tences, each of a different class, by a slight alteration of words, according to the rules of gram

mar.

13. The principles and rules above given are clear and easy, as well as eminently suggestive of ideas, of subjects, and predicates; the learner, therefore, should experience no difficulty in finding elements and composing simple sentences, without the teacher's assistance.

14. Frequent practice is however required ; hence it is incumbent on the teacher frequently to exercise his pupils in the mode of finding subjects and predicates, and of writing simple sentences on the slate, board, or paper.

He must besides advise them, to remember constantly, when they see an object, a quality, or adjunct, that the former is the subject and the latter the predicate of a sentence.

Q. Can various sentences be formed with the same elements? A. Yes; by a slight alteration of words, nine sentences, each of a different class, can be formed with the same elements. Q. What is necessary in order to become skillful in the formation of sentences? (14.)

A. Frequent practice.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE COMPOUND FORMATION OR SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES.

In this chapter we will consider in five articles

I. The definition, necessity, and utility of synthesis.

II. The elements, order, and number of sentential combinations.

III. The various modes of forming combinations.

IV. The modes of imparting variety of arrangement and government to compound sentences.

V. The praxis of composition of compound

sentences.

ARTICLE I.

DEFINITION, NECESSITY, AND UTILITY OF SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES.

1. Compound formation or synthesis of sentences, is the combination of two or more ele⚫ments of the same kind, or two or more simple sentences into one sentence, which is therefore

Q. What is a compound sentence? (1.)

A.

It is the combination of two or more elements of the same
kind, or two or more simple sentences into one; as, “ John
and Edward are good citizens.”

termed complex, or compound, and is equivalent to two or more simple sentences.

EXAMPLE I.-"John and Edward are good citizens." In this sentence two elements of the same kind are combined, to wit: two subjects, John and Edward; hence the sentence is compound and equivalent to two, namely: "John is a good citizen." "Edward is a good citizen."

EXAMPLE II.—“ Columbus discovered America, and afterwards returned to Spain." Here two simple sentences are combined, viz: "Columbus discovered America." "Columbus afterwards returned to Spain."

2. The great mistress of art, nature, in all her productions shows us a regular process of synthesis. She begins by combining the first material elements of objects. This is called combination of the first order. She forms, then, combinations out of combinations, consisting of two or more elements each. This is termed combination of the second order; and so she proceeds, combining with admirable regularity, until the beautiful production is completed.

3. The mineral, vegetable, and animal departments of nature furnish abundant evidence of this fact, but none illustrates it so well as chemistry.

4. Art, the scholar of nature, must absolutely follow in her works, especially that of literary

composition, the method of synthesis, pointed out by her mistress.

First, because it is systematical; and without a system no good composition can be made; Second, because it is simple, and consequently easy; Third, because it is according to reason, that what is compound as a composition necessarily is, should begin from what is simple, and be formed by successive addition of parts or com ponents.

5. In the preceding article we pointed out the essential component elements of simple sentences, and their number of combinations. This is termed elementary synthesis, and is the first formation of a literary composition.

Next, we will consider the second or compound formation of sentences, which is properly named sentential synthesis, and is the second formation of a literary composition.

Q. What may be termed elementary synthesis? (5.)

A. The combination of elements that [form one simple sen

tence.

Q. What may be called sentential synthesis? (5.)

A. The combination of two or more simple sentences.

Q. What are the component elements of compound sentences? A. They are subjects, predicates, predicate verbs, clauses, and simple sentences.

ARTICLE II.

WHAT THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES ARE, THEIR ORDER AND NUMBER OF COMBINATIONS.

1. In the synthesis, or formation of compound sentences, the component elements are subjects, predicates, predicate-verbs, clauses, and simple sentences, all of which constitute nine different classes of combinations, comprised in two orders, as follows:

2. THE FIRST ORDER OF COMBINATION consists in the union of two or more elements of the same kind in one sentence.

3. The first order comprises four classes of combinations, to wit:

First Class.-When a single subject and two predicates are combined. EXAMPLE.-"Science is pleasant and useful."

Second Class.-When two subjects and one predicate are combined. EXAMPLE.-"Intemperance and gambling are vices."

Q. How many classes and orders of combinations do they comprise? (1.)

A. Nine classes comprised in two orders.

Q. In what does the first order of combination consist? (2.)
A. In the union of two or more elements of the same kind in

one sentence.

Q. How many classes of combinations does the first order com

prise, and which are they? (3.)