"While not necessarily ignoring other and minor objects, the leading and controlling object of these institutions should be 'to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts.' A prominence should be given to these branches in the degree that they are actually used by the farmer or mechanic.

"As against the opinion that the aim of these colleges should be to make thoroughly educated men, we affirm that their greater aim should be to make men thoroughly educated farmers."

As a guide to the faculty in preparing a new curriculum the policy of the board was defined in the following resolutions:"2

"Resolved, That the object of this institution is to impart a liberal and practical education to those who desire to qualify themselves for the actual practice of agriculture, the mechanic trades, or industrial arts. "Prominence shall be given to agriculture and these arts in the proportion that they are severally followed in the State of Kansas.

"Prominence shall be given to the several branches of learning which relate to agriculture and the mechanic arts, according to the directness and value of the relation."

"Believing," they add, "that this college was designed for the masses rather than for a favored few, we shall act accordingly [in adopting a curriculum], avoiding a duplication of the common schools on the one hand, and of the State university and normal schools on the other." The policy thus initiated has been continued.

The institution was opened September 2, 1863, with four instructors, and fifty-four students, one-half of whom were females.3 About onehalf gave attention to the higher branches, the remainder to the common branches. A tuition fee of four dollars per term was charged in the common branches and of five dollars in the higher.

The president in his report for the first year, 1863, sums up the assets of the institution as follows: "The ninety thousand acres of land for the endowment of the college are mostly located (seventy-six thousand acres) and designated, and their minimum value cannot be less than two dollars and fifty cents per acre, making the minimum value of the endowment two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. Add to this the value of the college buildings with the library, etc., and one hundred acres of land adjoining, estimated in July last at twenty-five thousand dollars, and since increased by donations in musical instruments, electrical machines, furniture, etc., about nine hundred dollars, and you have the present assets of the institution. About six hundred dollars more are already pledged to the institution by subscription, and this amount is expected to be still largely increased."

It was provided by a legislative act of January, 1866,5 that the "board

Such as Agricultural College.

Regents' Report, 1873, 194.

3 Report of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1863, 35, 36.

of regents shall sell any portion of lands mentioned in the previous section (the public lands granted by Congress July 2, 1862), at a price not less than three dollars per acre, for cash at the time of sale or upon the following conditions of credit, when deemed by them most conducive to the interest of the college, to wit, in eight equal annual installments, with ten per cent. interest on each installment, payable annually." On timber lands one-half the purchase was payable in advance. The amount derived from the sale of these lands, it was further provided should be paid into the State treasury at the end of every three months by the land agents employed; "to be invested in State or United States bonds,1 and the interest accruing on deferred payments on lands sold, together with the interest derived from any investment, shall be applied to the payment of the current expenses of the State Agricultural College" and to discharge certain debts named.

The Governor was by the same act authorized to issue State bonds to the amount of five thousand five hundred dollars, the proceeds of which were to be used in payment of arrearages and the current expenses of the college. As long as the principal and interest on these bonds remained unpaid, the amount to be applied out of the income from the sale of lands for the current expenses was not to exceed four thousand dollars per annum.

The State seems to have made additional loans in favor of the college, for this act is found in the laws:2

"Whereas the State of Kansas has hitherto advanced as a loan from time to time, the several sums necessary to pay the salaries of professors in the [agricultural] college, thus complying with the conditions, required that the institution should go into active operation within a limited time, and securing its benefits to the earlier pioneer settlers in this Commonwealth: Therefore,

"Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Kansas, That the several sums advanced to pay the professors in the Kansas State Agricultural College, from the year 1863 to the year 1869, inclusive, be, and the same are hereby, donated to said college, together with all interest that may have accrued on said sums.'

Two provisos were added to this section of the act, to the effect that the amount so donated should be used, (1) to purchase additional lands for the college farm, to erect buildings, and to develop the agricultural department; (2) to purchase, to the amount of fifteen hundred dollars, a proper set of arms and accoutrements for the use of the drill

This section was amended in 1871 to read (Laws, p. 16): "The amount derived from the sale of (said) lands shall at the end of each month be, by said agent, paid into the treasury of the (said) Agricultural College, to be invested as the board of regents may direct in school district or State bonds, or by note or mortgage on unincumbered real estate worth double the amount loaned thereon."

2 March 24, 1870, Laws of United States and Kansas, 14.

The amount of debt remitted was $36,400; Report of president to Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1870, 270.

class in the military department. The State subsequently relieved the college of indebtedness by provisions that it be "paid in permanent improvements on the college grounds," etc.

Twice the State made appropriations in restoration of the endowment and income funds, which, by the provision of the act of Congress donating lands to the States, were to remain undiminished. The appropriation in 1881 for this purpose was $17,979.091; in 1885, $4,613.44.2

The college, as at first located, was upon the premises of the Bluemount College Association, two miles from Manhattan, but in 1875 the furniture and apparatus were removed to the farm of two hundred and fifteen acres one mile from Manhattan.3 Thereon buildings have been erected by the State, valued at one hundred and twenty-eight thousand dollars. The farm and grounds, furniture, stock, and other illustrative apparatus are valued at over one hundred and twelve thousand dollars. The annual income from the endowment fund ($501,436.33)3 is about thirty-two thousand dollars3, and meets all expenses of instruction.

It receives further by an act of Congress approved March 7, 1887, by general appropriation, fifteen thousand dollars each year for the maintenance of an experiment station "to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science."

The State provides, as the law requires, for the necessary buildings and expenses in management of funds. It has beside, as has been noticed, also aided in payment of salaries of professors.

ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations granted by the State Legislature are as follows: 4

The total expenditures for the past twenty-five years, as furnished

For prompt and continued attention to the founding of a university, and for wise legislation pertaining to the management of school lands and funds, the State of Nebraska stands among the foremost of the group of Commonwealths that make us a nation. Apparently profiting by the unfortunate experiences of some other States, the Legisla ture has from the first endeavored to follow a course of action which would insure the careful preservation of the national grants, besides adding to them continually by means of grants, taxes, and appropriations. Through this management the university funds have not accumulated as rapidly as they possibly might have done had the lands been thrown upon the market at a low appraisal, yet the benefits accruing from the present course will be far greater and more lasting. It is hardly necessary to state that the foundation of the University of Nebraska rests, as in other Western States, in the munificence of the General Government in granting lands for seminaries of learning. The "enabling act," passed by Congress in 1864, which prepared the way for the admission of the State into the Union, granted the usual seventy-two sections of land for the "use and support of a State University," and twenty additional sections for public buildings.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS.

1

The initiative was taken toward the establishment of the university, in the Constitution adopted in 1867, which declares that "schools and

Section 10, Revised Statutes of Nebraska, 1881, 14; U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol, XV, 49. 880 No. 1- -20

means of instruction" shall be encouraged; that funds arising from grants of land and other property to the State "for educational and religious purposes shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished," and that no school lands shall be sold or alienated2 "for a less sum than five dollars per acre." Here, at the inception of university legislation, the voice of this people is recognized in the preservation and disposal of its funds. Although but comparatively few lots of land were sold under this price fixed by the first Constitution, the minimum price on all school lands was raised in the second, which was adopted in 1878. It is clearly stated in this latter instrument that "university, agricultural college, common school, or other lands which are held or may hereafter be acquired by the State for educational purposes, shall not be sold for less than seven dollars per acre nor less than the appraised value."3

It was further provided that "the general government of the University of Nebraska is, under the direction of the Legislature, vested in a board of six regents, to be styled the regents of the University of Nebraska, who shall be elected by the electors of the State at large

for a term of six years." Under these acts, carried by a popular vote, has grown the university of the people. It has been placed at the head of the public educational system of the State, and aims to complete the work begun in the primary and secondary schools. It endeavors to "secure to all an opportunity of liberal culture in literature and science and in such technical and professional courses as shall from time to time be added."5 With the exception of a small matriculation fee of five dollars," the advantages of the university are offered to all "free of charge for tuition without regard to sex, or race, or place of residence, on the sole condition of possessing the intellectual and moral qualifications requisite for admission to such an institution." In order to harmonize the work of the university with the other parts of the public system, any high school or academy which has adopted a prescribed course of study, "may, on proper application and inspection, be accredited as a preparatory school of the university."7

THE UNIVERSITY CHARTERED.

The university was chartered by an act of the Legislature, approved February 15, 1869. In this act five departments or colleges were authorized, as follows: (1) A College of Literature, Science, and Arts';

Art. I.

2 Education, secs. 1 and 2.

3 Art. VIII, sec. 8, Revised Statutes, 30.

Art. VIII, sec. 10, Revised Statutes of Nebraska, 30. (1881.)

5 Catalogue, 1887-88, 84.

6 This fee goes to the library fund. Revised Stat., 513.

7 Twenty-five schools have entered into this relation to the university.

8 Laws of Nebraska, 1869, 172.

9 Originally designated "The College of Ancient and Modern Literature and the Natural Sciences,"