæ. He wrote four books upon the Greek and Roman art of war; a tract De re Agrar â, and another De Limitibus. These have been often separately printed; but were all collected in a neat edition at Amsterdam, in 1661, with notes by Robert Keuchen. He died under Trajan.

FRONTISPIECE, n. s. Fr. frontispice; Lat. frontispicium, id quod in fronte conspicitur. That part of any building or other body that directly meets the eye.

With frontispiece of diamond and gold Embellished, thick with sparkling orient gems The portal shone. Milton's Paradise Lost Who is it has informed us that a rational soul can

inhabit no tenement, unless it has just such a sort of frontispiece?

Locke.

beautiful black marble, streaked with white. The frontispiece of the townhouse has pillars of a

Addison

as if burnt up by the most excessive heat; and, in very strong frosts, walnut trees, ashes, and even oaks, are sometimes split and cleft, so as to be seen through, and this with a terrible noise, like the explosion of fire-arms. In cold countries, the frost often proves fatal to mankind; producing gangrenes, and even death itself. Those who die of it have their hands and feet first seized, till they grow past feeling it; after which the rest of their bodies are so invaded, that they are taken with a drowsiness, which if indulged, they awake no more, but die insensibly. It also sometimes seizes the abdomen and viscera, which on dissection are found to be mortified and black.

The great power of frost on vegetables is sufficiently known: but the differences between the frosts of a severe winter, and those which happen in the spring mornings, in their effects on plants and trees, were never perfectly explained ull by Messrs. Du Hamel and Buffon, in the Memoirs of the Paris Academy. The frosts of severe winters are much more terrible than those of the spring, as they bring on a privation of all the products of the tenderer parts of the vegetable world; but then they are not frequent, such winters happening perhaps but once in an age; and the frosts of the spring are in reality greater injuries to us than these, as they are every year repeated. In regard to trees, the great difference is this, that the frosts of severe winters affect even their wood, their trunks and large branches; whereas those of the spring have only power to hurt the buds. The winter frosts happening at a time when most of the trees in our woods and gardens have neither leaves, flowers, nor fruits upon them, and have their buds so hard as to be proof against slight injuries of weather, especially if the preceding summer has not been too wet; in this state, if there are no unlucky circumstances attending, most trees bear moderate winters very well: but hard frosts, which happen late in winter, cause very great injuries even to those trees which they do not utterly destroy. These are, 1. Long cracks following the direction of the fibres. 2. Parcels of dead wood en closed round with wood yet in a living state. And 3. That distemperature which foresters call the double blea, which is a perfect circle of blea, or soft white wood, which, when the tree is afterwards felled, is found covered by a circle of hard and solid wood.

The opinions of authors about the exposition of trees to the different quarters, have been very different, and most of them grounded on no rational foundation. Many are of opinion that the effects of frosts are most violently felt on those trees which are exposed to the north, and others think the south, or the west the most strongly affected by them. There is no doubt but the north exposure is subject to the greatest cold. It does not, however, follow from this, that the injury must be always greatest on the trees exposed to the north in frosts: on the contrary, there are abundant proofs, that it is on the south side that trees are generally most injured by frost: and it is plain from repeated experiments, that there are particular accidents, under which a more moderate frost may do more injury to vegetables, than the

most severe one which happens to them under more favorable circumstances. It is plain from the accounts of the injuries trees received by the frost in 1709, that the greatest of all were owing to repeated false thaws, succeeded by repeated new frosts. But the frosts of the spring furnish abundantly more numerous examples of this truth; and some experiments made by the count de Buffon, in his own woods, prove incontestably, that it is not the severest cold or most fixed frost that does the greatest injury to vegetables. This is an observation directly opposite to the common opinions, yet it is not the less true, nor any way discordant to reason.

We find, by a number of experiments, that it is humidity that makes frost fatal to vegetables; and therefore every thing that can occasion humidity in them, exposes them to these injuries, and every thing that can prevent or take off an over proportion of humidity in them, every thing that can dry them, though with ever so increased a cold, must prevent or preserve them from those injuries. Numerous experiments and observations tend to prove this. It is well known that vegetables always feel the frost very desperately in low places where there are fogs. The plants which stand by a river side are frequently found destroyed by the spring and autumnal frosts, while those of the same species, which stand in a drier place, suffer little or perhaps not at all by them; and the low and wet parts of forests are well known to produce worse wood than the high and drier. The coppice wood in wet and low parts of common woods, though it push out more vigorously at first than that of other places, yet never comes to so good a growth; for the frost of the spring killing these early top shoots, obliges the lower part of the trees to throw out lateral branches: and the same thing happens in a greater or less degree to the coppice wood that grows under cover of larger trees in great forests; for here the vapors, not being carried off either by the sun or wind, stagnate and freeze, and in the same manner destroy the young shoots, as the fogs of marshy places. It is a general observation, also, that the frost is never hurtful to the late shoots of the vine, or to the flower-buds of trees, except when it follows heavy dews, or a long rainy season, and then it never fails to do great mischief, though it be ever so slight. The frost is always observed to be more mischievous in its consequences on newly cultivated ground than in other places; and this is because the vapors, which continually arise from the earth, find an easier passage from those places than from others. Trees also which have been newly cut, suffer more than others by the spring frosts, which is owing to their shooting out more vigorously. Frosts also do more damage on light and sandy grounds, than on the tougher and firmer soils, supposing both equally dry; and this seems partly owing to their being more early in their productions, and partly to their lax texture suffering a greater quantity of vapors to transpire. It has also been frequently observed, that the side-shoots of trees are more subject to perish by the spring frosts than those from the top; and M. Buffon, who examined into this with great accuracy, always found the