these four principal branches, viz. 1. FRANCIS CANS, minors, or gray friars; 2. AUGUSTINES; 3. DOMINICANS, or black friars; 4. CARMELITES, or white friars. From these four the rest of the orders descend. See these articles.

FRIAR, in a more peculiar sense, is restrained to such monks as are not priests; for those in orders are usually dignified with the appellation

of father.

FRIARS OBSERVANT (fratres observantes) were a branch of the Franciscans; thus called because not combined together in any cloister, convent, or corporation, as the conventuals are; but only agreeing among themselves to observe the rules of their order more strictly than the conventuals did, from whom they separated themselves out of a singularity of zeal, living in certain places of their own choosing. FRI'ARSCOWL, n. s. Friar and cowl. A plant. It agrees with arum, from which it differs only in having a flower resembling a cowl. FRIB'BLE, v. n. & n. s. Fr. frivole; Lat. FRIBBLER, n. s. frivolus, trifling. To trifle a trifler; fop; an imbecile. Though cheats, yet more intelligible Than those that with the stars do fribble.

Hudibras.

A fribbler is one who professes rapture for the woman, and dreads her consent. Spectator. FRIBOURG, a canton of Switzerland, between that of Berne and the Pays de Vaud: its extent is computed at 2836 square miles; and its population at 68,000. The north division contains extensive and fertile plains: southward it is mountainous and sterile. Its principal river is the Sane, which flows northward through the centre of the canton. Pasturage is the chief occupation of the inhabitants, who export cattle, butter, and cheese, particularly that known throughout the continent by the name of gruyere, and import much of their corn from France. The inhabitants are chiefly Catholics, the Calvinists not exceeding 8000: in some parts they speak German, in others a corrupt French. There are few manufactures; and the government is a mixture of aristocracy and democracy:

in 1803 the canton was divided into the five districts of Fribourg Proper, Marten, Bulle, Romont, and Estavayer.

FRIBOURG, a large town of Switzerland, the capital of the foregoing canton, situated on the Sane, in a most singular and picturesque situation, thus elegantly described by Mr. archdeacor Coxe :

'It stands partly in a small plain, partly on bold acclivities on a ridge of rugged rocks, half encircled by the Sane; and is so entirely concealed by the circumjacent hills, that the traveller scarcely catches the smallest glimpse, until he bursts upon a view of the whole town from the overhanging eminence. The fortifications, which consist of high stone walls and towers, enclose a circumference of about four miles; within which space the eye comprehends a singular mixture of houses, rocks, thickets, and meadows, varying instantly from wild to agreeable, from the bustle of a town to the solitude of the deepest retirement. The Sane winds in such a serpentine manner as to form in its course, within the

space of two miles, five obtuse angles, between which the intervening parts of the current are parallel to each other. On all sides the descen to the town is extremely steep: in one place the streets even pass over the roofs of the houses. Many of the edifices are raised in regular gradation, like the seats of an amphitheatre; and many overhang the edge of a precipice in such a manner that, on looking down, a weak head would be apt to turn giddy. But the most extraordinary point of view is from the Pont-neuf. On the north-west a part of the town stands boldly on the sides and the piked back of an abrupt ridge; and from east to west a semicircle of high perpendicular rocks is seen, whose base is washed and undermined by the winding Sane, and whose tops and sides are thinly scattered with shrubs and underwood. On the highest point of the rocks, and on the very edge of the precipice, appears, half hanging in the air, the gate called Bourguillon: a stranger standing on the bridge would compare it to Laputa, or the Flying Island in Gulliver's Travels; and would not conceive it to be accessible but by means of a cord and pulleys. The houses, constructed with a gray sandstone, are neat and well built; and the public edifices, particularly the cathedral, are extremely elegant.' Population 6500. Fribourg lies sixteen miles south-west of Bern, and seventyfive of Zurich. The best buildings are the Jesuits' church, and the cathedral of St. Nicholas; the principal seminary for education is called the college of St. Michael. This town was taken by the French in 1798.

FRICASSEE', n. s. Fr. A dish made by cutting chickens or other small things in pieces, and dressing them with strong sauce.

Oh, how would Homer praise their dancing dogs, Their stinking cheese, and fricacy of frogs; He'd raise no fables, sing no flagrant lie, Of boys with custard choaked at Newberry. FRICATION, n. s. of rubbing one thing against another. Lat. fricatio.

King.

The act

making the parts a little hungry, and heating them: Gentle frication draweth forth the nourishment, by this frication I wish to be done in the morning.

Bacon's Natural History.

Resinous or unctuous bodies, and such as will flame, attract vigorously, and most thereof without frication, as good hard wax, which will convert the needle almost as actively as the loadstone. Browne

FRICKTHAL, a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, on the south side of the Rhine, extending from Augst to Botzberg. Population about 20,000; chiefly Catholics. This district, important as a military position, belonged to the Brisgau until 1801.

FRICTION, Fr. friction, frictio, from Latin frico; à Gr. opin, cold (because those who are cold rub themselves).-Ainsworth. The act of rubbing two bodies together; the resistance in machines caused by the motion of one body upon another; medical rubbing with the fleshbrush or cloths.

Frictions make the parts more fleshy and full, as we see both in men and in the currying of horses; se that they draw a greater quantity of spirits to the parts.

Bacon

All

FRICTION is called also attrition. The phe nomena arising upon the friction of divers bodies, under different circumstances, are very numerous and considerable. Mr. Hawksbee gives a number of experiments of this kind; particularly of the attrition or friction of glass, under various circumstances, the result of which was that it yielded light and became electrical bodies by friction are brought to conceive heat; many of them to emit light; particularly a cat's back, sugar, beaten sulphur, mercury, sea water, gold, copper, &c. but above all diamonds, which when briskly rubbed against glass, gold, or the like, yield a light equal to that of a live coal when blowed by the bellows. See ELECTRICITY. FRICTION, in mechanics, arises from the roughness or asperity of the surface of the body moved on, and that of the body moving: or such surfaces consisting alternately of eminences and cavities, either the eminences of the one must be raised over those of the other, or they must be both broken and worn off; but neither can happen without motion, nor can motion be produced without a force impressed. Hence the force applied to move the body is either wholly or partly spent to this effect; and consequently there arises a resistance, or friction, which will be greater, cæteris paribus, as the eminences are the greater and the substance the harder: and as the body, by continual friction, diminishes. Messrs. Amontons, De la Hire, Camus, Desaguliers, Muschenbroek, Ferguson, Euler, and other mechanicians, have made a number of ingenious experiments to settle a principle for the exact calculation of the quantity of friction. But the most successful set of experiments made on this subject are those of the Rev. Samuel Vince, A. M. of Cambridge; published in the 75th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, p. 165. Mr. Emerson, in his Principles of Mechanics, has also made several important remarks on the friction of wood and metals. See MECHANICS.

FRICTION, in medicine and surgery, is performed with oils, unguents, or other matters, to relieve or cure a diseased part. Frictions with mercurial ointment are much used in venereal cases. The application of mercury externally by friction is preferred to giving it internally, to raise a salivation. Frictions with the flesh-brush, a linen cloth, or even the hand alone, contribute greatly to health, in all diseases where the circulation of the blood and humors is impeded, or the power of the nerves weakened. Persons therefore of weak nerves, and sedentary lives, should supply the want of other exercise by spending half an hour, morning and night, in rubbing their whole body, especially their limbs, with a flesh-brush. This is most advantageously performed when the primæ viæ are most empty.

FRIDAY, n. s. Sax. Enige dag. The sixth day of the week, so named of Freya, a Saxon deity.

Right as the Friday, sothly for to tell,
Now shineth it, and now it raineth fast;
Right so can gery Venus overcast
The hertes of hire folk; right as hire day
Is gerfull, right so changeth she aray :
Selde is the Friday all the weke ylike.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. An' she were not kin to me, she would be as fair on Friday as Helen is on Sunday. Shakspeare. For Venus, like her day, will change her cheer, And seldom shall we see a Friday clear. Dryden. FRIDAY, by the Romans, was called dies Veneris. See FREA.

FRIDSTOL, one of the ancient immunities granted to churches. The word signifies a seat, chair, or place of peace and security, where criminals might find safety and protection. Of these there were many in England; but the most famous were those at Beverly, and in St. Peter's church at York, granted by charter of king Henry I.

FRIEDLAND, a town of Mecklenburg, in Stargard. It contains 3400 inhabitants; but the neighbourhood is marshy. It is fourteen miles north-east of New Brandenburg, and twenty-five south-east of Demmin.

FRIEDLAND, a town in the circle of Konigsberg, East Prussia, on the Alle, famous for a battle gained by Buonaparte over the Russians and Prussians on the 14th of June 1807, which led to the peace of Tilsit. Inhabitants 2120. The loss of the allies, in killed and wounded, was nearly 20,000 men.

FRIEND, n. s. & v. a. FRIEND'ED, adj. FRIEND LESS, adj. FRIEND'LINESS, n. s. FRIENDLY, adj. & adv. FRIEND'SHIP, n. s.

Saxon Freo; Belg. vriend. vriendschap; Goth. frand; Dan. frende; Scot. frend, all probably from Gothic fra, fran, Swed. vred. This word, with its derivatives, is pronounced frend, frendly: the i totally neglected. One united to another in mutual benether: distinguished from an enemy or one that volence and intimacy; one reconciled to anohas hostile intentions; a favorer of our persons rivatives speak for themselves, or their illustraor interests; a familiar compellation. The detions will explain them.

Friend, how camest thou in hither?

Matt. xxii. 12. Some man is a friend for his own occasion, and will not abide in the day of thy trouble. Eccl. vi. 8.

Forsoth nature driveth us to love our frendes; and, parfay, our enemies have more nede of love than our frendes, and they that more nede have, certes to hem shal men do goodnesse.

Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Than cometh discord that unbindeth all manner of Id.

friendship.

the father of virtue; for many strongly knit minds Be careful to make friendship the child, and not are rather good friends than good men; so although they do not like the evil their friend does, yet they like him who does the evil. Sir P. Sidney.

For Rhodoricke, whose surname shal be Great, Shall of himselfe a brave ensample shew,

That Saxon kings his friendship shall intreat; And Howell Dha shall goodly well endew The salvage minds with skill of just and trew. Spenser's Faerie Queene,

Tongataboo, i. e. Sacred Island, is the largest and best known of the group, being twenty leagues in circumference E. S. E. and W.N.W. The south, east, and west, shores are formed of steep coral rocks, ten to twelve feet high, with intervals of sandy beach, on which, at low water, a line of black rocks is observed. The north shore is level with the water, bordered by a sandy beach, and lined with shoals and islets. The whole island is low and level, and its appearance conveys an idea of the most exuberant fertility; the entire surface being covered with verdure, and amongst the trees the cocoa palm raises its head pre-eminent; unhappily, however, the island is deficient in fresh water, and what there is, in general, is very indifferent.

The coral rock, which forms the base of the islaud, is in many places naked; but the soil in other parts is of considerable depth, and is in the cultivated grounds a black vegetable mould over a sub-stratum of clay. In the lowest ground the soil is a mere coral sand, but still covered with vegetation. The only stones, except coral, observed on the island, are small blue pebbles, and a smooth black stone, lapis lydius, of which the natives make their hatchets; but it is not certain that both these are not brought from other islands. The following description of a village, from captain Cook, will give a general idea of the dwellings of the natives:

It is delightfully situated on the bank of the inlet, where all or most of the principal persons of the island reside, each having his house in the midst of a small plantation, with lesser houses and offices for servants. These plantations are neatly fenced round, and, for the most part, have only one entrance. This is by a door fastened on the inside by a prop of wood, so that a person has to knock before he can get admittance. Public roads and narrow lanes lie between each plantation, so that no one trespasseth upon another. Great part of some of these enclosures is laid out in grass-plats, and planted with such things as seem more for ornament than use; but hardly any were without the kava-plant, from which they make their favorite liquor. Every article of the vegetable produce of the island abounded in others of these plantations; but these, I observed, are not the residence of people of the first rank. There are some large houses near the public roads, with spacious smooth grass-plats before them, and unenclosed. These, I was told, belonged to the king; and, probably, they are the places where their public assemblies are held. This island has the best harbour of the group, within several islands and reefs on the north side.

Annamooka, the Rotterdam of Tasman, is more elevated than the small islands which surround it, but still can be considered only as a low island. In the centre is a salt lake, one mile and a half broad, round which the land rises with a gradual ascent, and its surface is covered with wild ducks. The north shore is composed of steep coral cliffs, nine or ten feet high, with some intervals of sandy beach. There is no stone but toral on the island, except a single rock twenty to thirty feet high, of a yellow calcareous and very hard stone. The population captain Cook VOL. IX.

625

estimated at 2,000. The water on the island is better than that at Tongataboo, but yet is indifferent: the best is procured by digging holes near the side of the lake. Fruit is more abundant on this island than on the former, and the undulating surface gives it a more pleasingly varied appearance.

Eooa, the Middleburg of Tasman, may be considered as an elevated island, in comparison with the generality of those of these seas, being visible twelve leagues. The highest part is on the southeast, and is almost flat, whence it declines very gently towards the sea, and presents an extensive prospect, where groves of trees are only interspersed at irregular distances, in beautiful disorder, and the rest of the land covered with grass. Near the shore it is shaded with trees, among which the natives dwell. On the northwest side is English Road, where boats may always land; and captain Cook found some good water in this direction.

Happee, though considered by the natives as one island, is in reality composed of four very low islands, about half a mile distant from each other, lying north-east and south-west, but all joined by coral reefs, which are dry at low water. The whole occupies a space of nineteen miles in length, and each island is about six or seven miles long, and two to four miles broad. Lefooga is well cultivated and inhabited. Hoolaiva, on the contrary, is entirely desert and abandoned. On each of these islands is an artificial mount, said by the natives to be erected in memory of some of their chiefs. The only water either of these islands possesses is from very brackish wells.

Between Happee and Annamooka the sea is sprinkled with islets and reefs, two of which only deserve notice, Toofooa and Kao. The former is a volcano, which, according to the natives, sometimes throws out large stones; and while captain Cook was here smoke and flames issued from it. It is inhabited.

Kao is north-west two miles and a half from Toofooa, and is a vast rock of a conical figure. The other islands in the vicinity are mere coral reefs, from a mile to half a mile in circumference, but all covered with verdure, and particularly cocoa palms.

Komango has a pretty large pond of tolerable water, but no appearance of a running stream.

Kootoo is two miles long, and nearly the same breadth. Its north-west end is low, but it rises suddenly towards the middle; and on the southeast it terminates in reddish clayey cliffs. It is cultivated and inhabited. Its only water is from dirty and brackish ponds.

From the situation of the Friendly Islands towards the tropic, the climate is more variable than nearer the equator. The winds are usually from some point between south and east, and when moderate the weather is fair, but when fresh there is often rain. They sometimes veer to the north, and even north-west, with hot sultry weather, and heavy rain; but these winds never last long, nor blow fresh. All the vegetable productions are evergreens: of cultivated fruits the principal are plantains, of which there are thirteen varieties; the bread-fruit, the jambu, and

2 S

ellvee, the latter a kind of plum, and the shaddock. Besides cocoa-nuts, they have three other kinds of palms. There is also a species of wild fig, which is sometimes eaten. The other cultivated vegetables are sugar-cane, bamboo, gourds, turmeric, yams of two sorts, one black and very large, the other white and small. A large root called kappe, and one not unlike our white potatoe, the manioc, and the jee jee.

The only quadrupeds, besides hogs, are a few rats, and some dogs, which are not originally natives of this group, but were introduced by captain Cook in his second voyage; and some were also brought from the Fidjee Islands. A large breed of fowls is found in a domestic state. The birds are parrots and parroquets, owls, cuckoos, kingfishers, and a bird the size of a thrush, which is the only one that sings, but which compensates the want of others by the strength and melody of its notes. The other land birds are rails, of two kinds, one as large as a pigeon, the other not bigger than a lark; coots, fly-catchers, a very small swallow, and three sorts of pigeons, one of which is the bronzewinged. The water fowl are ducks, blue and white herons, tropic birds, noddies, two species of terns, a small curlew, and a large plover spotted with yellow. There are also the large bat, or flying fox, and the common sort The only noxious or disagreeable reptiles and insects are sea-snakes, scorpions, and centipedes, guanas, and small lizards. Amongst the insects are beautiful moths, butterflies, and very large spiders, making in the whole about fifty species.

The fish of the coasts and reefs are abundan', and the shell-fish in particular, in great variety: among them are the true hammer, and pearloyster.

In all the islands good water is arce. t is indeed to be found in most of them, but either in so small a quantity, or in situations so inconvenient, as rarely to serve the purpose of navigators. The natives of the Friendly Islands seldom exceed the middle size, but are strong, wellmade, and of very various features: among them, we are told, are many true European countenances, and Roman noses. Their eyes and teeth are good, but the latter not very white, or well set. The women are not so much distinguished from the men by their features as by their shape, which is much more delicate; and, though there are some very beautiful females to be met with, they are not common. The general color is a shade deeper than the copper brown, but many of both sexes have an olive complexion, and some of the women are even much fairer. Their hair is in general straight, thick, and strong, though a few have it brushy or frizzled: the men cut their beards short, and both sexes eradicate the hair from under their arms. Both men and women are partially tattooed. The natural color is black, but most of the men, and some of the women, have it stained of a brown, or purple color, and a few of an orange cast. Their countenances express cheerfulness, mildness, and good nature, though sometimes in the presence of their chiefs they assume an air of gravity, which, however, is evidently foreign to their general

character.

The graceful air and firm step with which they in general walk, are proofs of their personal accomplishments, and their moral qualities have been described as highly estimable: captain Cook found them frank, good humored, industrious, ingenious, and persevering; above all, most hospitable, and courting an intercourse by barter, which they seemed to understand perfectly. Both sexes and all ages are said, however, to exhibit a strong propensity to thieving from strangers, but thefts among themselves seem to be uncommon.

There are few natural defects or deformities to be found amongst them, nor do they appear subject to numerous, or acute diseases. Amongst those with which they are occasionally afflicted are a sort of blindness, caused by a disease of the cornea, the ring-worm, and an indolent swelling of the legs and arms.

The dress of both sexes consists of a piece of cloth, or matting, wound once and a half round the waist, where it is confined by a girdle or cord; it is double before, and hangs down like a petticoat to the middle of the leg; the upper part above the girdle is formed into several folds, so that there is sufficient cloth to draw up and wrap round the shoulders. The size of this garment is in proportion to the consequence of the wearer, the inferior class being content with very small ones, and often wearing nothing but a piece of narrow cloth, or matting, like a sash, and called a maro, which they pass between the thighs, and wrap round the waist, but the use of it is chiefly confined to the men. In their great entertainments they have dresses made for the purpose of the same form, but covered with red feathers. Both men and women shade their faces from the sun with little bonnets of various materials. The ornaments of both sexes are necklaces of the fruit of the pandanus, and various sweet-smelling flowers, of small shells, sharks' teeth, and other things. On the upper part of the arm they sometimes wear a polished mother of pearl shell ring, rings of tortoise-shell on the fingers, and a number of these joined together as bracelets. The lobes of the ears, though most frequently but one, are perforated with two holes, in which they wear cylindrical bits of ivory or reed, three inches long, thrust in at one hole, and out at the other. The women rub themselves all over with the powder of turmeric. They frequently bathe in the fresh water ponds, though the water in most of them stinks intolerably, and these they prefer to the sea-water, which they think hurts their skin. They rub their bodies all over, and particularly their heads, with cocoanut oil, which preserves the skin smooth and soft.

Their mode of life is a medium between indolence and labor. The climate, and the natural fertility of the soil, render the latter unnecessary, and their active disposition is a bar to the former. The female employments are generally confined to domestic concerns, and the manufac turing cloth and mats, which latter are used for dress, for sleeping on, and for mere ornainent · the last being made from the tough membraneous part of the stock of the plantain-tree, and those for clothing of the pandanus, cultivated for that purpose.