And after this, with siking he abraide, Chaucer. Troilus and Creseide. Persons under bad imputations are no great frequenters of churches. Id. FREQUENTATIVE, ad. Fr. frequentatif, That knave, Ford, hath the finest mad devil of Lat. frequentativus. A grammatical term applied jealousy in him that ever governed frenzy. Shakspeare. to verbs, signifying the frequent repetition of an action. FRERET (Nicholas), a learned French author born at Paris in 1688. At the age of twenty-five his merits recommended him to the Academy of Inscriptions, of which he became a member. On that occasion he presented the society with a dissertation on the origin of the French, which though learned, was so bold, that he was rewarded for it with a place in the Bastile. His subsequent writings were mostly against revelation. He died in 1749. FRERON (Elias Catherine), an eminent French author and reviewer, born at Quimper in 1719. He was educated among the Jesuits, but quitted their society in 1739. His critical works were much esteemed, but containing some free satirist attacked him with his usual asperity. In upon M. Voltaire's writings, that strictures 1749 Freron commenced his Letters on certain Writings of the Times, which extended to thirteen volumes. He then began his Années Literaires, which he continued till his death in 1776. He was an able opponent of the new philosophy, and an acute critic. Besides the above he wrote, 1. Miscellanies; 2. Les Vrais Plaisirs; and 3. Part of a Translation of Lucretius. FRESCATI, or FRASCATI, an episcopal town of Italy, seated on the brow of a hill, in the Campagna di Roma, It derives its name from the coolness of the air, and fresh verdure of the fields around. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Tusculum; two miles from the Tusculan villa where Cicero wrote his famous questions, now called Grotta Ferrata. There is a very fine prospect from this town into the neighbouring country. It is surrounded by some of the most beautiful villas in Italy; the principal of which are the villa of Aldobrandini, belonging to prince Pamfili; villa Taberna, belonging to prince Borghese; and villa Ludovisi, to the family of Colonna. Frescati, Tivoli, and Albano, are the favorite abodes of the landscape painters, who travel into Italy for improvement. Nothing can surpass the admirable assemblage of hills, meadows, lakes, cascades, gardens, ruins, groves, and terraces, which charm the eye while wandering among the shades of these delightful villages. It is ten miles south-east of Rome. Long. 11° 42′ E., lat. 41° 48′ N. FRESCLONE, a town of Naples, in the province of Molise, two miles south-west of Molise. FRESCO, n. s. Ital. Coolness; shade; duskiness; like that of the evening or morning: to paint in fresco is to throw the scene or the object into duskiness, as distinguished from glaring light. Hellish sprites Swift. Love more the fresco of the nights. Prior. Here thy well-studied marbles fix our eye; A fading fresco here demands a sigh. Pope. Those nobility, as freshwater soldiers which had never seen but some light skirmishes, in their vain bravery made light account of the Turks. Knolles. Then shall our names, Familiar in their mouth as household words Tell me Hast thou beheld a fresher gentlewoman, They are now freshly in difference with them. Id. Bacon. Most odours smell best broken or crushed; but sweetness of their odour. Id. This pope is decrepid, and the bell goeth for him; take order that when he is dead there be chosen a pope of fresh years, between fifty and threescore. Id. Holy War. The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness of men. Hayward. FRESCO, a method of painting in relievo on walls, so as to endure the weather. It is performed with water colors on fresh plaster, or on a wall laid with mortar not yet dry. This sort of painting has a great advantage by its incorporating with the mortar, and, drying along with it, becomes very durable. The Italians, from whom we borrow the term, call it fresco, because it is frequently used for walls, alcoves, and other buildings in the open air. Vitruvius (lib. vii. cap. 4) calls it udo tectorio. In executing paintings in fresco, the necessary preparations are the sketch, the cartoon, in full size, cut in suitable pieces, the colors, prepared only with water, and the two sorts of plaster, the rendering and finishing coats on which the picture is to be painted. Every part must be determined upon, as no alteration or amendment can take flowers pressed or beaten, do lose the freshness and place; and the painter must be well acquainted with the qualities of his colors, as they dry lighter than when laid on. There are two operators in constant attendance, the plasterer, and the painter, who follows him, and dyes his colors into the very body of the plaster while yet wet; the plasterer first renders the wall with a coat of coarse stucco formed of lime and sand, and finishes with the finer to such a surface as the artist requires; who then pricks his outline through the cartoon, and draws it with a style, to prevent the colors running beyond them. The colors must then be dashed on at once in a broad, bold, and general manner, that, by an able artist, must produce a grand style. Painting in fresco is very ancient, having been practised in the earliest ages of Greece and Rome. FRESH, adj. & n. s. \ Saxon Fɲerc; Fr. FRESH'EN, v. a. & v. n. | fraische. Cool; not FRESH'ET, n. s. vapid with heat; not FRESH'LY, adv. salt; new; not had beFRESH NESS, n. s. fore; not impaired by FRESH-WATER, n. s. time; recent; recency; re-invigorated; brisk; strong; cheerful; unfaded; unimpaired; florid; ruddy; sweet, as opposed to stale or stinking; pure, not salt-water. Freshet signifies a pool of fresh-water; and fresh-water is a compound word of fresh and water, used as an adjective. Raw; unskilled; unacquainted. A low term borrowed from the sailors, who stigmatise those who come first to sea as fresh-water men, or novices. Think not, 'cause men flattering say, That you are so. Carew. They keep themselves unmixt with the salt water; so that, a very great way within the sea, men may take up as fresh water as if they were near the land. Abbot's Desc. of the World. All fish from sea or shore, Freshet or purling brook, or shell or fin. Milton Thou sun, said I, fair light! With such a care Holder No borrowed bays his temples did adorn, Dryden. Amidst the spirits Palinurus pressed; On Engines they distend their tortured joints. Id. Say, if she please, she hither may repair, no man was ever weary of thinking that he had done lent poet and painter, born at Paris in 1611. He well or virtuously. South. But no one doubted on the whole, that she Byron. FRESH DISSEISIN, in law, such a disseisin, as a man may defeat of himself, as where it is within fifteen days. FRESH SHOT, in sea language, the falling down of any large river into the sea, whereby the sea has fresh water a great way from its mouth. To FRESHEN the hawse, in nautical language, signifies to change the old canvas, &c., which is usually wrapped round the cable, to prevent its being worn through by the friction against the side of the vessel, &c., in heavy seas. FRESHES, a local term signifying annual inundations from the rivers being swollen by the melted snows and other fresh waters from the uplands, as in the Nile, &c., from periodical or tropical rains. As a sailor's term, it is opposed to marine or salt-water floodings, tides, &c. The word is of common use in America, where the inundations so called are of great service. They bring down the soil to the intervales below, and form a fine mould, producing corn, grain, and herbage in the most luxuriant plenty. They also afford another benefit, in regard to many rivers in America, viz. in equalising the surface of the stream, where rapid falls, or cascades, obstruct the navigation; so that rafts of timber and other gross produce are floated down to the sea-ports in great quantities. FRESNE (Charles de), Sieur du Cange, one of the most learned writers of his time, was born at Amiens in 1610, and studied at the Jesuits' College in that city. He afterwards studied the law at Orleans, and gained great reputation by his works; among which are, 1. The History of Constantinople under the French Emperors. 2. John Cinnamus's History of the affairs of John and Manuel Comnenus, in Greek and Latin, with historical and philological notes. 3. Glossarium ad Scriptores Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis; 6 vols. folio. 4. A Greek Glossary, consisting of curious passages from rare MSS. 2 vols. folio. He died in 1688, aged seventy-eight. Louis XIV. settled pensions on his four children. FRESNOY (Charles Alphonso du), an excel was instructed by Perrier and Simon Vonet in painting, but, as soon as he fixed himself at Rome, he made the works of Titian his models. He was, however, more celebrated as a poet than as a painter; and is better known by his incomparable poem De Arte Graphicâ, than by his per formances on the canvas. He bestowed so much pains on it, that he died in 1665, before it was published. It was printed afterwards with a French prose translation and notes, by M. de Piles; and was translated into English by Mr. Dryden, who prefixed an original preface with a parallel between painting and poetry. FRET, n. s., v. a. & v. n. FRET FUL, adj. FRET FULLY, adv. FRET FULNESS, n. s. FRETTY, adj. Of this word, as Dr. Johnson says, the etymology is doubtful: some derive it from Fretan to eat; others from Freepan to adorn; some from ppírro; Skinner more probably from fremo, or the Fr. fretiller: perhaps it comes immediately from the Lat. fretum. Mr. Todd suggests a more probable origin of it; i. e. from Sax. Fɲeoðan, or the Fr. frotter, to rub. A frith, or strait of the sea, where the water by confinement is always rough. The first idea is fermentation; commotion; agitation; applied to water; to liquors; to vibrations; attrition; corrosion; however occasioned: also to protuberances, excrescences, or ornaments, resembling the effects which are visible on an agitated surface. Whatever interrupts smoothness, or diversifies appearances, giving such a variety as motion often does to liquids. It is also applied to the agitations of the mind; to the peevishness and discontent which wear away the patience of others and destroy our own peace. Fretfulness is self-vexation, as distinguished from being vexed: Chaucer also makes use of it in the sense of eating or devouring. His heart fretteth against the Lord. Prov. xix. 3. Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale. Yet, saw I brent the shippes hoppesteres; Id. The Court of Love. Faerie Queene. They trouble themselves with fretting at the igno. rance of such as withstand them in their opinion. Hooker. No benefits whatsoever, shall ever alter or allay that diabolical rancour, that frets and ferments in some hellish breasts, but that it will foam out in slander and invective. South, Of this river the surface is covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs along upon the fret, and is still breaking against the stones that oppose its passage. Addison on Italy. We take delight in a prospect well laid out, and diversified with fields and meadows, woods and rivers, in the curious fret-works of rocks and grottos. Id. Spectator. Such an expectation, cries one, will never come to pass therefore I'll even give it up, and go and fret Collier. myself, Before I ground the object-metal on the pitch, I always ground the putty on it with the concave copper, 'till it had done making a noise; because, if the particles of the putty were not made to stick fast in the pitch, they would, by rolling up and down, grate and fret the object-metal, and fill it full of little holes. Newton's Opticks. tion. It inflamed and swelled very much; many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriaWiseman. Injuries from friends fret and gall more, and the memory of them is not so easily obliterated. Arbuthnot. The blood, in a fever, if well governed, like wine upon the fret, dischargeth itself of heterogeneous Derham. mixtures. for the shoad stones or grewts washed down from the hills, in order thence to trace out the running of the shoad up to the mine. FRET-WORK, Work adorned with frets. It is sometimes used to fill up and enrich flat empty spaces; but it is mostly practised in roofs which are fretted over with plasterwork. FREUDENSTADT, a fortified town of Wirtemberg, founded in 1600, as an asylum for the persecuted German Protestants. It is seated in the Black Forest, twenty-four miles south-east of Strasburg, and thirty-six south-west of Stuttgard. A part of the French army, under general Jourdan, were posted here on the 7th April 1799, when they attacked the Austrians under the archduke Charles, but were forced to retreat. Population about 2400. FREUDENTHAL, a town of Silesia, in Troppau, famous for fine linen and good horses. It is eleven miles south-west of Jagendorf, and seventeen west of Troppau. FREYE-EMTER, a territory of Switzerland, surrounded by the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucern, and Zug; anciently called Rori and Waggenthal. The Swiss took it from count Hapsburg in 1415. It is twenty-four miles long, and twelve broad, and was united in 1803 to the canton of Argau. The soil is fertile, and the population, chiefly Catholics, about 20,000 souls. FREY BERG, a celebrated mining town of Saxony, the capital of the Erzgebirg. It is situated 1200 feet above the level of the sea, on a small river called the Freybergische-Mulda. It is tolerably well built, and contains 9000 inhabitants, and the officers here have the superintendance of all similar establishments throughout Saxony. A mining academy was founded in 1765, and has been superintended or distinguished by the researches of Werner, Charpentier, Lampe, &c. There are attached to it a library, a cabinet, and a collection of models. A part of the students are educated gratis. The mines in the neighbouring district, 250 in number, employ about 5000 men. The establishment for amalgamation is said to be the most perfect in Europe. About a mile from the town are silver mines, of which the annual produce is from 10,000 to 15,000 lbs. of lead; the Freyberg mines yield only 1000 lbs.: they afford also copper, tin, silver, and vitriol. Here are also manufactures of hardware and cloth. Freyberg was the scene of a victory gained by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1762. It is eighteen miles S.S. W. of Meissen, and nineteen W. S. W. of Dresden. FREYBERG, or Przibor, a town of Moravia, twenty-eight miles E. N. E. of Prerau, and thirty-six east of Olmutz, with 3500 inhabitants. FREYBURG, OF FRIBURG, a well built town of Baden, in the entrance of the Black Forest, at the foot of a mountain. It was till lately the capital of Brisgau, and now of the circle of the Treisam. It has a population of about 10,000, and was formerly fortified, but was dismantled by the French in 1744. It is the seat of a university founded in 1456, and still flourishing. FREYSINGEN, a town and bishopric of Bavaria, formerly an independent bishopric, now the chief place of a district in the circle of the Iser. It stands in a valley between two em:nences, and there is a bridge here across the Iser. The town is well built: population 3500. The territory of Freysingen was given to Bavaria in 1802, and then contained 27,000 inhabitants. The bishopric, now become strictly a spiritual dignitary, was transferred in 1817 to Munich. Seventeen miles N. N. E. of Munich, and eighteen south-west of Landshut. FREYSINGEN, OF FRIESINGEN, an ecclesiastical principality of Germany in Bavaria, between Munich and Landshut. It comprehends the counties of Ismaning and Werdenfels, and the lordship of Burgkrain. FRI'ABILITY, n. s. FRI'ABLE, adj. Fr. friable; Lat. friabilis. Easily crumbled; easily reduced to powder. The noun designates the capacity or tendency to such reduction. A spongy excrescence groweth upon the roots of the laser-tree, and sometimes on cedar, very white, light, Bicon. and friable, which we call agarick. Hardiness, friability, and power to draw iron, are qualities to be found in a loadstone. The liver, of all the viscera, is the most friable, and easily crumbled or dissolved. FRI'ARY, n. s. & adj. A corruption of the French frère, A relibrother of gious; a regular the church of Rome. The derivatives have all a direct or remote relation to this etymon thus friar-like is monastic, after the manner of those who are secluded in religious houses, unskilled in the world. So also, friarly and friary, except that the latter is used as a noun, and signifies a monastery or convent of friars. A Frere there was, a wanton and a mery, A limitour, a full solempue man, In all the ordres foure is non that can So moche of daliance and fayre langage. He hadde ymade ful many a mariage Of yonge wimmen at his owen cost; Until his ordre he wos a noble post. Chaucer. Prologue to the Cant. Tales. Their friarlike general would the next day make one holyday in the Christian calendars, in remembrance of thirty thousand Hungarian martyrs slain of the Turks. Holy Franciscan friar! brother! ho! Knolles. Shakspeare. All the priests and friars in my realm, Shall in procession sing her endless praise. Id. Francis Cornfield did scratch his elbow when he had sweetly invented to signify his name, St. Francis, with a friary cowl in a corn field. Camden's Remains. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly; yet have no abstract nor friarly contempt of them. Bacon's Essays. He's but a friar, but he's big enough to be a pope. Dryden. Many jesuits and friars went about in the disguise of Presbyterian and Independent ministers to preach Swift. up rebellion. FRIAR, OF FRIER. Lat. frater; Ital. fra; and Fr. frère, i. e. brother. A term common to monks of all orders, founded on the supposition that there is a kind of brotherhood presumed between the religious persons of the same monastery. Friars are generally distinguished into |