spring, from the expansion of the dew. The vapois, which are raised plentifully from the earth and waters, either by the solar or subterraneous heat, at their first entrance into the atmosphere meet with cold enough to condense them to a considerable degree; their specific gravity is by that means increased, and so they will be stopped from ascending; and either return back in form of dew or of drizzling rain, or remain suspended some time in the form of a fog Vapors may be seen on the high grounds as well as the low, but more especially about marshy places. They are easily dissipated by the wind, as well as by the heat of the sun. They continue longest in the lowest grounds, because these places contain most moisture, and are least exposed to the action of the wind. Hence we may easily conceive, that fogs are only low clouds, or clouds in the lowest region of the air; as clouds are no other than fogs raised on high. See CLOUD, and MIST. FOGGIA, a large town of Naples, in the Capitanata, formerly of great importance, from being a staple for wool and corn, and the seat of the dogano or register-office for collecting the tax on the sheep which pass to and from the pastures of Puglia. The office of Foggia appointed deputations to other towns. The principal square, and several of its streets, are undermined with vaults, where corn is stored and preserved; the sides are said to be faced with stone, and all the orifices carefully closed. The town has been almost entirely rebuilt since the earthquake of 1732. A great fair is held here in May. It contains 17,000 inhabitants. It is sixteen miles south-west of Manfredonia, and forty-two north-east of Benevento. FOGLIETO (Oberto, or Hubert), a Genoese priest, and one of the most learned writers of the sixteenth century. He had a share in the disturbances that were raised at Genoa, for which he was banished; and died at Rome in 1581, aged sixty-three. He wrote a History of Genoa in Italian, which is highly esteemed; and many works in Latin. Indeed, Sir John, pray good my dear, Tis wrong to make your kennel hereDogs in their place are good I own, But in the parlour, foh! be gone! Somervile. Foh 'twas a bribe that left it, he has touched Corruption. Cowper, FO-III, another name for Fo, the chief deity of the Chinese. They represent him shining all in light, with his hands hid under his robes, to show that his power does all things invisibly. He has at his left Lanza, or Lanca, chief of the second sect of their religion. See CHINA. FOHR, or FORA, a fertile island of Denmark, or the coast of Sleswick; twelve miles in cirguit, with a safe harbour. FOIBLE, n. s. French. A little fault; mental weakness rather than a moral taint. It is synonymous, or nearly so, with failing; failings and foibles are the smallest degrees of imperfection. Failings, perhaps, relate more to temper and disposition, and foibles to habit and prepossession. He knew the foibles of human nature. Friend. The witty men sometimes have sense enough to know their own foible, and therefore they craftily shun the attacks of argument. Watts's Logick. For'LER, n. s. Mason. If you insist upon your right to examine, they retreat, either in confusion or equivocation; and, like the scuttle-fish, throw a large quantity of ink behind them, that you may not see where to pursue. Whence this foil le flows is obvious enough. FOIL, v. a. & n. s. Į Old Fr. affoler, to wound. Crabbe thinks from fail, and the Lat. fallo to deceive; to make to fail. Thus it signifies to put to the worst; to defeat, though without a complete victory; and equally applies to the accomplishment of this, whether by stratagem or open resistance. A person is foiled, whatever the means, who is rebuffed and turned away from his meditated purpose: it is also used in the sense of puzzling and perplexing. Bonduca, that victorious conqueresse, That, lifting up her brave heroick thought Bove womens weaknesse, with the Romanes fought. Fought, and in field against them thrice prevailed; Yet was she foyled whenas she me assailed. Spenser. The Ruines of Time. We of thy cunning had no diffidence; One sudden foil shall never breed distrust. nature. He had been foiled in the cure, and had left it to Wiseman's Surgery. In their conflicts with sin they have been so often foiled, that they now despair of ever getting the day. Calamy's Sermons. When age shall level me to impotence, And sweating pleasure leave me on the foil. Southern. FOIL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. fouiller. A blunt sword used in fencing: to blunt; to dull. He that plays the king shall be welcome; his majesty shall have tribute of me : the adventurous knight shall use his foil and target. Shakspeare. When light-winged toys Id. FOIL, n. s. Lat. folium; Fr. feuille. Leaf; gilding something of another color near which jewels are set to raise their lustre; applied metaphorically to whatever enhances the value or beauty of any thing by contrast: the steel or quicksilver placed at the back of a glass by which bright as a looking-glass; after which they must it is converted into a mirror. be dried, and laid up secure from dust. FOIN, v. n. & n. s. ? Fr. foindre, poindre ; FOIN'INGLY, adv. Lat. pungo. In fencing, to push; to thrust: a thrust; or push. In a pushing manner. Fructified olive of foiles faire and thicke. Chaucer. Balade III. A stately palace, built of squared brick, Which cunningly was without mortar laid, Whose walls were high, but nothing strong nor thick, And golden foil all over them displayed. Faerie Queene. Like bright metal on a sullen ground, My reformation glittering o'er my fault, Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes, Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Shakspeare. Foil, among looking-glass grinders, is a sheet of tin with quicksilver, or the like, laid on the backside of a looking-glass, to make it reflect. Chambers. FOIL, in fencing, a long piece of steel of an elastic temper, mounted like a sword, which is used in fencing. It is without a point, having a button at the extremity, covered with leather. The amateurs of fencing caution the learner never to fence with short foils; they ought to measure from one extremity to the other three feet two inches; he will thus be enabled to keep a regular distance, and execute his movements with a greater degree of justness and dexterity. FOIL, among jewellers, a thin leaf of metal placed under a precious stone, in order to make it look transparent, and give it an agreeable different color, either deep or pale: thus, if a stone is wanted to be of a pale color, put a palecolored foil under it; or if deep, a dark one. These foils are made either of copper, gold, or gold and silver together. The copper foils are commonly known by the name of Nuremberg or German foils, and are thus prepared: Procure very thin copper-plates; beat these gently upon a well-polished anvil, with a polished hammer, as thin as possible; and placing them between two iron plates, as thin as writing-paper, heat them in the fire; then boil the foil in a pipkin with equal quantities of tartar and salt, constantly stirring them, till, by boiling, they become white; after which, taking them out and drying them, give them another hammering, till they are made fit for your purpose. Care must be taken not to give the foils too much heat, for fear of melting; nor must they be too long boiled, lest they should attract too much salt. The method of polishing them is this: Take a plate of the best copper, one foot long and about five or six inches wide, polished to the greatest perfection; bend this to a long convex, fasten it upon a half roll, and fix it to a bench or table; then take some chalk, washed as clean as possible, and filtered through a fine linen cloth, till it be as fine as it can be made; and, having laid some of it on the roll, and wetted the copper all over, lay the foils on it, and, with a polishingstone and the chalk, polish them, till they are as Ne no man shal unto his felow ride Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. Id. He hewed, and lashed, and foined, and thundered blows, And every way did seek into his life! Ne plate, ne mail, could ward so mighty throws, But yielded passage to his cruel knife. Faerie Queene. He cares not what mischief he doth, if his weapon be out: he will foin like any devil; he will spare neither man, woman, nor child. Shakspeare. Then both, no moment lost, at once advance They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore Dryden. FOISON, n. s. Fr. foison; Lat. fusio, profusio. Plenty; abundance. A word now out of use. Who fed the Egyptian Mary in the cave Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale. Of its own kind, all foison, all abundance, To feed my innocent people. Shakspeare. Tempest. FOIST, v. a. Fr. fausser; perhaps of Lat. falsito. To insert by forgery; or in a forced and improper manner. Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption, an archdeacon was appointed to take account of their doings. Carew To what purpose, I pray, is God's name hooked and haled into our idle talk? why should we so often mention him, when we do not mean any thing about him? would it not, into every sentence to foist a deg or a horse, be altogether as proper and pertinent? See FUSTY. Mouldy; FOI'STY, adj. ? FOIS TINESS, n. s. fusty. Barrour. Dress mustard, and lay it in cellar up sweet, Lest foistiness make it for table uumeet. Tusser. FOIX (Gaston de), a nephew of Louis XII. of France, was born in 1489, and was the son of John de Foix, viscount of Narbonne. In 1512 he succeeded the duke of Longueville, in the command of the French army in Italy, and forced Peter Navarro, the Spanish general, to raise the siege of Bologna, relieved Brescia, and laid siege to Ravenna. His daring exploits, which procured him the name of the Thunderbolt of Italy, were productive, however, of no permanent advantage; and he fell at the battle of Ravenna, in which he defeated the Spaniards, Easter Sunday, in 1512. Louis XII., on hearing of his death, exclaimed, I would surrender almost every inch of ground I possess in Italy to restore to life my nephew and his brave comrades. God preserve us from many such victories!' Foix (Louis de), a French architect, was employed by Philip II., of Spain, in the erection of the palace of the Escurial. He is said to have been in the confidence of don Carlos, by betraying which, he contributed to the destruction of that prince; soon after which he left Spain and returned to France. In 1579 he was employed in the port of Bayonne, and constructed the canal of the Adour. De Foix was also, in 1610, the architect of the tower of Cordouan, at the mouth of the Ga ronne. FOKIEN, a province of China, bounded on the north by that of Tche-Kiang; east by the sea; south by Quang-Tong, and west by KianSi. It is commodiously situated for navigation and commerce. The natives catch large quantities of fish, which they send to other parts of the empire. Its shores are indented with many bays; and there are many forts built on the coast. The air is hot, but pure and wholesome. The mountains are disposed into a kind of amphitheatres, by the labor of the inhabitants, with terraces one above another. The fields are watered with rivers and springs, which issue out of the mountains, and which the husbandmen conduct so as to overflow the fields of rice when they please, by pipes of bamboo. It produces all the commodities common in China, particularly musk, precious stones, quicksilver, silk, iron, &c. The natives make hempen cloth, calico, and all sorts of utensils. They import cloves, cinnamon, pepper, sandal-wood, amber, coral, &c. The capital is Fou-tcheouFou, or Fucherofu. As for Fokien, which most geographers make the capital, Grosier informs us there is no such place. The silks and cloth of Fokien are of extraordinary fineness and beauty. The port of Enfouy was formerly open to European vessels, but all the trade has been since transferred to Canton. Considerable commerce is carried on between this province and Japan, Formosa, the Philippine Islands, Java, and Siam. Every city is said to have a peculiar dialect. Fou-tcheon, the capital, is celebrated for its literati; besides which, there are other large towns, Tsuen-Tschosu, Yeu-Ping, and Tchang-Tcheou. The population has been computed at 15,000,000. FOLARD (Charles), an eminent French general, born at Avignon in 1669, of a noble family. He discovered an early passion for arms; which was so inflamed by reading Casar's Commentaries, that he enlisted at sixteen years of ace. His father procured his discharge and immured him in a monastery; but he escaped about two years after, and entered again as a cadet. His inclination for military affairs recommended bim to notice. M. de Vendome, who commanded in Italy in 1720, made him his aid-decamp; and soon after sent him with part of his forces into Lombardy. Here his services were such, that he had a pension of 400 livres settled upon him, and was honored with the cross of St. Louis. He distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Cassano; where he received a wound in his left hand, which deprived him of the use of it ever after. At this battle he conceived the first idea of columns, which he afterwards prefixed to his Commentaries on Polybius. In 1706 Folard had orders to throw himself into Modena, to defend it against prince Eugene: where he was very near being assassinated. He received a dangerous wound in the thigh at the battle of Malplaquet, and was some time after made prisoner by prince Eugene. Being exchanged in 1711, he was made governor of Bourbourg. In 1714 he went to Malta, to assist in defending that island against the Turks. Upon his return to France he embarked for Sweden, to see Charles XII. He acquired the esteem and confidence of that monarch, who sent him to France to negociate the restoration of James II: but, that project being given up, he returned to Sweden, followed Charles XII. in his expedition to Norway, and served under him at the siege of Frederickshall. Folard then returned to France; and made his last campaign in 1710, as colonel under the duke of Berwick. From that time he applied intensely to the study of the military art; and built his theories upon the foundation of his experience. He contracted an intimacy with count Saxe; and was chosen F. R. S. of London in 1749; and, in 1751, made a journey to Avignon, where he died in 1752, aged eightythree. His chief works are, 1. Commentaries upon Polybius, 6 vols. 4to. 2. New Discoveries in War. 3. A Treatise concerning the defence of Places, in French. FOLCZ (John), originally a barber of Nuremberg, and born at Ulm about the middle of the fifteenth century, became one of the most celebrated of the German poets belonging to the class called Mastersingers, or Suabian bards. They consisted of clubs or societies established for the cultivation of the old German poetry, and were principally composed of the lower classes. Strasburgh and Nuremberg were the cities in which were found the most famous societies of Mastersingers; but they also existed at Memingen, Ulm, and Augsbourg. Taverns were their usual places of meeting. The epoch of these bards lasted from 1350 to 1519, when Luther produced a reform in the German language; but the societies continued, that of Strasburgh particularly, till the latter part of the eighteenth century. Folcz, distinguished himself by the invention of a multitude of new metres. He printed at Nuremberg a great number of his poems. The earliest, finished in 1470, was imprinted, or engraved on wood, in 1474, and reprinted in a collection which appeared in 1534 at Nuremberg, in 3 vols. 4to. This includes Ein teutsch worhaftig poetisch ystori; an abridged History of the German Empire, in rhyme; and Vita Patrum, vel Liber Colacionum. Of these productions Fischer has given a description. in his Typographical Rarities, Mentz, 1800, 8vo. FOLD, n. s. & v. a. Sax. palæð, falð; from Goth. faldar, to enclose. There is also a barb. Latin word, faldagium (a fold). The ground on which sheep are confined; the place where sheep are housed; the flock of sheep; a limit; a boundary. Then said he, O cruel Goddes! that govern Than is the shepe that rouketh in the to fold. Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. Time drives the flocks from field fold, When rivers rage and rocks grow cold; And Philomel becometh dumb, And all complain of cares to come. Raleigh. We see that the folding of sheep helps ground, as well by their warmth as by their compost. Bacon. His eyes be opened, and beheld a field In thy book record their groans, Slain. towers. Id.. Id. Dryden. The bridegroom sun, who late the earth espoused, Leaves his star-chamber; early in the east He shook his sparkling locks, head lively roused, While Morn his couch with blushing roses drest; His shines the Earth soon latcht to gild her flowers: Phosphor his gold fleeced drove folds in their bowers, Which all the night had grazed about the' Olympic Fletcher's Purple Island. FOLD, n. s., v. a. & v. n. Sax. Fild, Faldan; Goth. faldan. See the foregoing word. A double; a complication; an involution; one part added to another; one part doubled upon another. From the foregoing signification is derived the use of fold in composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added: as two-fold, twice the quantity; twenty-fold, twenty times repeated. To double; to complicate; to inclose; include; to close over another of the same kind; to join with another of the same kind. The two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. 1 Kings vi. 34. Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep. Prov. vi. 10. Nah. i. 10. They be folden together as thorns. But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit; some an hundred fold, some sixty fold, some thirty fold. Matt. As a vesture shalt thou fold them up. Heb. i. 12. Chaucer. The Doctoure's Tale. She in this trice of time Commits a thing so monstrous, to dismantle Shakspeare. King Lear. I have seen her rise from her bed, unlock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, seal it, and again return to bed. Shakspeare. We will descend and fold him in our arms. Id. Witness my son, now in the shade of death, Whose bright outshining beams thy cloudy wrath Hath in eternal darkness folded up. id. The inward coat of a lion's stomach has stronger folds than a human, but in other things not much different. Arbuthnot, FOLENGIO (Theophilus), of Mantua, known also by the title of Merlin Coccaye, an Italian poet. He was born at Mantua in 1491, and became a Benedictine; but soon after quitted his habit, and, after leading a rambling life for some years, resumed it again. He wrote several works, mostly of a licentious nature; but is memorable for his macaronic verses. This mode of writing, which has not very frequently been imitated with success, consists in interweaving in the vernacular tongue, thrown in at random, with Latin verse a number of words and phrases and made to fit the metre by Latin terminations. Folingio, if not the inventor of macaronic verse, was the first who brought it into vogue. He died in 1544. FOLIA'CEOUS, adj. FOLIAGE, n. s. FOʻLIATE, v. a. FOLIATION, n. s. FOTTATURE, N. S. FOLIOмORT, adj. Lat. foliaceous, foliatus, foliatio, from folium; Fr.feuillage. Consisting of laminæ or leaves. Leaves; tufts of leaves; the apparel of leaves to a plant. To beat into laminæ or leaves. Foliation is the act of beating into thin leaves; it is also one of the parts of the flower, being the collection of those fugacious colored leaves called petala, which constitute the compass of the flower, and sometimes guard the fruit which succeeds the foliation, as in apples and pears, and sometimes stand within it, as in cherries and apricots; for these, being tender and pulpous, and coming forth in the spring, would be injured by the weather if they were not lodged Foliature, up within their flowers.-Quincy. is the state of being hammered into leaves. Foliomort (folium mortuum), is a dark yellow; the color of a leaf faded: vulgarly called philomot. Gold foliated, or any metal foliated, cleaveth. Bacon. The great columns are finely engraven with fruits and foliage, that run twisting about them from the very top to the bottom. Addison. If gold be foliated, and held between your eyes and the light, the light looks of a greenish blue. Newton's Opticks. A piece of another, consisting of an outer crust, of a ruddy talky spar, and a blue talky foliacious spar. Woodward on Fossils. A flinty pebble was of a dark green colour and the exterior cortex of a foliomort colour. Id. And too The trees with foliage, cliffs with flowers are crownd, FOLIAGE, in architecture, used for the representations of flowers, leaves, branches, rinds, &c., whether natural or artificial, that are used for enrichments on capitals, friezes, pediments, &c. FOLIATING OF GLASS PLATES FOR MIRRORS, the spreading the plates over, after they are polished, with quicksilver, &c., to make them reflect images. It is performed thus:-A thin blotting paper is spread on the table, and then a fine lamina or leaf of tin, called foil, is laid over the paper; upon this is poured mercury, which is to be distributed equally over the leaf with a hare's foot, or cotton: over this is laid a clean paper, and over that the glass plate, which is pressed down with the right hand, and the paper drawn gently out with the left; this being done, the plate is covered with a thicker paper, and loaded with a greater weight, that the surperfluous mercury may be driven out and the tin adhere more closely to the glass. When it is dried, the weight is removed, and the looking-glass is complete. Some add an ounce of marcasite melted by the fire; and, lest the mercury should evaporate in smoke, they pour it into cold water; and when cooled, squeeze through a cloth, or through leather. Some add a quarter of an ounce of tin and lead to the marcasite, that the glass may dry the sooner. FOLIATING OF GLOBE GLASSES FOR MIRRORS, is done as follows. Take five ounces of quicksilver and one ounce of bismuth; of lead and tin half an ounce each: first put the lead and tin into fusion, then put in the bismuth; and, when that is also in fusion, let it stand till it is almost cold, and pour the quicksilver into it: after this take the glass globe, which must be very clean, and the inside free from dust: make a paper funnel, which put into the hole of the globe, as near the glass as possible, so that the amalgam, when poured in, may not splash, and cause the glass to be full of spots; pour it in gently, and move it about so that the amalgam may touch every where; if the amalgam begin to be curdly and fixed, hold it over a gentle fire, and it will easily flow again; and, if it be too thin, add a little more lead, tin, and bismuth to it. The finer and clearer the globe is, the better will the looking-glass be. FOʻLIO, n. s. Lat. in folio. A large book of hich the pages are formed by a sheet of paper once doubled. Plumbinus and Plumeo made less progress in knowledge, though they had read over more folios. Watts on the Mind. FOLK, n. s. Sax. pole, from folgian, FOLKS, n. s. to follow; Swed. folc, folFOLK MOTE, n. s. gia, to follow; Belg. volk, from Goth. folgia, to follow. It is properly a noun collective, and has no plural but by modern corruption. People, in familiar language; any kind of people as discriminated from others. It is now seldom used but in familiar or burlesque language. Infinite ben the sorwe and the teres Chaucer. The Knightes Tale Those hills were appointed for two special uses, and built by two several nations. the one is that which you call folkmotes, built by the Saxons, and signifies in the Saxon a meeting of folk. Spenser on Ireland. The river thrice hath flowed, no ebb between; Say it did so a little time before. And the old folk, time's doting chronicles, Shakspeare. Anger is a kind of baseness: as it appears well in the weakness of children, women, old folks, and sick folks. When with greatest art he spoke, Teach nothing but to name his tools. Bacon. Old good man Dobson of the green, Remembers he the tree has seen, And goes with folks to shew the sight. He walked and wore a threadbare cloak; He dined and supped at charge of other folk. Id. When I call fading' martial immortality I mean, that every age and every year Some sucking hero is compelled to rear, Of deeds to human happiness most dear, Affecting young folks with a sort of dizziness. Byron. FOLKES (Martin), an English antiquary, mathematician, and philosopher, born at Westminster about 1690, a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. He was admitted into the former at twenty-four years of age; made one of their council two years after; named by Sir Isaac Sir Hans Sloane, became president. Coins, anNewton himself, as vice-president; and, after cient and modern, were his great object: and his last production was a book upon the English Silver Coin, from the conquest to his own times. A table of all the English gold coins, drawn up by Mr. Folkes, was afterwards printed at the request of the Royal Society, before whom he laid his Remarks on the Standard Measure preserved in the Capitol of Rome, and a model of an ancient sphere preserved in the Farnesian palace. A representation of this sphere was published in Dr. Bentley's edition of Manilius. He died in London in 1754. Dr. Birch drew up materials for his life, which are preserved in the Anecdotes of Bowyer. FOLKESTONE, a sea-port and market town of Kent, between Dover and Hythe, and which appears to have been a very ancient place, from |