of the file. 4. The first mover being then put into action, raises and lets fall the apparatus for giving the stroke by which the file receives a cut. And, 5, immediately afterwards, or during the same action, as the case may be (according to the construction as before described), the reguating gear moves the carriage, and consequently the file, through a determinate space. 6. The cut is then again given; and in this manner (the strength of cut being duly proportioned to the space between cut and cut) the file becomes cut throughout. 7. The file is then taken out and cut on the other side. 8. The burr is then taken off, or not, as the artist may think best; and the cross-strokes are given over the surfaces as before. And the said machinery, by certain slight, necessary, and obvious changes in the structure and disposition of the chisels, and some other of the parts thereof, is adapted to manufacture all other forms and descriptions of files, whether floats, rasps, half-round, threesquare, or any other figure or denomination.

Three things are strictly to be observed in hardening files; first, to prepare the file on the surface, so as to prevent it from being oxydated by the atmosphere, when the file is red hot, which effect would not only take off the sharpness of the tooth, but render the whole surface so rough, that the file would, in a little time, become clogged with the substance it had to work. Secondly, the heat ought to be very uniformly red throughout, and the water in which it is quenched fresh and cold, for the purpose of giving it the proper degree of hardness. Lastly, the manner of immersion is of great importance, to prevent the files from warping, which in long thin files is very difficult. The first object is accomplished by laying a substance upon the surface, which, when it fuses, forms as it were a varnish upon it, defending the metal from the action of the oxygen of the air. Formerly the process consisted in first coating the surface of the file with ale-grounds, and then covering it over with pulverised common salt. After this coating becomes dry the files are heated red-hot, and hardened; then the surface is lightly brushed over with the dust of cokes; when it appears white and metallic, as if it had not been heated. This process has lately been improved, at least so far as relates to the economy of the salt, which, from the quantity used, and the increase of duty, had become a serious object. Those who use the improved method do not consume above one-fourth the quantity of salt used in the old way. The process consists in dissolving the salt in water to saturation, which is about three pounds to the gallon, and stiffening it with alegrounds, or with the cheapest kind of flour, such as that of beans, to about the consistence of thick cream. The files only require to be dipped into this substance, and immediately heated and hardened. The grounds or the flour are of no other use than to give the mass Consistence, and by that means, allowing a larger quantity of salt to be laid upon the surface. In this method, the salt forms immediately a firm coating. As soon as the water is evaporated, the whole of it becomes fused upon the file. In the old method, the dry salt was so loosely

attached to the file, that the greatest part of it was rubbed off into the fire, and was sublimed up the chimney, without producing any effect. Some file-makers are in the habit of using the coal of burnt leather, which doubtless produces some effect; but the carbon is generally so illprepared for the purpose, and the time of its operation so short, as to render the effect very little. Animal carbon, when properly prepared and mixed with the above hardening composition, is capable of giving hardness to the surface even of an iron file. The carbonaceous matter may be readily obtained from any of the soft parts of animals, or from blood. For this purpose, however, the refuse of shoe-makers and curriers is the most convenient. After the volatile parts have been distilled over, from an iron still, a bright shining coal is left behind, which, when reduced to powder, is fit to mix with the salt. Let about equal parts, by bulk, of this powder, and muriate of soda, be mixed together, and brought to the consistence of cream, by the addition of water. Or mix the powdered carbon with a saturated solution of the salt, till it becomes of the above consistence. Files which are intended to be very hard, should be covered with this composition, previously to hardening. By this method, files made of iron, which in itself is insusceptible of hardening, acquire a superficial hardness sufficient to answer the purposes of any file whatever. Files of this kind may be bent into any form, and in consequence are rendered useful for sculptors and die-sinkers.

The mode of heating the file for hardening, is by means of a fire similar to that employed by common smiths. The file is to be held in a pair of tongs by the tang, or tail, and introduced into the fire, consisting of very small cokes, pushing it more or less into the fire, for the sake of heating it regularly. When it is uniformly heated of a cherry color, it is fit to quench in the water. An oven is commonly used for the larger kind of files, into which the blast of the bellows is directed, being open at one end for the purpose of introducing the files and the fuel. After the file is properly heated, for the purpose of hardening, it should be cooled as quickly as possible; this is usually done by quenching it in the coldest water. Clear spring water, free from animal and vegetable matter, is best calculated for the hardening of files.

When files are properly hardened, they are brushed over with water and powdered coke, when the surface becomes clean and metallic. They may likewise be dipped into lime-water, and dried before the fire as rapidly as possible, after which they should be rubbed over with olive oil, in which is mixed a little oil of turpentine, while warm, and then they are finished.

In the operations of filing, the coarser cut files are always to be succeeded by the finer; and the general rule is, to lean heavily on the file in thrusting it forward, because the teeth of the file are made to cut forwards. But in drawing the file back again, for a second stroke, it is to be lifted just above the work, to prevent its cutting as it comes back. The rough, or coarse-toothed file, called a rubber, serves to take off the unevenness of the work, left by the hammer in forging.

The bastard-toothed file, as it is technically called, is to take out too deep cuts and file-strokes made by the rough file. The fine-toothed files take out the cuts or file-strokes which the bastard file made, and the smooth file those left by the fine file.

FILEMOT, n. s., corrupted from Fr. feueille morte, a dead leaf A brown or yellow-brown

color.

Swift.

The colours you ought to wish for are blue or filemot, turned up with red. FILIAL, adj. Fr. filial, filiale; Lat. FILIATION, n. s. filius, or filia (à Greek ga, love). Pertaining to a son or daughter; befitting a child. Filiation is the relation of a child to its parents; a legal order of filiation is a declaration of the justices that a particular party therein named is the father of a child. Why Dr. Johnson should have restricted the application of filial to pertaining to a son,' we cannot understand: filiation he himself defines as 'correlative to paternity,' generally, while his own extract from Prior proves that it may also be the correlative of maternity,

Where the old myrtle her good influence sheds.' In the modern legal use of filiation also we believe but too many instances occur of its application to both sons and daughters.

And thus the filial godhead answering spoke.

Milton.

together under the title of Poesie Fosiano di Vincenzo da Filicacia, in 1707, 4to.

FILICES, from filum, a thread, quasi filatim incisa, ferns; one of the seven tribes or families of the vegetable kingdom. See BOTANY. They constitute the first order in the class cryptogamia, and consist of eighteen genera, which are divided into fructificationes spicatæ, frondosæ, et radicales. Lee however says they admit of no certain distinction from their fructification. This order comprehends the entire twenty-sixth class of Tournefort, in whose system the filices make only a single genus, in the first section of this

class.

FILIGRANE, FILIGREE, or FILLAGREE WORK, from Lat. filum, a thread, and granum, a grain, a kind of enrichment on gold or silver, wrought delicately, in manner of small threads or grains, or both intermixed. It was formerly much more employed than at present, in the manufacture of small articles, which served more for show than for use; such as vases, needlecases, caskets to hold jewels, small boxes, particularly shrines, decorations for the images of saints, and other church furniture. This art, been brought into Europe from the East. Among however, is of great antiquity, and seems to have church furniture we meet with filigree work of the middle ages. The Turks, Armenians, and Indians make at present some master-pieces of this sort, and with tools that are exceedingly coarse and imperfect. There is no manufacture in any part of the world that has been more admired and celebrated, than the fine gold and silver filigree of Sumatra. The surprising delicacy of this work is the more extraordinary as the tools are rudely and inartificially formed by the pandi, or goldsmith, from any old iron he can pick up. When you engage one of them to execute a piece of work, his first request is usually for a piece of iron hoop, to make his wiredrawing instrument; an old hammer-head, stuck in a block, serves for an anvil, and a pair of compasses is often composed of two old nails tied together at one end. The gold is melted in times in a crucible of their own make, of ordia piece of preeoo, or earthen rice pot, or somenary clay. In general they use no bellows, but blow the fire with their mouths, through a joint of bamboo; and, if the quantity of metal to be melted is considerable, three or four persons sit round their furnace, which is an old broken quallee or iron pot, and blow together. Padang alone, where the manufacture is more considerable, they have adopted the Chinese bellows. Their method of drawing the wire differs little from that used by Europeans. When drawn to a sufficient fineness, they flatten it by beating it on their anvil; and, when flattened, they give it a twist like that in the whalebone handle of a punch-ladle, by rubbing it on a

At

Shakspeare.

In the cauldron boil and bake.
His baleful breath inspiring as he glides,
Now like a chain around her neck he rides;
Now like a fillet to her head repairs,
And with his circling volumes folds her hairs.
Dryden's Æneid.
The youth approached the fire, and as it burned,
On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they
turned;

These morsels stayed their stomachs; then the rest
They cut in legs and fillets for the feast. Dryden.
She scorned the praise of beauty, and the care;
A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.
The mixture thus, by chymick art

United close in every part,

In fillets rolled, or cut in pieces, Appeared like one continued species.

Pope.

Swift.

The silken fillet's curb, and sought to shun Their bonds, whene'er some Zephyr, caught, began To offer her young pinion as her fan. Byron. FILLET, in heraldry, a kind of orle or bordure, containing only a third or fourth part of the breadth of the common bordure. It is supposed to be withdrawn inwards, and is of a different color from the field. It runs quite round, near the edge, as a lace over a cloak. Fillet is also used for an ordinary drawn like the bar from the sinister point of the chief across the shield, in manner of a scarf; though it is sometimes likewise seen in the situation of a bend, fesse, cross, &c. According to Guillin, the fillet is a fourth part of the chief, and is placed in the chief point of the escutcheon.

FIL'LIBEG. Gael. filleadh-beg, i. e. little plaid. The lower part of the Highland dress, reaching to the knees.

In the islands the plaid is rarely worn. The filli beg, a lower garment, is still very common. Johnson's Journey to the Hebrides. FIL'LIP, v. a. & n. s. Belg. flip, a flap; Teut. and Swed. fil. A word conjectured by Skinner and Minsheu to be formed from the sound': Dr. Johnson thinks from fill up, by some combination of ideas which cannot be recovered: Mr. Todd suggests the Lat. alapa, a blow, or stroke, as the origin; but the northern languages evidently supplied us with it; and FLABBY, FLAP, FLIPPANCY, are of the same family. See those words. To strike with the finger nail by catching it against the thumb: a fillip is a jerk, or stroke, of this kind.

Man's life is a glass, and a fillip may crack it.
Old Play (1599).

Then let the pebbles on the hungry beach Fillip the stars; then let the mutinous winds Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the fiery sun. Shakspeare.

Gay.

If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle. Id. We see, that if you fillip a lutestring, it sheweth double or treble. Bacon's Natural History. The cards obedient to his words, Are by a fillip turned to birds. FIL'LY, n. s. Swed. fola; Welsh ffilog; Icel. filia, of Lat. filia, as it were the daughter of the mare.'-Minsheu. A young female horse; and, metaphorically, a light or wanton woman.

Geld fillies, but tits, yet a nine days of age, They die else of gelding, and gelders do rage: Young fillies so likely of bulk and of bone, Keep such to be breeders, let gelding alone.

Tusser.

While the silver needle did work upon the sight of his eye, to remove the film of the cataract, he never saw any thing more clear or perfect than that white Bacon. needle. Which that false fruit that promised clearer sight

Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed,

Had bred.

Milton's Paradise Lost. A stone is held up by the films of the bladder, and so kept from grating or offending it. Graunt.

So the false spider, when her nets are spread, Deep ambushed in her silent den does lie;

And feels, far off, the trembling of her thread, Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly. Dryden.

The wasps with fruitless toil Flap filmy pinions oft, to extricate Their feet in liquid shackles bound, 'till death Bereave them of their worthless souls; such doom Waits luxury, and lawless love of gain. Philips.

There is not one infidel so ridiculous as to pretend

to solve the phænomena of sight, fancy, or cogitation, by those fleeting superficial films of bodies.

Bentley's Sermons. He from thick films shall purge the visual ray, And on the sightless eyeballs pour the day. Pope. Loose to the winds their airy garments flew, Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew; Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, When light disports in ever-mingling dyes. Nor less amused have I quiescent watched The sooty films, that play upon the bars Pendulous, and foreboding in the view Of superstition, prophesying still,

Id.

Though still deceived, some stranger's near approach.
Cowper.
Emerged from ocean springs the vapourous air,
Bathes her light limbs, uncurls her amber hair,
Incrusts her beamy form with films saline,
And beauty blazes through the crystal shrine.

Darwin.

FILMER (Sir Robert), son of Sir Edward Filmer, of East Sutton, Kent, was born towards the close of the sixteenth century, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His works are, The Anarchy of limited and mixed Monarchy, 1646; Patriarcha, in which he endeavours to prove that all governments were originally monarchical, and that all legal titles are derived from the heads of families. This work was completely answered by Locke in his two Treatises on Government. Filmer died in 1647.

FILMER (Edward), son of Sir Robert, who took his degree of LL. D. at Oxford, and was author of a tragedy called the Unnatural Brother. He defended the stage against Jeremy Collier.

FILOTI, a town of European Turkey, in the pachalic of Joannina, and the chief place of a small independent tribe of that name, consisting of 6000 or 8000 men. It is eight miles west of Joannina.

FILTER, v. a. & n. s. Fr. filtre; It. feltro; FILTERING-STONE, Lat. filtro (per filum FILTRATE, V. a. trahere). To draw off FILTRATION, n. s. by threads; hence to purify by drawing off, in any way: the substantive was once applied to the twist of thread depending from a vessel by which liquors were cleansed; it is now used for any strainer or cleansing vessel: hence the modern filteringstone.' See below.

Having, for trial sake, filtered it through cap-paper, there remained in the filtre a powder. Boyle.

We took then common nitre, and having, by the usual way of solution, filtration, and coagulation, reduced it into crystals, we put four ounces of this purified nitre into a strong new crucible.

Id.

That the water passing through the veins of the earth, should be rendered fresh and potable, which it cannot be by any percolations we can make, bat the saline particles will pass through a tenfold filter. Ray on the Creation.

Dilute this liquor with fair water, filtre it through a paper, and so evaporate it. Grew's Mus.

The extract obtained by the former operation, burnt to ashes, and those ashes boiled in water and filtrated, yield a fiery salt. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FILTER, OF FILTRE, in chemistry, &c., is used only for separating fluids from solids, or particles that may happen to be suspended in them, and not chemically combined with the

fluids; and for this purpose, filters of various kinds and various substances have been employed. That which is twisted up like a skain or wick, acts like a siphon, while it draws off only the purest part of the liquor. Others are of paper, flannel, fine linen, sand, pounded glass, or porous stones. When paper is used, it is shaped into the form of a cone, and placed in a funnel, to support it with the liquid, otherwise it would burst; but flannel or linen may be used in the form of a bag or otherwise. Filtering stones, basins, &c., are either natural or artificial, for the purpose of purifying water. Natural filters are found in rocks, mountains, beds of sand, &c. Artificial filtering basins are made of pipe-clay and coarse sand. In 1790 a female potter obtained a patent for discovering a composition to make filtering basins, as a succedaneum for that porous stone which in many places is not to be found. A patent was also obtained by Mr. Peacock, in 1791, for a new kind of filtration, by means of gravel of different sizes, suitable to the several strata. The various sizes of the particles of gravel, as placed in layers, should be nearly in the quadruple ratio of their surfaces; that is, upon the first layer a second is to be placed, the diameters of whose particles are not to be less than one-half of the first, and so on in this proportion. This arrangement of filtering particles will gradually fine the water by the grosser particles being quite intercepted in their ascending with the water. These filters may be readily cleansed by withdrawing the body of the fluid, when that which covered the strata will descend, and carry away all the foul and extraneous substances.

A patent was also granted to Mr. Collier, of Southwark, for a most ingenious method of filtering water, oil, and other liquids.

The principle of the improved filtering machines consists in combining hydrostatic pressure with the mode of filtering per ascensum, which procures the peculiar advantage of causing the fluid and its sediment to take opposite directions The filtering surface remains the same, while the dimensions of the chamber in which the sediment is received may be varied.

Professor Parrot jun. of Paris also invented a very ingemous and portable filtering machine, represented in the diagram annexed: