is half the length of the body. This species, which grows to the size of a wolf, and even Jarger, inhabits the hottest parts of South America, from the isthmus of Darien to Buenos Ayres. It is fierce, and destructive to man and beast. Like the tiger, it plunges its head into the body of its prey, and sucks out the blood before it devours it. It makes a great noise in the night, like the howling of a hungry dog; and is very cowardly. It is easily put to flight, either by the shepherds' dogs, or by a lighted torch, being very fearful of fire. It lies in ambush near the sides of rivers.

F. pardalis, the Mexican panther, or ocelot of Buffon, has its head, back, upper part of the rump, and tail, of a bright tawny; a black stripe extending along the top of the back, from head to tail; and, from the nostrils to the corners of the eyes, there also runs a stripe of black: the sides are whitish, marked lengthways with long stripes of black, hollow and tawny in the middle, in which are sprinkled some small black spots; the legs are whitish, varied with small black spots; and the tail is also varied with small spots Bear its base, and larger near the end, which is black. It is above four times the size of a large cat, and strongly made. It inhabits Mexico, California, the neighbourhood of Carthagena, and Brasil. It lives in the mountains; and is very voracious, but fearful of mankind; preying on young calves, and different sorts of game. It lurks amidst the leaves of trees; and sometimes wili extend itself along the boughs as if dead, till the monkeys, tempted by their natural curiosity, approaching to examine it, become its prey.

mestie cat.

F. pardus, the panther, is about the size of a large dog, and has a great resemblance to a doThe tongue is rough, and remarkably red; the teeth are strong and sharp; the skin is exceedingly beautiful, being of a yellow or bright tawny color, variegated with roundish black spots, and the hair is short. Each spot is composed of four or five small spots, with a single spot in the centre. He has a cruel and ferocious aspect; his motions are brisk and lively; his cry resembles the growi of an enraged dog, but is more strong and rough. The panther inhabits Africa, from Barbary to the remotest parts of Guinea. This species is next in size to the tiger; next to it in cruelty, and its general enmity to the animal creation: it is to Africa what the former is to Asia, with this alleviation, that it prefers the flesh of brutes to that of mankind; but, when pressed with hunger, attacks every living creature without distinction. Its manner of taking its prey is the same with that of the tiger, always by surprise, either lurking in thickets or creeping on its belly till it comes within reach ; it will also climb up trees in pursuit of monkeys and smaller animals, so that none are secure from its attacks. He is not so perfectly ungovernable as the tiger: but, notwithstanding all attempts to render him obedient and tractable, he may rather be said to be subdued than tamed; for he never entirely loses his natural ferocity. Accordingly, when kept with a view to the hunting of bueks, goats, or other animals, great care is necessary in training him, and still greater in conVOL. IX.

ducting him. When leading out to the neid, they put him in a cage and carry him on a cart. When the game is sprung, they open the door of the cage; he instantly springs towards the animal, often seizes him in a few bounds, throws him to the ground, and strangles him. But if he happens to miss his aim, he becomes mad with rage, and sometimes falls upon his master, who, to prevent such accidents, generally carries along with him pieces of flesh, or perhaps a lamb or a kid, which he throws to him in order to appease his fury. The ancients were well acquainted with these animals. Scaurus exhibited at one time 150 panthers; Pompey the Great 410; Augustus, 420. Probably they thinned the coasts of Mauritania of these animals, but they still swarm in the southern parts of Guinea. Oppian describes two species of panthers, a large and a small one; the first of which has a shorter tail than the smaller, and may possibly be this kind. An animal of this species is found in Bukharia, called there Babr; it is seven feet long, very destructive to horses, and even camels; the skin is fine, and valued in Russia at £1 sterling. In China there is a most remarkable kind, called there louchu, whose skins sell at £6 sterling a-piece. These skins equal those of the old continent in beauty and size. Though Buffon denies the panther to be an inhabitant of America, yet Pennant is of opinion that the same, or a variety at least, inhabits that country.

F. serval, the serval, has the upper part of the body of a dusky color, interspersed with round black spots; the belly and the orbits of the eyes are white. This animal, which is very fierce and untameable, inhabits the woods in the mountainous parts of India and Thibet; where it lives in trees and breeds in them. It scarcely ever descends on the ground; but leaps with great agility from tree to tree. It is called by the natives of Malabar the maraputé, by the Portuguese the serval.

F. tigrina, the margay of Buffon, is about the size of a common cat. The upper part of the head, the neck, back, sides, shoulders, and thighs, are of a bright tawny color; the face is striped downwards with black: the shoulders and body are marked with stripes and oblong large black spots: the legs with small spots: the thighs are whitish spotted with black: the tail is very long, marked with black, tawny and gray. It inhabits South America, where it lives on the feathered game and on poultry. It is untame able. It makes a noise like the common cat, lives much in trees; it is very active and goes by bounds or leaps. It brings forth in all ser sons of the year, in hollow trees, and has two a a time.

F. tigris, the tiger, according to some author is larger, and according to others somewhat less, than the lion. M. de la Landemagon assures us, that he has seen a tiger in the East Indies fifteen feet long, including undoubtedly the length of the tail, which, supposing it to be four feet, makes the body of the tiger about eleven feet in length. The skeleton preserved in the ci-devant royal cabinet at Paris, indieste

that the animal was about seven feet long from the point of the muzzle to the origin of the tail;

K

but then it must be considered, that he was caught young, and lived all his days in confine-ment. The head of the tiger is large and roundish; and the ears are short, and at a great distance from each other. The form of the body has a great resemblance to that of the panther. The skin is of a darkish yellow color striped with long black streaks; the hair is short, excepting on the sides of the head, where it is about four inches long. The point of the tail is black, and the rest of it is interspersed with black rings. His legs and claws resemble those of the lion, only the legs are much shorter in proportion to the size of the animal. The tiger is more ferocious and savage than the lion. Although gorged with carnage, his thirst for blood is not appeased; he seizes and tears in pieces a new prey with equal fury and rapacity, the very moment after devouring a former one; he lays waste the country he inhabits; he neither dreads the aspect nor the weapons of men; slaughters whole troops of domestic animals; and attacks young elephants, rhinoceroses, &c., and sometimes even braves the lion himself. The tiger seems to have no other instinct, but a constant thirst after blood, a blind fury which knows no bounds or distinction, and which often stimulates him to devour his own young, and to tear the mother in pieces for endeavouring to defend them. He lies in wait on the banks of rivers, &c., where the heat of the climate obliges other animals to repair for drink. Here he seizes his prey, or rather multiplies his massacres; for he no sooner kills one animal, than he flies with equal fury upon the next, plunges his head into their bodies and drinks their blood. However, when he kills a large animal, as a horse or buffalo, he sometimes does not tear out the entrails on the spot, but, to prevent any interruption, drags off the whole carcase to the wood, with incredible swiftness. This is a sufficient specimen of the strength of this rapacious animal. Neither indulgence nor restraint can tame the tiger. He is equally irritated with good as with bad treatment: he tears the hand which nourishes him with equal fury as that which administers blows: he roars and is enraged at the sight of every living creature. There is a sort of cruelty in his devastations, unknown to the hion; as well as a cowardliness in his sudden retreat on any disappointment. 'I was informed,' says Pennant, by very good authority, that, in the beginning of this century, some gentlemen and ladies, being on a party of pleasure, under a shade of trees, on the bank of a river in Bengal, observed a tiger preparing for its fatal spring; one of the ladies, with amazing presence of mind, laid hold of an umbrella, and furled it full in the animal's face, which instantly retired, and gave the company an opportunity of removing from so terrible a neighbour. Another party had not the same good fortune: a tiger darted among them while they were at dinner, seized on one gentlemen, carried him off, and he never was more heard of.' There is in some parts of India a popular notion, that the rhinoceros and the tiger are in friendship, because they are often found near each other. But Mr. Tennant says, the fact is, that the rhinoceros,

like the hog, loves to wallow n the mire; and, on that account, frequents the banks of rivers; the tiger, to quench his raging thirst, is met with in places contiguous to them. Pliny has been often censured by the moderns, for calling the tiger animal tremendæ velocitatis; they allow it great agility in its bounds, but deny its swiftness in pursuit. Two travellers of authority, however, both eye-witnesses, confirm what Pliny says: the one indeed only mentions in general its vast fleetness: the other saw a trial between one and a swift horse, whose rider escaped merely by getting amidst a circle of armed men. The chase of this animal was a favorite diversion with the great Cam-hi, the Chinese monarch, in whose company Mr. Bell, and father Gerbillon, saw these proofs of the tiger's speed. The tiger, according to Mr. Pennant, is peculiar to Asia; and is found as far north as China and Chinese Tartary, and about lake Aral and the Altaic mountains. It inhabits Mount Ararat and Hyrcania, famous of old for wild beasts; but the greatest numbers, the largest, and the most cruel, are met with in India and its islands. In Sumatra the natives are so infatuated that they seldom kill them, having a notion that they are animated by the souls of their ancestors. The tiger has always been more rare than the lion; though the female brings forth an equal number of young, viz. four or five at a litter. The female is furious at all times; but, when her young are attempted to be taken from her, her rage is redoubled: she braves every danger: she pursues the ravishers, who are obliged, when hard pressed, to drop one of the young in order to retard her mo on; she stops, takes it up, and carries it into some secret part of the forest; but she instantly returns and pursues the bunters into their villages or boats. The tiger moves the skin of his face, grinds his teeth, and roars, like the lion; but the sound of his voice is different.

F. uncia, the ounce, is less than the panther; the tail is longer; the hair is likewise longer, and of a whitish-gray color, marked with irregular black spots. The ounce is easily tamed; and is employed in hunting in several parts of Asia, where dogs are very scarce. He has not the delicate scent of a dog; does not trace other animals by the smell; neither can he run them down in a fair chase; but lies in wait for their approach, and then darts upon them unawares. He leaps so nimbly, that he easily clears a ditch or a wall several feet high; he often climbs trees, waits till some animal passes, and instantly leaps upon them. This method of catching their prey, is practised by the panther and leopard, as well as by the ounce. The ounce inhabits Barbary, Persia, Hyrcania, and China; from which last place the skins are brought into Russia, and sold for 20s. a-piece. It is an animal of a more gentle and mild nature than most of the preceding. It is like the F. leopardus, used for the chace of antelopes, and even hares; but, instead of being conveyed in a waggon, is carried on the crupper on horseback. It is under as much command as a setting-dog; returns at the least call, and jumps up behind its master. This animal is supposed to be the rapdadıç odɩyorepa,

Proud Arcite and fierce Palamon,

In mortal battle, doubling blow on blow;
Like lightning flamed their falchions to and fro,
And shot a dreadful gleam; so strong they struck,
There seemed less force required to fell an oak.

I felled along a man of bearded face,
His limbs all covered with a shining case.

Dryden.

Id.

The poplars are felled, farewell to the shade,
And the whispering sound of the cool colonnade.
The winds play no longer and sing in the leaves,
Nor Ouse in his bosom their image receives. Couper.
FELL. See FALL.

FELL (Dr. John), a learned English divine, born at Longworth in Berkshire, in 1625, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford, of which his father was dean. In 1648 he was ejected by the parliamentary visitors, being then in orders; and from that time to the Restoration, lived at Oxford a retired and studious life. He was installed canon of Christ Church, in July 1660; and dean in 1661; in which places he did great services to the college, and reformed several abuses. He was consecrated bishop of Oxford in 1675; and had leave to hold his deanery in commendam, that he might continue his services to the college and university. He published several works, and died in 1686.

FELL (John), an English dissenting minister, and controversial writer, born at Cockermouth in Cumberland in 1732. He was bred a taylor, and followed this occupation for some time in London, but soon after, he was enabled by a friend to pursue his studies at an academy, after which he became pastor of a congregation at Beccles, near Yarmouth, whence he removed to Thaxted in Essex, where he also kepta boarding school. After several years residence at Thaxted, he accepted an invitation to be resident tutor in the dissenting academy at Homerton. But he had not been long there, before a misunderstanding took place between him and the managers of that institution, which ended in his dismissal. Some respectable friends then subscribed a yearly stipend of £100, for which he was to deliver a course of lectures on the evidences of Christianity. Four of these were preached by him in 1797, but he died on the 6th of September in that year. The late Dr. H. Hunter completed and published the lectures. Mr. Fell was a man of considerable erudition; he was the author of an answer to Mr. Farmer's Essay on the Demoniacs, and also to that on the Idolatry of Greece and Rome by the same gentleman: this last, which was published in 1785, is an acute and learned treatise. Besides these, he wrote an Essay on the Love of One's Country; Genuine Protestantism; A letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal Laws; An Essay towards an English Grammar, &c.

FELLER (Francis Xavier), known for some time as Flexier de Reval, a name which he assumed on the suppression of the society of Jesuits, to which he oelonged; was a native of Brussels, born in 1735, and enjoyed a reputation for learning. But his principal work, an Historical Dictionary, printed at Liege in eight octavo volumes, has been attacked on the score of piracy by the proprietors of the Nouveau Dictionnaire Historique. His other writings are:

A Reply to Buffon's Epochs of Nature; Remarks on the Newtonian Philosophy; a Geographical Dictionary; and a literary and historical journal entitled Clef des Cabinets, published at Luxemburgh from 1774 to 1794. He died at Ratisbon in 1802.

FELLER (Joachim), a German poet, was a native of Zwickhau, and born in 1638: he was chosen professor of poetry at Leipsic in 1661. At an early age he wrote a poem on the passions. His principal compositions, which he wrote in Latin, are Flores Philosophici; Nota in Lotichicii eclogam, &c.; Cygni quasimodo geniti sanctæ virorum celebrium Cygnea (Zwickhau) veterum;

and some annotations on the works of Horace. In 1676 he became librarian to the university of Leipsic. Having contracted a habit of walking in his sleep, he fell at length from a window during one of his fits of somnambulism, and died in 1691, from the effects of the fall.

FELLER (Joachim Frederick), son of the above, was born in 1673 at Leipsic, where he graduated in philosophy. The duke of Weimar appointed him his secretary in 1706, a situation he filled during twenty years; travelling a considerable part of the time, under his patron's auspices. He published Monumenta varia inedita, in twelve 4to numbers, printed in 1714 at Jena; a Genealogy of the House of Brunswick Lunenburgh, 8vo.; Otium Hanoverianum; and Miscellanea Leibnitiana; and died in 1726. FELLIFLUOUS, adj. Lat. fel and fluo. Flowing with gall. FE'LLOE, n. s. Dan. and Teut. felge. The circumference of a wheel; the outward part. It is often written fally or felly.

Shakspeare. Sax. pelap; Goth. felag, a companion; community; Swed. faluge; Scot. fallow, quasi, to follow', Minsheu, from Sax. Fe, faith, and lag, bound.Junius. A companion ; associate; equal; one of a literary community, or privileged fraternity of scholars; one of the same kind; one of a pair: a familiar compellation, and appellation, sometimes expressing mere familiarity, at other times contempt, pity, and even abhorrence to fellow is to suit, or pair with fellowship is

What if ony of the branchis ben broken whanne thou were a wielde olyue tree art graffid among hem, art maad felowe of the roote and of the fatnesse of the olyue tree? Wiclif. Romaynes xi. Now, therefore, ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellow-citizens, with the saints. Ephes. xi. 19. The Gentiles should be fellow-heirs. Id. iii. 6. bour, and fellow-soldier. Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in laPhil. ii. 25. Those only are my fellow-workers to the kingdom of God. Col. iv. 11. There salute thee Epaphras, my fellow-prisoner in Christ, &c. Philem. 23. We ought to receive such, that we might be fellowhelpers to the truth. 3 John, 8. In youth I had twelve fellows like unto myself, but not one of them came to a good end. Ascham. One seed for another to make an exchange, With fellowly neighbourhood seemeth not strange.

Tusser.

Those laws do bind men absolutely, even as they are men, although they have never any settled selves. fellowship, never any solemn agreement among themHooker.

Most of the other Christian princes were drawn into the fellowship of that war. Knolles.

To be your fellow, You may deny me: but I'll be your servant, Whether you will or no. Shakspeare. Tempest. I have great comfort from this fellow: methinks he hath no drowning mark about him; his complexion is perfect gallows.

Imagination,
With what's unreal, thou co-active art,
And fellowest nothing.

Id.

Shakspeare.

This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. --The same indeed; a very valiant fellow. Id. Cassio hath here been set on in the dark

Id.

By Roderigo, and fellows that are 'scaped. To quench mine honour; they add shame to make me Wait else at door; a fellow-counsellor Among boys, grooms, and lackeys.

Id. Henry VIII. She, questionless, with her sweet harmony, Is with her fellow-maidens now within.

Id. Pericles.

In a great town friends are scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neighbourhoods. Id. Essays.

Chieftain of the rest

I chose him here: the earth shall him allow; His fellows late, shall be his subjects now.

Fairfax.

All which good parts he graceth with a good fellowlike, kind, and respectful carriage. Carew. Eighty pounds per annum for a fellow-commoner [at Cambridge] was looked on as a sufficient maintenance. Prideaux.

Homer in his Odyssey, speaking of Ulysses, and Elpenor his fellow-traveller, &c. Sir T. Herbert. Whence are our depopulations and inclosures, but for that men cannot abide either fellows or neighbours? Bp. Hall's Contemplations.

He had by his excessive good fellowship, which was grateful to all the company, made himself popular with all the officers of the army.

Clarendon.

It is a high degree of inhumanity not to have a fellow-feeling of the misfortune of my brother. Id. He cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, without the consent of all his fellow commoners, all mankind. Locke.

God having designed man for a sociable creature, made him with an inclination, and under the necessity to have fellowship with those of his own kind.

Id.

We have one peculiar elegance in our language above all others, which is conspicuous in the term 'fellow." This word, added to any of our adjectives, extremely varies, or quite alters the sense of that with which it is joined. Thus, though a modest man' is the most unfortunate of all men, yet a modest fellow is as superlatively happy. A modest fellow' is a ready creature, who, with great humility, and as great forwardness, visits his patrons at all hours, and meets them in all places, and has so moderate an opinicu of bimself, that he makes his court at large. Tatler.

Since they cannot raise themselves to the reputation of their fellow-writers, they must sink it to their own pitch, if they would keep themselves upon a level with them. Addison.

When virtue is lodged in a body, that seems to have been prepared for the reception of vice; the soul and the body do not seem to be fellows. Id. Spectator.

We in some measure share the necessities of the poor at the same time that we relieve them, and make ourselves not only their patrons but fellow-sufferers.

The bleeding condition of their fellow-subjects was a feather in the balance with their private ends.

Swift. If you have no fellow-student at hand, tell it over with your acquaintance. Watts's Logick. We signify our being united to each other as fellowmembers. Whole Duty of Man. Self-knowledge, moreover, implies a due attention to the several relations in which we stand to our fellow-creatures; and the obligations that result from Mason. thence.

When blockheads rattle the dice-box, when fellows of vulgar and base minds sit up whole nights contemplating the turn of a card, their stupid occupation is in character. Cumberland.

A young fellow who seems to have no will of his own, and does every thing that is asked of him, is called a very good-natured, but at the same time is thought a very silly, young fellow. Chesterfield. Their poet, a sad trimmer, but no less

In company a very pleasant fellow,
Had been the favourite of full many a mess
Of men, and made them speeches when half mellow.
Byron.

FELO-DE-SE. See SUICIDE.
FEL'ON, n. s. & adj.
FELO'NIOUS, adj.
FELO'NIOUSLY, adv.
FELON'OUS, adj.
FELONY, n. s.

Sax. Fel; Goth. and Swed. fel, a fault; Fr. felon; Low. Lat. felo; Minsheu says, from fell, crime, and one. One who has committed a serious crime; a capital offender; a whitlow as an adjective, fierce; cruel; inhuman; wicked; which is also the meaning of felonious and the obsolete felonous: felony is legally defined in our article.

FELO-DE-SE, n. s.