asserts, that should the besiegers even succeed in opening the counterguard, and in breaching the escarpe-wall, it would nevertheless be impossible for them to assault the bastion, because the columns of attack would be taken in both flanks by sorties from the ditch of the bastion, and by the chemin-des-rondes;-turned and cut off by great sorties issuing from the glacis en contrepente. But it is evident that, whenever the saliant of the escarpe-wall is breached, both branches of the chemin-des-rondes may be enfiladed from the lodgments on the counterguard; or, if only a few feet of the top of the wall were knocked down, that the remote ends of the chemin-des-rondes would be so much exposed as to prevent the besieged from re-occupying them, when, ceasing their vertical fire, they send forth their corps d'élite,' as M. Carnot states, to chase away the debris of the assailant's columns. It may indeed reasonably be expected that, when the lodgments on the counterguards are formed, the escarpe-wall will be found to have received very material injury from the ricochet batteries; and the chemin-des-rondes be much encumbered, and perhaps rendered impassable in many places, by fragments of masonry, and rubbish from the slopes of the work, which the ricochet fire will have beaten off, and rolled down into the hollow space. With respect to the sorties to be made in the main ditch, to take the columns of assault in both flanks,' the attack has provided against such enterprises, by lodgments and epaulements which oppose them with double tiers of fire, and against which the troops would have to advance in narrow columns, presenting their alinements to these batteries. As to the large sorties issuing from the glacis en contrepente, to turn or cut off the assailants, M. Carnot must have aimed this observation at such assaults as might be imprudently made before a complete lodgment should be established on the crest of the covered-way; and to have fancied, throughout, that his system would be attacked in the same spirit of rash bravery and brute force,'-disregard of science and human life, as that in which the defensive scheme has been conceived.

A lodgment should now be made on the saliant of the bastion, either by assault, or by sapping up the exterior slope. Battery 15 will cover this operation by throwing shells into the interior of the work; and the howitzer-batteries 9 and 10 will participate, first by a heavy fire on the saliant and faces of the bastion; and, during the assault, by throwing shells into the interior of the bastion and upon the battery on

the circular portion of the retrenchment général, According to M. Carnot's doctrine, the actual assault of the breach will be opposed by vertical fire: so long therefore as the batterie de gorge continues to throw vertical fire, the assailants are safe from coups de main;' for no part of the interior of the bastion can then be occupied by the besieged. When the fire ceases, they may be expected. This is what M. Carnot calls reversing the character of the operations of a siege: it does so; and brings the alternation to this—that the besieged must now move forward, à découvert, from the gorge of the bastion, under a great profusion of all sorts of vertical fire, to attack the besiegers lodged on its saliant; for it is clear that the batteries which we have enumerated may play upon the interior of the bastion during the assault, and also whilst the besiegers are establishing and defending their lodgment on its saliant. This lodgment being formed, the mode of further proceeding will depend upon the condition in which the besiegers find the circular portion of the escarpe-wall. If, as may reasonably be expected, it is much ruined, there will be little to apprehend from the batteries blindées. The most formidable battery is that on the circular portion of the retrenchment, against which therefore every piece of ordnance that can be brought to bear should be directed. The mortar-howitzer-battery 15-all the guns of 13 and 14-the howitzer-batteries 7, 8, 9, and 10, may all combine in various degrees; and under the influence of such a mass of fire there can be no doubt that a lodgment may be formed in the saliant of the bastion; when the guns of battery 22 will be brought up to arm a battery established there. This will soon complete the ruin of the scarp-wall: the interior of the casemates will then be completely exposed; and the barricades in the postern, being seen through the central case mate, may then be broken open and destroyed. But it is evident that the place can oppose no further effectual resistance, after 2 lodgment in the bastion is established: for, as soon as the escarpe-wall is ruined, the casemates become untenable, and may then prove extremely useful to the assailants in the assault of the retrenchment, by the cover they afford to preparttory dispositions: and the chemins-des-rondes being gained from the back of the casemates, columns of attack may circulate in them, to turr the troops opposing the direct assault of the sa liant.

be misunderstood. Fortunetell, is to foretell events in the lives of individuals: a fortuneteller is one who pretends to this power: a fortune-book is the book which contains the art of fortunetelling, or that is consulted by the impostor who undertakes the task of unveiling futurity. A fortune-hunter means, in common parlance, a man whose employment is to enquire after women with great portions, to enrich himself by marrying them.

Lo! who may trust on Fortune any throw?
For him that folweth all this world of pres,
Or he be ware, is oft ylaid ful lowe:
Ful wise is he that can himselven knowe
Beth ware; for whan that Fortune list to glose,
Than waiteth she hire man to overthrowe,
By swiche a way as he wold lest suppose.

Chaucer, The Monkes Tale.
It fortuned, as fair it then befel

Behind his back, unweeting, where he stood,
Of ancient time there was a springing well,
From which fast trickled forth a silver flood.
Spenser. Faerie Queene.

Fortune, that arrant whore,
Ne'er turns the key to the poor.
Shakspeare. King Lear.
If thou do'st,

And this instructs thee, thou do'st make thy way

To noble fortunes.

Not the' imperious shew

Of the full fortuned Cæsar ever shall

Be brooked with me.

Id.

Id. Antony and Cleopatra. I'll conjure you, I'll fortunetell you.

I'll tell you as we pass along,

Shakspeare.

That Id. you will wonder what hath fortuned. They brought one Pinch, a hungry lean-faced viilain

A thread-bare juggler, and a fortuneteller.

Id. A Welchman being at a sessions-house, and seeing the prisoners hold up their hands at the bar, related to some of his acquaintance that the judges were good fortunetellers; for they did but look upon their hand, they could certainly tell whether they should live or Bacon's Apophthegms. Fortune is like the market, where many times, if you can stay a little, the price will fall; and, again, it is sometimes like a Sibylla's offer, which at first offereth the commodity at full, then consumeth part and part, and still holdeth up the price.

die.

Lord Bacon.

An alchemist spends his fortunes to find out the philosopher's stone forsooth, cure all diseases, make men long-lived, victorious, fortunate, invisible, and beggars himself, misled by those seducing impostos (which he shall never attain) to make gold. Burton. Anat. Mel. Thrice, oh, thrice happy shepherd's life and state, When courts are happiness, unhappy pawns : His cottage low, and safely humble gate Shuts out proud Fortune, with her scorns and fawns: No feared treason breaks his quiet sleep: Singing all day, his flocks he learns to keep; Himself as innocent as are his simple sheep. Fletcher's Purple Island. Thou knowest a face, in whose each look Beauty lays ope love's fortunebook ;

On whose fair revolutions wait

The obsequious motions of love's fate.

Crashaw.

Here, while his canting drone-pipe scanned

The mystick figures of her hand,

He tipples palmestry, and dines

On all her fortunetelling lines.

Cleaveland. You who mens fortunes in their faces read, To find out mine, look not, alas, on me :

But mark her face, and all the features heed: For only there is writ my destiny. Cowley's Mist, The gypsies were to divide the money got by stealWalton's Angler. ing linen, or by fortunetelling.

Of many who say they do not believe in fortunetelling, I have known few on whom it had not a very sensible effect. Mackenzie.

This terrestrial globe has been surrounded by the fortune and boldness of many navigators. Temple. No, he shall eat, and die with me, or live; Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give.

Rejoice, said he, to day;

Dryden.

In you the fortune of Great Britain lies:
Among so brave a people you are they
Whom heaven has chose to fight for such a prize.

Id.

Id.

But tell me, Tityrus, what heavenly power Preserved your fortunes in that fatal hour? The fate which governs poets thought it fit He should not raise his fortunes by his wit. We must, however, distinguish between fortunehunters and fortunestealers. Spectator.

The adequate meaning of chance, as distinguished from fortune, is that the latter is understood to befal only rational agents, but chance to be among inanimate bodies. Bentley. He was younger son to a gentleman of a good birth, but small fortune. Swift.

When Miss delights in her spinnet,
A fiddler may a fortune get.

Id.

FORTUNE, TUXn, a name which among the ancients seems to have denoted a principle of fortuity, whereby things came to pass without being necessitated thereto; but what and whence that principle is, they do not seem to have ever precisely defined. Hence their philosophers often intimate that men only framed the phantom Fortune to hide their ignorance, and that they call Fortune whatever befals a man without his knowing for what purpose. Hence Juvenal, Sat. x., affirms, they were men who made a deity of Fortune :

Nullum numen abest si sit prudentia. Nos te Nos facimus, Fortuna, Deam, cæloque locamus. And Mr. Spence says, that he has seen an ancient gem in which Cybele, the mother of the gods, is represented as turning away her head from Fortune, in attitude of disowning and rejecting her. In the opinion of the heathen, therefore, fortune was only the arrival of things in a sudden and unexpected manner, without any apparent cause or reason: so that the philosophical sense of the word coincides with what is vulgarly called chance. But in religion it had a farther force; altars and temples in great numbers were consecrated to Fortune, as a deity. Hence that beautiful ode of Horace begin

ning

ginning with Romulus; most of the eminent persons in the commonwealth, and Augustus himself among the rest; with an inscription upon the pedestal of every statue, expressing the chief actions and exploits of the person it represented. This forum was restored by the emperor Adrian. FORUM is also used among casuists, &c., for jurisdiction; as In foro legis, &c. The following metaphorical uses of the word are also common in the classics, as Cicero, Suetonius, Florus, &c.

FORUM AGERE denoted the bringing on causes out of Rome, in a Roman province; signifying the same with agere conventum.

FORUM INDICERE was the act of the prætor appointing the place in Rome where causes were to be tried.

FORUM, in ancient geography, prefixed to a proper name, denoted a market town cr borough. Of these there were many; as,

FORUM ALIENI, a place mentioned only by Tacitus; and, from his account of it, thought to be Ferrara in Italy.

FORUM APPII, a town of the Volsci, in Latium, on the Via Appia, a little beyond the Tres Taberna, mentioned by St. Luke, as well as by Cicero. It is set down in the Jerusalem Itinerary as situated near the river Nymphæus; now entirely desolate.

FORUM DOMITII, a town of Gallia Narbonensis; probably built by Ahenobarbus Domitius, who commanded in those parts: now Frontigniac, in Languedoc, near the Mediter

ranean.

FORUM FULVII, a town of Liguria, surnamed Valentinum; from which it is conjectured that it is now Valenza, in the duchy of Milan; which is confirmed by Peutinger's distances.

FORUM GALLORUM, a small town of the Cispadana, on the Via Emilia, eight miles from Mutina, beyond the Scultenna. Here Antony defeated Pansa, and was in his turn defeated by Hirtius.

FORUM JULIUM, a town of Gallia Narbonensis; or Forojulium: now Frejus in France.

FORUM JULIUM CARNORUM, a town north of Aquileia, in Transpadana.

FORUM TIBERII, a town of Gallia Belgica, in the Pagus Tigurinus, on the left or west side of the Rhine; literally the tribunal of Tiberius, which he held there when commander in the Rhetian war.

FORUM VULCANI, the Campi Phlegraei of Pliny, a place in Campania, encompassed with rocky eminences, near Puteoli, and distant from it two miles towards Naples, emitting smoke, and in some places flame, like a large extensive furnace, and yielding sulphur.

FORWARD, adv., adj. &
FORWARDER, n. s.
FORWARDLY, adv.
FOR WARDNESS, n. s.
FOR'WARDS, adv.

wards; to a part

or place before; onward; progressively. Crabb. says, 'Onward is taken in the literal sense of going nearer to an object; forward is taken in the sense of going from an object, or going further in the line before one; progressive has the sense of going gradually, or step by step before one.' Thus it also signifies anterior; antecedent; not behind hand; not inferior; premature; early; ripe too soon. Applied to the mind, it means warm; earnest; ardent; eager; violent, ready; confident; presumptuous; impudent; quick; hasty. A forwarder is one that promotes an object, or facilitates the execution of any thing. To forward, is to hasten; to quicken; to accelerate in growth or improvement; to patronise; to advance.

Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do.

Gul. ii, 10.

First and forward, ye han erred in the assembling of youre conseillours; for ye sholde first han cleped a fewe folk to your conseil, and after ye mighte han shewed it to mo folk if it hadde be nede: but certes ye han sodeinly cleped to your conseil a gret multitude of peple, full chargeant and full anoyous for to here. Chaucer. Tale of Melibeas.

From smaller things the mind of the hearers may go forward to the knowledge of greater, and climb Hooker. up from the lowest to the highest things.

Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot absolutely approve either willingness to live, or forward

ness to die.

Id.

Is it so strange a matter to find a good thing furthered by ill men of a sinister intent and purpose. whose forwardness is not therefore a bridle to such as favour the same cause with a better and sincere meaning.

Id.

When fervent sorrow slaked was, She up arose, resolving him to find Alive or dead, and forward forth doth pass. Faerie Queene.

"Tis a perilous boy,
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable;
He's all the mother's from the top to toe.
Shakspeare.

Let us take the instant by the forward top;
For we are old, and on our quickest decrees
The inaudible and noiseless foot of time
Steals, ere we can effect them.
Short Summer lightly has a forward Spring.
My good Camillo,

She is as forward of her breeding, as
She is i' th' rear o' our birth.

You'll still be too forward.

Id. Id.

Id. Winter's Tale.