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all is clear, the shell is begun, the first layer of which is the same earth sifted very fine. While it is tempering with water, it is mixed up with cow-hair to make it cohere; the whole, being a third cullis, is gently poured on the model, and fills exactly all the sinuosities of the figures; and this is repeated till the whole is two lines in thickness upon the model; when these layers are properly dried they cover it with a second of the same matter, but somewhat thicker than those previously laid on; the compasses are now tried and a fire is lighted in the core, so as to melt off the wax of the inscription, &c.; after which the layers of the shell are proceeded in by means of the compasses. There is now to be added to the composition a quantity of hemp, which is spread upon the layers and afterwards smoothed upon the board of the compasses. The shell varies from four to five inches lower than the millstone before observed, but surrounds it quite close, and prevents the extravasation of the metal. The wax should be taken out before melting the metal. The case of the bell requires a separate work, which is done during the drying of the several incrustations of the cements. It has seven rings; the last is called the bridge, and united to the others, it being a perpendicular support to strengthen the curves. It has an aperture at its top to admit an iron peg and bent at its bottom, and this is introduced into two holes in the beam fastened with two strong iron keys. The rings are modelled with masses of beaten earth, that are dried in the fire in order to have them hollow. The rings are gently pressed upon a layer of earth and cow-hair to about one half of their depth, and then taken out, and care should be taken not to break the mould. This operation is repeated twelve times for twelve half moulds, that is, two and two united make the hollow of the six rings; the same is done for the hollow of the bridge. They are all united together upon the open place left for the coals to be put into the oven. The rings which are to form the ears are put first into this open place, with the iron ring to support the clapper of the bell. After which a round cake of clay is make to fill up the diameter of the thickness of the core. This cake after having been baked is placed upon the opening, and fastened by a thin mortar spread over it, which binds the cover close to the core. The hollow of the mould is filled with an earth sufficiently moist to fix itself on the place which is strewed at several times upon the cover of the core; it is then beaten gently with a pestle, and afterwards smoothed.by a workman at top with a wooden trowel dipped in water. Upon this cover, which is afterwards to be taken off, is assembled the hollow of the rings; and, when every thing is in its proper place, the outside of the hollows are strengthened with mortar, in order to bind them to the bridge and keep them steady, and at the bottom by means of a cake of the same mortar, and which fills up the whole aperture of the shell. This is left to dry, that it may afterwards be removed without breaking. To make room for the heated metal, the rings are taken out of the hollows in the mould, as it is in these hollows that the metal is to pass as it enters into the

voids in the mould. The shell being thus unloaded of its rings, the mill-stone is arranged by having placed under it five or six pieces of wood of about two feet long, and thick enough to reach almost to the lower part of the shell; between these and the mould wooden wedges are driven, in order to shake the shell from off the model, so as to be pulled away and removed up out of the pit. When this and the wax are removed, the model and layer of earth are arranged for the founding, as it is through these the melted metal must pass into the hollows made by the rings, and which are between the shell and core. The inside of the shell is last of all dried by burning straw under it, this helps to smooth the surface of the bell. The shell is put in the place so as to leave the same interval between it and the core as was before; and before the hollows of the rings on the cap are put on again two vents are made, which are united to the rings, and also to each other, by a mass of baked cement; after which this mass of the cap is put on, the rings and the vent over the bell are soldered to the cap by cement; which is dried by gradual heat by covering it with burning coals. So much having been done, the pit surrounding the whole is filled up with earth, being pressed strongly all the time of putting in close round the mould.

The furnace has a place for the fire and another to contain the metal; the fire-place has a large chimney with a spacious ash-hole. The furnace which contains the metal is vaulted, and its bottom is made of earth rammed down, the rest is built of brick-work. It has four apertures, the first of which admits the flame projected by the fire to reverberate, the second is closed by a stopple, which is opened for the metal to run through; the other two are to separate the dross and scoriæ by allowing the attendant of the furnace to introduce a wooden rake through it for the purpose. These apertures also pass the thick smoke. The ground or floor of the furnace is built sloping for the metal to run down. When the metal is fused and ready to fill the shell, which should be examined minutely in every part to see if it be dry and ready to receive it; when all is deemed ready, the metal is suffered to run into the shell by the apertures prepared to admit it, after which it is allowed to fix and cool. It is then taken out, examined, and cleaned, in a similar manner to what has been before explained for brass and bronze castings.

The theory of the sound of bells is notice in our article of that name; together with several curious facts of their history. See BELL.

The method of forming the profile of a bell, previous to its being cast, in which the proportion of the several parts may be seen, is as follows: the thickness of the brim C 1, of the diagram, is the foundation of every other measure, and is divided into three equal parts. First, draw the line HD, which represents the diameter of the bell; bisect it in F, and erect the perpendicular Ff; let D F and HF be also bisected in E and G, and two other perpendiculars Ee, Ga, be erected at F and G; GE will be the diameter of the top or upper vase, i. e. the diameter of the top will be half that of the bell; and it will, therefore, be the diameter of a bell

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which will sound an octave to the other. Divide the diameter of the bell, or the line HD, into fifteen equal parts, and one of these will give C1 the thickness of the brim: divide again each of these fifteen equal parts into three other equal parts, and then form a scale. From this scale take twelve of the larger divisions or 2-15ths of the whole scale in the compass, and setting one leg in D describe an arc to cut the line Ee in N; draw ND, and divide this line into twelve equal parts; at the point 1 erect the perpendicular 1C10, and C 1 will be the thickness of the brim 1-15th of the diameter; draw the line CD; bisect DN; and at the point of the bisection 6, erect the perpendicular 6 K=1} of the larger divisions on the scale. With an opening of the compass equal to twice the length of the scale, or thirty brims, setting one leg in N, describe an arc of a circle, and with the same leg in K, and the same opening, describe another arc to intersect the former: on this point of intersection as a centre, and, with a radius equal to thirty brims, describe the arc 'N K; in 6 K produced take KB of the larger measure of the scale or one-third of the brim, and on the same centre with the radius 30 brims describe an arc A B parallel to N K. For the arc BC, take twelve divisions of the scale or twelve brims in the compass; find a centre, and from that centre, with this opening, describe the arc BC, in the same manner as N K or A B were described. There are various ways of describing the arc Kp, some describe it on a centre at the distance of nine brims from the points p and K; others, as it is done in the figure, on a centre at the distance only of seven brims from those points. But it is necessary first to find the point p, and to determine the rounding of the bell p 1. For this purpose, on the point C as a centre, and

FOUND'LING, n. s. From found, of find. A child exposed to chance; a child found without any parent or owner.

A piece of charity, practised by most of the nations about us, is a provision for foundlings, or for those children who are exposed to the barbarity of cruel and unnatural parents. Addison.

The goddess long had marked the child's distress, And long had sought his sufferings to redress; She prays the gods to take the foundling's part, To teach his hands some beneficial art.

Gay.

F

with the radius C 1, describe the arc 1pn; bisect the part 1 2, of the line Dn, and, erecting the perpendicular pm, this perpendicular will cut the arc 1pn in m, which terminates the rounding 1 p. Some founders make the bendings, K, a third of a brim lower than the middle of the line DN; others make the part C1 D more acute, and instead of making C1 perpendicular to DN at 1, draw it out one-sixth of a brim higher, making it still equal to one brim; so that the line 1 D is longer than the brim C 1. In order to trace out the top part, Na, take in the compass eight divisions of the scale or eight brims; and on the points N and D as centres, describe arcs to intersect each other in 8: on this point 8, with a radius of eight brims, describe the arc N b; this arc will be the exterior curve of the top or crown; on the same point 8 as a centre, and with a radius equal to 73 brims, describe the arc Ae, and this will be the interior curve of the crown, and its whole thickness will be onethird of the brim. As the point 8 does not fall in the axis of the bell, a centre M may be found in the axis by describing, with the interval of eight brims on the centres D and H, arcs which will intersect in M; and this point may be made the centre of the inner and outer curves of the crown as before. The thickness of the cap, which strengthens the crown at Q, is about one-third of the thickness of the brim; and the hollow branches or ears about one-sixth of the diameter of the bell. The height of the bell is in proportion to its diameter as twelve to fifteen, or in the proportion of the fundamental sound to its third major; whence it follows that the sound of a bell is principally composed of the sound of its extremity or brim, as a fundamental of the sound of the crown which is an octave to it, and of that of the height which is a third.

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FOUNDATION, in architecture. See ARCHITECTURE, Index. Palladio allows a sixth part of the height of the whole building for the hollowing or under-digging, unless there be cellars under ground, in which case he would have it somewhat lower.

FOUNDATION, in law, denotes a donation or legacy, either in money or lands, for the maintenance and support of some community, hospital, school, &c. The king only can found a college, but there may be a college in reputation founded by others. If it cannot appear by inquisition who founded a church or college, it shall be intended that it was the king, who has power to found a new church, &c. The king may found and erect an hospital, and give a name to the house upon the inheritance of another, or license another person to do it upon his own lands; and the words fundo, creo, &c., are not necessary in every foundation, either of a college or hospital, made by the king; but it is sufficient if there be words equivalent; the incorporation of a college or hospital is the very

foundation; but he who endows it with lands is the founder and to the erection of an hospital, nothing else is requisite but the incorporation and foundation. Persons seised of estates, in fee-simple, may found hospitals for the poor by deed enrolled in chancery, &c., which shall be incorporated, and subject to such visitors as the founder shall appoint, &c. stat. 39 Eliz. c. 5. Fr. fondre, fondeur; Lat. fundere. To form by melting and pouring A founder is the agent, and

FOUND, v. a.
FOUNDER, n. s.
FOUNDRY, n. s

moulds; to cast.

into

foundry is the casting-house or place of his operation.

A second multitude

With wondrous art founded the massy ore, Severing each kind, scummed the bullion dross.

Milton.

Founders add a little antimony to their bell-metal, to make it more sonorous; and so pewterers to their pewter, to make it sound more clear like silver. Grew's Museum,

FOUNDERS, persons who cast metals in various forms and for different uses; as guns, bells, statues, printing characters, candlesticks, buckles, &c., whence they are denominated gunfounders, bell-founders, figurefounders, letter-founders, founders of small works, &c. The company of founders was incorporated in 1614. Their arms are azure, an ewer between two pillars, or, as in the annexed diagram.

FOUNDER, v. a. & v. n. Fr. fondre; It. fond, the bottom. To cause such a soreness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is unable to set it to the ground. To sink to the bottom; to fail; to miscarry.

Out of the ground, a fury infernal sterte,
From Pluto sent, at requeste of Saturne ;-
For which his hors for fere gan to turne,
And lepte aside, and foundred as he lepe.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale.
Phoebus' steeds are foundered,
Or night kept chained below.

In this point

Shakspeare Tempest.

All his tricks founder; and he brings his physick After his patient's death. Id. Henry VIII. New ships, built at those rates, have been ready to founder in the seas with every extraordinary storm. Raleigh's Essays. For certain,

EL. BR.

Either some one, like us, night-foundered here, Or else some neighbour woodman, or at worst Some roving robber calling to his fellows.

Milton.

Swift.

Brutes find out where their talents lie: A bear will not attempt to fly; A foundered horse will oft debate, Before he tries a five-barred gate. The roar Of breakers has not daunted my slight trim, But still sea-worthy skiff, and she may float Where ships have foundered, as doth many a buat. Byron.

To FOUNDER, in sea language, is used, when a ship, by an extraordinary leak, or by a great sea breaking in upon her, is so filled with water that she cannot be freed of it; so that she can neither veer nor steer, but lies like a log; and not being able to swim long, will at last sink.

FOUNDING.

FOUNDING, in the mechanical arts, will strictly include castings in brass and bronze, the founding of cannon, all the other operations of the iron foundry, and bell and type founding. But some of these are of sufficient importance to require distinct treatment.

For the founding of cannon, see GUNNERY. For the operations of the iron foundry, see IRON FOUNDRY.

For type-founding, see TYPE.

This paper will be confined to founding in brass and bronze; and to bell founding.

BRASS is a compound of copper and zinc, which become, by being fused together, a homogeneous malleable yellow metal, of great utility in various articles of our domestic economy, and in the arts, in which it is also employed in the founding of statues, &c. &c. See BRASS.

Founders of brass articles of a general description require an exact model, in wood or otherwise, of the article to be founded; and this is most frequently required to be in two parts, exactly joined together, and fitted by small pins: the casting, in such a case, is performed by two operations, that is, one half at one time and one half at another, and in manner following, viz. The founder provides himself with a yellowish sharp sand, which is required to be well washed, to free it of all earthy and other particles. This sand is prepared for use by a process called tewing, which consists in working up the sand in a moist state, over a board about one foot square, which is placed over a box to receive A roller what may fall over in the tewing. about two feet long and two inches in diameter is employed in rolling the sand about until it is brought into that state which is deemed proper for its business: a long-bladed knife is also required to cut it in pieces. With the roller and the knife the tewing is finished for use, by being When the sand is so alternately rolled and cut. far prepared, the moulder provides himself with a table or board, which in size must be regulated by the castings about to be performed on it. The edges of the table or board are surrounded by a ledge, in order to support the tewed stuff; the table so previously prepared is filled up with the sand as high as the top of the ledge, which is in a moderately moistened state, and which must be pressed closely down upon the table in every part. When the operation has so far advanced, the models must be all examined, to see that they are in a state to come nicely out of the mould, and if not found so, they must be cleaned or altered till the founder is satisfied with them. All models require the greatest accuracy in their making, or it will be vain to suppose any thing good can be performed by the founder.

When the models are found to be in a state to be founded, one half, generally longitudinally, is taken first, and this is applied on the mould, and pressed down into the tewed stuff or sand, so as to leave its form completely indented in it: this must be very carefully looked to, to see that there are no small holes; as every part in the

If it indented sana must be a perfect cameo of the models submitted and pressed into it. should not be found perfect, new sand must be added, and the model re-indented and pressed, till it leaves its impression in a state proper to receive the metal. In the same manner, other models intended to be founded on the same table, must be prepared and indented into the sand. When the table is completely ready for the metal, it is carried to the melter, who himself examines its state, and also the cameos, and who lays along the middle of the mould the sinall channel for half of a small wire of brass, which he presses into the sand, so as to form the melted brass to flow in, and which he terms the master-jet or canal. It is so disposed as to meet the ledge on one side, and far enough to reach the last pattern on the other; from this are made several less jets or branches, extending themselves to each pattern on the table, and by which means the fluid metal is conveyed to all the different indented impressions required to be cast on the table. When the work is so far forwarded, it is deemed ready for the foundry; previously to which, however, the whole is sprinkled over with mill-dust, and when it is so sprinkled, the table is placed in an oven of moderate temperature till it gets dry, or in a state which is deemed proper to receive the melted brass.

The first table being thus far completed, it is either turned upside down and the moulds or patterns taken out, or the moulder begins to prepare another table exactly similar to the one he has just completed, in which he indents and presses the other half of the mould, or he turns the table already finished and containing the first half of the patterns upside down; previously, however, to doing which, it will be necessary for him to loosen the pattern which is fixed in the sand a little all round, with any small instrument that will just open away the in sand from its edges, in order to its coming from out of the table more easily. This economy founding, of making one-half of each pattern to be cast answer the purpose of the whole pattern, is a very common practice in brass founding, and enables the manufacturer to sell his goods at a much cheaper rate than he would otherwise be enabled to do, if he were obliged to have a full pattern of all goods to be founded. he has loosened the sand from about the pattern, and taken it out of the first table, the work is proceeded in, of preparing the counterpart or other half of the mould with the same pattern, or otherwise, and in a frame exactly corresponding with the former, excepting only that it is prepared with small pins, to enter holes which are made in the first half of the model, and into which the pins enter, and secure the two halves together. It is obvious, that the accuracy in the joining will depend wholly upon the neatness and truth of fixing and boring for the pins.

When

When the table containing the counterpart is finished, the patterns are all properly indented

in the sand, which is done as has been before described for the first table, and when completed, it is carried away to the melter, who, after enlarging the principal jet of the counterpart, and making the cross jets to the various patterns, sprinkles them as before with milldust it is then set in the oven till it has received a sufficient drying to be ready for the melted metal; after which, and when both parts of the model are deemed sufficiently dry, they are joined together by means of the pins and holes, previously prepared in the upper and under model and to prevent their rising up or slipping aside by the force of the melted brass, which is to come in flaming with heat, and through a small hole contrived in the principal or master-jet, the precaution is taken of locking the two tables down in a kind of press made with screws; or, if the mould be too large to admit of being screwed easily, wedges are had recourse to, to fix the tables together, to prevent accidents. The moulds thus fixed in the press, or wedged, are placed near the furnace, and every arrangement is made for it to receive the melted brass as it comes out of the crucible.

All being so far arranged, and the moulds ready, the metal is prepared, by being heated to a complete fusion in an earthen crucible, commonly about ten inches high and four inches in diameter. The furnace for promoting the fusion of the brass is similar to a smith's forge, having bellows of large dimensions operated upon by a lever, and a chimney over the furnace. The hearth is of masonry or brick-work, secured by an outer rim of iron, in the centre of which is the fire-place, and which consists in making a void or cavity, from twelve to eighteen inches square, and reaching quite down to the bottom or floor of the foundry. The void or cavity is divided into two parts by an iron grating, on the upper side of which is placed the fuel, and in the midst of it the crucible containing the metal; the lower part of the cavity is appropriated to admit the air to the fire, and also to receive the waste or cinders falling from the fire. The fuel consists of dry beechen wood cut into small billets, and previously baked, to make them more readily combustible, and which are, when a fire is required, put into the cavity in the hearth, and well lighted. The crucible, when full of brass, should be placed down in the centre of the fire, so that it may play all round it, and it should be covered with an earthen cover, or tile, to promote the heat of the fire upon the metal. All the time the metal is preparing, the attendant keeps blowing up the fire; and in order to keep the heat from escaping through the chimney, or in flame, a piece of tile is placed over the fire and aperture of the furnace. As the heat operates in melting the metal, it sinks nearer to the bottom of the crucible, when fresh metal is added till the crucible is quite full. The brass is previously prepared for melting, by being broken into small fragments in a mortar, and, when sufficiently beaten and broken for use, it is put into the crucible by an iron ladle, which has a long hollow arm or shank of small diameter, but sufficiently large to admit the fragments of metal rolling through it into the cru

It is

cible, into which the fresh brass is dropped from out of the cylindrical arm of the iron ladle. As the crucible is filled with metal, preparation must be made, when it is deemed ready to be removed for the purpose of running it into the moulds, to remove it easily from out of the fire, which is done by a pair of iron tongs with their feet bent inwards. The crucible is taken hold of by these tongs, and carried away to the mould, into which the melted brass is poured, through the aperture communicating to the master-jet of each mould; the metal is carried round to each jet, and poured in till the crucible is emptied, or the moulds filled. usual to fuse rather more brass than is required for the casting; as, by having too little, the work could not be at that time finished, which would occasion delays in opening the tables. As soon as the moulds are run, water is sprinkled over the tables, to cool and fix the metal; after which the presses or wedges are removed from the frames, and the works just founded are removed out of the sand, to be cleaned and finished for sale. The tewing-stuff or sand is afterwards taken out of the frames to be worked up again for another casting. The sand, by a repetition of use, becomes quite black, by reason of the charcoal that it collects from the foundry; but its blackness does not render it unfit to be employed in other tables for moulding or casting.

In foundings of brass in which the models are large, an expedient is had recourse to, of readering them lighter and more economical, by performing the casting hollow. This is done by making a core or heart, roughly resembling the pattern, and composed of clay and white cruci. ble dust well kneaded and mixed together with water, and which is covered with wax, exactly representing the article to be cast; or the core may be suspended in the centre of the indents made in the sand. When the article is required to have but one perfect side, as is common in most cabinet articles, the melted metal, in such a case, is prevented from filling the indent by the space occupied by the core, and it will be in thickness corresponding to the size which the heart or core takes up, in proportion to the size of the work to be founded. In the former case, when the article is to have both or all round of a full pattern, wax is employed, and is so adjusted to the core, that the metal may, in passing the jet, displace it, and leave its resemblance, and also its thickness, of brass, in the indent in the table. If it be a pattern of a complicated form, there would arise a difficulty in getting the core out after it was founded. The pattern must then be performed or moulded in two separate ones, and also the foundings; the part left out of the first pattern must be performed in a second; and afterwards fitted and soldered to the first. This mode is common at Birmingham, in making handles for locks, and shutter fastenings, which are commonly round. The plain knobs, for locks, &c., are made in halves and soldered together: the wrought ones, (as they are called from being ornamented) are cast with a solid shank and spindle, and the bell or handle part of the knob is hollow, and open at its opposite

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