the Gens Aemilia, of which a cut is annexed, we see a building of two stories, supported by pillars, with the legend AIMILIA. M. LEPIDUS. REF. S.C. We can scarcely doubt that this refers to the Basilica Emilia, and to its restoration by a member of the same gens.

The leading features of this structure were four rows of superb columns of pavonazzetto or Phrygian marble, much admired by Pliny the elder. They are believed to be the same which were removed to the Church of S. Paolo fuori le mura in A.D. 386, and nearly destroyed in the great fire of July 16, 1823. The site of the Basilica Paulli has never been excavated.

Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, the Edes divi Pii of classic writers, dedicated by a decree of the senate, first to the deceased Empress, later on to the deified husband.

It is one of the best preserved specimens of a Roman temple, its frieze being especially remarkable for taste in design and skill in execution. Part of the cella was sacrificed in building the Church of S. Lorenzo, and the marble stairs, leading from the Sacra Via to the pronaos, were removed to St. Peter's in 1542. It was finally excavated in 1876.

Ædes divi Iulii.-The first temple dedicated to a deified Roman in historical times. Its erection on the spot where Cæsar's body was

1H.N. XXXVI. 15. 24.

burnt was planned in B.C. 42, but the structure was only finished and dedicated on Aug. 18th, B.C. 29. Historians and poets describe it as raised on a high platform, facing the Capitoline hill, and connected with the Rostra Iulia. All these characteristics apply to the remains discovered in the year 1871, opposite the south side of the Forum, as shown in our map. A semicircular platform, 30 feet in diameter, which opens in front of the pronaos, has been identified with the Rostra Iulia, once ornamented with the beaks of the Egyptian ships taken at the battle of Actium.1

Line of Shops.-In the fourth century of our era a line of shops was built on the edge of the paved area of the Forum, opposite the temple of Julius Cæsar. This curious structure was unwisely pulled down in 1874.

Ædes Castoris.-At the south-west corner of the Forum, but separated from it by the bend of the Sacra Via, and separated also from the Basilica Iulia, by the Vicus Tuscus, stood the celebrated temple of the Dioscuri, generally mentioned as the Edes Castoris. It was built upon a spot where rose a spring called the Lacus Iuturnae, at which the twin brethren watered their steeds after the battle of the Lake Regillus. It was dedicated B.C. 484, on the

Ides of Quinctilis, the anniversary of the battle-was repaired by L. Metellus (consul B.C. 119) -was rebuilt by Tiberius in the lifetime of Augustus, and dedicated A.D. 6, and was connected with the palace by Caligula, who placed his own effigy between those of the twin gods.2 In the cut annexed, taken from a

denarius of the Gens Postumia, the Dioscuri are seen watering their steeds at the Lacus Iuturnæ on the evening of the battle.

The remains of this temple, composed of a lofty substruction and of three columns of the peristyle of exquisite design, constitute a wellknown landmark in the topography of the Forum. They were excavated and ransacked towards 1550 by the builders of S. Peter, and again by Fea in 1818, and by Rosa in 1871. The cellars, which were used as a strong room for the deposit of valuables, have not yet been cleared out.

References. Bull. Inst., 1871, p. 11. Tomassetti in Bull. com., 1890, p. 200.

MONUMENTS ON THE SOUTH SIDE.

The whole length is occupied by the noble ruins of the Basilicae Iulia, erected with funds supplied by Julius Cæsar and dedicated 1Ovid. Fast. III. 703. Metam. XV. 841. Appian. Civil II. 148. Sueton Iul. 85. Vitruv. IV. 2. Dion Cass. XLVII. 18., Ll. 19.

2 Dionys, VI. 13. Plut. Coriol. 3. Val. Max. I. viii. 1. Ovid. Fast. I. 707. Scaur 46 in Verr. I. 49. 59. V. 72. and notes of Ascon. Dion Cass. LV. 8. LIX. 28. Val. 22. Monum. Ancyran.

Cic. pro
Sueton.

B.C. 46, although Augustus claimed the merit of having completed it. Twenty years afterwards it was destroyed by fire and rebuilt by Augustus, who dedicated it under the names of his grandsons Caius and Lucius; but it appears to have been still usually distinguished by its original designation. It was again destroyed by fire in A.D. 282, and was restored by Diocletian. Its position is well ascertained by comparing the statements of the Monumentum Ancyranum with the words of Festus and of the Notitia, from which it is clear that it must have stood between the Edes Castoris and the point where the Vicus Jugarius entered the Forum, at the side of the temple of Saturn.

The plan of the Basilica has been found among the fragments of the Plan of the City engraved on marble by order of Severus and Caracalla, and fits exactly the existing remains. These were laid bare in 1848 and 1871. The Basilica is composed of a nave surrounded by a double portico of square pillars, which show the brick work of Diocletian. Remains of an early Church of S. Maria de Foro can still be seen on the side facing the Vicus Iugarius.

The cloaca maxima runs under the edifice, and can be seen through a modern opening.

MONUMENTS ON THE WEST SIDE BETWEEN THE FORUM AND
THE TABULARIUM.

Near the junction of the Sacra Via with the Vicus Iugarius, at the foot of the Clivus Capitolinus, stood the

Triumphal Arch of Tiberius, erected A.D. 17, to commemorate the recovery by Germanicus, under the auspices of Tiberius, of the flags lost by Varus. No trace is left of this arch.1

Triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus, at the north-west corner of the Forum, between the Rostra and the Comitium. It was raised A.D. 211 on a platform, once called the Græcostasis, to commemorate the conquests of Severus and his sons in the east. The arch is remarkable for its preservation and for the erasure of the name of Geta from its inscriptions.3 Between this arch and that of Tiberius there are remains of two round pedestals. The one on the right is identified by some antiquaries with the Umbilicus Romæ, the one on the left with the Milliarium Aureum. While the first is doubtful, that concerning the Golden Milestone seems certain. It was raised by Augustus in B.C. 29 after the completion of the great survey and census of the Roman world.

There were engraved on this brazen pillar the distances from this centre of the commonwealth to its remote boundaries, along the main roads which radiated from Rome.*

1 Tacit. Ann. II. 41.

2 Locus substructus. Græcostasis appellatus. Varro, II. v. 32.
3 Corpus Inscr. Lat., vol. vi. n. 1033.

Dion Cass. LIV. 8. Plin. H.N. III. 9. Tacit. I. 27.

Clivus Capitolinus.-A steep gradient, accessible to carriages, connecting the end of the Sacra Via with the depression between the arr and the Capitolium. It was the only approach to the Capitol during the kingly and the republican periods: another, called "The Hundred Steps," was added in imperial times.

Temple of Concord. At the foot of the ascent, founded by M. Furius Camillus about B.C. 366,1 rebuilt by L. Opimius B.C. 121, and again by Tiberius A.D. 12. Here, both during the republic and under the empire, the Senate occasionally held their meetings, and here the memorable debate took place during Catiline's conspiracy, while the Clivus Capitolinus was thronged with the noblest of Rome. Pliny gives a catalogue of the wonderful works of art collected in the temple. It was destroyed towards 1450 for the sake of burning its marbles into lime. The open space in front of it, corresponding to the Vulcanal of older times, is called sometimes area Concordiae.

Temple of Vespasian.-The three Corinthian columns near the Temple of Concord mark the site of the one dedicated to Vespasian by his sons. It is mentioned by Stat. Silv. I. 1, 31, by the Notitia and the Curiosum. The inscription on it was copied in the eighth century in the Einsiedeln MSS., but only the eight last letters, (r) ESTITVER, are seen now near the corner of the entablature.5

Temple of Saturn, on the opposite side of the Clivus, a relic of a very early worship. The temple was dedicated B.C. 498 or 497, but the building is said to have been commenced by the Second Tarquin, or even by Tullus Hostilius. Munatius Plancus rebuilt it about B.C. 42. The existing ruins, however, date from the fourth century after Christ: they comprise a lofty platform, crowned by a portico of eight columns of the Ionic order, made up of pieces of various shapes and colours. During the republic it was employed as the State treasury (aerarium), and here not only the public money but the military standards also, the decrees of the Senate, and all public documents were deposited, until the erection of the Tabularium or record-office, which was built soon after the burning of the capitol, in B. C. 83, and dedicated by Q. Lutatius Catulus, as proved by the inscription now, or lately, legible on the substructions-Q. LUTATIUS Q. F. Q. N. CATULUS COS. SUBSTRUCTIONEM ET TABULARIUM EX S.C. FACIUNDUM COERAVIT.6

Continuing our ascent, we see on the right of the Clivus the graceful colonnade, largely restored by Canina, dedicated to the XII Dii Consentes by Vettius Agorius, Prefect of the city, A.D. 367. In front of it opens an irregular terrace paved with marble, which forms the roof to a row of cells or chambers facing the temple of Vespasian. The name of Schola Xantha attributed to them is a cinquecento invention, made up from an inscription discovered at a certain distance from this spot,

1 Plutarch, Camill. 42.

2 Ovid, Fast. I. 637.

3 Cic. Phil. II. 7, p. Sest. 12.

Pliny. H.N. XXXV. 36, 40, XXXVI. 67. Urlichs, Cod. topogr. Urbis Romæ, p. 23.

5 See Nichol's Forum, p. 21-27.

See Dionys. I. 34. Macrob. Sat. I. 8. Sueton. Claud. 24 and Aug. 29. Tac. Ann. XIII, 28. 29. Liv. III. 69, IV. 22, VII. 23, XXVII. 10. Canina, Foro Romano, p. 347.

7 Varro R.R. I. 50 and L.L. VIII. 38. Corpus Inser. Lat., vol. VI. n. 103.

which relates how a certain A. Fabius Xanthus and others restored the office-room (Schola) for the clerks and criers of the aediles.

Reference.-Huelsen, Il sito della Schola Xantha in Mittheilungen, 1888, p. 208.

Before leaving this side of the forum, we may mention one of the few existing rare monuments connected with the earliest ages of the city, and known by the name of

Tullianum, originally a public fountain with a powerful jet of water (tullus) issuing from the rock, afterwards turned into a prison by Ancus Martius. His successor added an underground dungeon, especially designated as Tullianum, which was used as a place of execution for state prisoners, as described by Sallust. The upper and lower cells are still both entire, and have been converted into chapels. Originally the only access to the under prison was by a hole in the vaulted roof, through which criminals were let down; the steps by which we now descend are modern. Here perished Jugurtha-here Lentulus, and others connected with the conspiracy of Catiline; and here, according to the traditions of the Roman Catholic church, St. Peter was confined. The teri Mamertine Prison (Carcer Mamertinus), by which it is now generally distinguished, is to be found in no classic author. In front of the gate of the prison were the Scalae Gemoniae, on which the bodies of criminals who had been put to death were exposed.1

MONUMENTS IN THE AREA OF THE FORUM.

Column of Phocas, dedicated A.D. 608 by Smaragdus, exarch of Ravenna, in honour of the infamous monarch of that name. It had been raised most likely in honour of one of the Cæsars of Diocletian's time, like the others described below. It consists of a fluted column of the Corinthian order, stolen from some ruined temple, and mounted upon a square brick pedestal with a flight of steps on every side.2

Honorary Columns.-On the border of the Sacra Via there is a row of eight square brick pedestals, which once supported marble columns (sometimes encased in bronze) like the one to Phocas. They are represented in one of the well-known bas-reliefs of the arch of Constantine.

Caballus Constantini.—A pedestal of an equestrian statue built with spoils of other monuments was discovered near the middle of the Forum in 1872. It very likely belongs to the Caballus Constantini, mentioned in the Itinerarium Einsiedlense, the inscription of which is given in Corpus Inscr. Lat., vol. VI. n. 1,127.

Sculptured Plutei, discovered September, 1872, near the east corner of the base of the column of Phocas. They can be described as two

1 Liv. L. 33. Varro L.L. v. 32. Sallust, Catilin. 55. Cancellieri: il Carcere Tulliano.

2 Corpus Inscr. Lat., vol. VI. n. 1,200.