twenty-eight parishes, and is the seat of a captain, general, and other officers of marine. The population has fluctuated of late years from 60,000 to 20,000. It is forty-five miles northwest of Gibraltar, and sixty south-west of Seville. CADIZADELITES, a sect of Mahommedans, very like the ancient Stoics. They shun feasts and diversions, and affect an extraordinary gravity in all their actions; they are continually talking of God, and some of them make a jumble of Christianity and Mahommedanism.

CADMEAN LETTERS, the ancient Greek or Ionic characters, such as they were first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia; whence Herodotus also calls them Phoenician letters. Some say, that Cadmus was not the inventor, nor even the importer of the Greek letters, but only the modeller and reformer of the alphabet; and hence they acquired the appellation of Cadmean or Phoenician letters; whereas before that time they had been called Pelasgian.

CADMIA, in pharmacy, a name which has been variously applied; but it usually denotes a mineral substance, whereof there are two kinds, natural and artificial.

CADMIA ARTIFICIAL, CADMIA FORNACUM, or CADMIA OF THE FURNACES, is a matter sublimed when ores containing zinc, like those of Rammelsberg, are smelted. This cadmia consists of the flowers of the semi-metal sublimed during the fusion, and adhering to the inner surfaces of the walls of furnaces, where they suffer a semi-fusion, and therefore acquire more solidity. So great a quantity of these are collected, that they form very thick incrustations, which must be frequently taken off. The name has also been given to all the soots and metallic sublimates formed by smelting in the grate, although there is certainly a difference in these matters. Ancient chemists distinguished five kinds of cadmia fornacum, viz. C. botryitis, resembling a bunch of grapes, which is found in the middle of the furnace. C. calamitis, found hanging round the iron rods, with which the matter is stirred in the furnace, and generally in the form of quills; whence the name from calamus a quill. It is reckoned desiccative and detersive, and is used to cicatrize ulcers. C. capnitis, found at the mouth of the furnace. It is used by some in diseases of the eyes. C. ostracitis, found at the bottom of the furnace in the form of a sea shell. C. flacitis, found at the top of the furnace, in the form of a crust. It is also used by some in diseases of the eyes.

CADMIA, NATURAL, is of two sorts; the one containing arsenic, and called cadmia fossilis, or cobalt; the other containing zinc, called calamine, or lapis calaminaris. See CALAMINE. Cadmia is also used by Pliny for copper ore, or the stone of which copper is made.

CADMITES, in natural history, a kind of gem, nearly resembling the ostracites; from which it only differs in that the latter is sometimes girt with blue spots.

CADMIUM, in mineralogy, a new metal first discovered at Hanover in 1817, by Mr. Stromeyer, in carbonate of zinc. He obtains it in the following manner-Dissolve the substance which contains cadmium in sulphuric acid, and pass through

the acidulous solution a current of sulphuretted hydrogen. Wash this precipitate, dissolve it in concentrated muriatic acid, and expel the excess of acid by evaporation. The residue is then to be dissolved in water, and precipitated by carbonate of ammonia, of which an excess must be added, to redissolve the zinc and the copper that may have been precipitated by the sulphuretted hydrogen. This carbonate of cadmium, being well washed, is heated, to drive off the carbonic acid, and the remaining oxide reduced by mixing it with lamp-black, and exposing it to a moderate red heat in a glass or earthen retort. Dr. Wollaston's process is preferred for its precision and the facility with which it yields the metal; we subjoin it from Dr. Ure. From the solution of the salt of zinc supposed to contain cadmium, precipitate all the other metallic impurities by iron; filter and immerse a cylinder of zinc into the clear solution. If cadmium be present it will be thrown down in the metallic state, and, when redissolved in muriatic acid, will exhibit its peculiar character on the application of the proper tests.' Mr. W. Herapath states that he has obtained it in quantities from the soot collected in the zinc works at Bristol. The metal is obtained by dissolving this substance in muriatic acid, filtering, evaporating to dryness, redissolving and filtering, then precipitating by a plate of zinc. The cadmium thrown down is to be mixed with a little lamp-black or wax, put into a black or green glass tube, and placed in the red heat of a common fire, until the cadmium has sublimed into the cool part of the tube; then the residuum is to be shaken out, which is easily done without loss of cadmium. A little wax introduced into the tube, and a gentle heat applied, the metal melts, and by agitation forms a button.

The color of cadmium is a fine white, with a slight shade of bluish-gray, very similar to that of tin; which inetal it also resembles in lustre and susceptibility of polish. Its texture is compact, and its fracture hackly. It crystallises in octohedrons, and presents when cooling the appearance of leaves of fern. It is flexible, and yields readily to the knife; but is harder and more tenacious than tin; and, like it, stains paper. It is ductile and malleable, but when long hammered it scales off in different places. Its specific gravity is 8-6040. It melts, and is volatilised under a red heat. Its vapor, which has no smell, may be condensed in drops, which, on congealing, present distinct traces of crystallisation. When heated in the open air, it burns like tin, passing into a smoke, which falls and forms a very fixed oxide, of a brownish-yellow color. Nitric acid readily dissolves it cold; dilute sulphuric, muriatic, and even acetic acids, act feebly on it with the disengagement of hydrogen.

Cadmium forms a single oxide, in which 100 parts of the metal are combined with 14:352 of oxygen. The prime equivalent of cadmium deduced from this compound seems to be very nearly 7, and that of the oxide 8. This oxide varies in its appearance according to the circumstances, from a brownish-yellow to a dark brown, and even a blackish colour. With charcoal it is reduced with rapidity below a red heat. It gives a transparent colorless glass bead with borax.

The fixed alkalies do not dissolve the oxide of cadmium in a sensible degree; but liquid ammonia readily dissolves it. On evaporating the solution, the oxide falls in a dense gelatinous hydrate. With the acids it forms salts, which are almost all colorless, have a sharp metallic taste, and are generally soluble in water. Cadmium also unites easily with most of the metals, when heated with them out of contact of air. Most of its alloys are brittle and colorless.

CADMUS, in fabulous history, king of Thebes, the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and the brother of Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. He carried into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the Greek alphabet; and there built Thebes, in Boeotia. The poets say, that he left his native country in search of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away in the form of a bull; and that, enquiring of the Delphic oracle for a settlement, he was answered, that he should follow the direction of a cow, and build a city where she lay down. Having arrived among the Phocenses, he was met by a cow, who conducted him through Baotia to the place where Thebes was afterwards built: but as he was about to sacrifice his guide to Pallas, he sent two of his company to the fountain of Dirce for water. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phoenician's attendants. Cadmus tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against the other, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after, he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, and infirm with age. They entreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon's fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of the Phoenician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phoenicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of sixteen letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the Christian era, and to have died sixty-one years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion's lyre, Cadmus built only a

small citadel, which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundation of a city which was finished oy one of his successors.

CADOGAN (William Bromley), M.A. was the second son of the first earl Cadogan, and born in 1751. He was educated at Westminster school, whence he removed to Christ-Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. and entered into orders. In 1774 lord chancellor Bathurst gave him the vicarage of St. Giles, Reading; soon after which he was presented to the rectory of Chelsea. He was a most indefatigable parish minister and priest, and died much esteemed in 1797. He published some single sermons; and after his death his Discourses, Letters, and Memoirs were collected by Mr. Cecil. See Cecil's Life of Cadogan.

CADOGAN (William), M.D. was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1755; and the same year was made doctor of physic. He became a fellow of the college, before which he delivered two Harveian orations. Dr. Cadogan became famous for prescribing an abstemious regimen in the gout, in Dissertations on that disorder, 8vo. 1764. He also published a treatise on the Management of Children, and died in 1797, aged eighty-six.

CADORE, a town of the Venetian territory, in the district of the Cadorin, on the frontier of the Tyrol, near the Piave. It carries on a traffic in iron and the timber of the district, which is abundant in those productions. The Austrians were defeated here by the French in 1797. In 1806 Bonaparte created Cadore into a duchy, whose possessor had a revenue of 60,000 franks, or £2,500 sterling. It was bestowed, in 1809, on his minister Champagny. Titian was a native of this place. It is fifteen miles north of Belluno, forty-two north-east of Trent, and fifty-three west of Friuli, the district is said to contain 22,000 inhabitants.

CADSAND, a small town and insulated tract of Flanders, formed by the sea, the Wester Scheldt, and other rivers and canals. It belongs to the district or 'free land' of Sluys, consisting of drained marshes: it is very fruitful in corn, and the pasturage is excellent. High embankments, constructed at a vast expense, defend it generally from the sea, but hardly sufficient in north-west winds. The Dutch by means of possessing this island command the navigation of the Scheldt. It was taken by the French on the 29th July, 1794; and occupied for a while by our army in the unfortunate Walcheren expedition. The town is two miles north-west of Sluys.

CADUCEUS, in ancient mythology, Mercury's rod, a wand entwisted by two serpents, and furnished with wings, as in the annexed figure. It was given to him by Apollo, for his seven-stringed harp. The caduceus afforded him the power of bringing souls out of hell, and also to cast any one into sleep. In Roman antiquity it was used as a symbol of peace and concord. The Romans sent the Carthaginians a javelin and a caduceus, offering them their choice either of war or peace. Those who de

nounced war were called feciales; and those who went to demand peace caduceatores, because they bore a caduceus in their hand. The caduceus on medals is a common symbol, signifying good conduct, peace, and prosperity. The rod expresses power, the two serpents prudence, and the two wings diligence.

CADUCI, in botany, to fall, the name of a class in Linnæus's Calycina, consisting of plants whose calyx is a simple perianthium, supporting a single flower or fructification, and falling off either before or with the petals. It stands opposed to the classes persistentes, and is exemplified in mustard and ranunculus.

CADURCUM, CADURCUS, or CADURX, in ancient geography, a town of Aquitania; situated between the river Oldus, running from the north, and the Tarnis from the south, and falling into the Garumna; now called Cahors.

CADUS, in antiquity, a wine-vessel, containing eighty amphora or firkins; each of which, according to the best accounts, held nine gallons, though some make them only seven. See Aм

PHORA.

CECILIA, in zoology, a genus of serpents belonging to the amphibia class. The cæcilia has no scales; it is smooth, and moves by means of lateral rugæ or prickles. The upper lip is prominent, and furnished with two tentacula. It has no tail. There are only two species, viz. 1. C. glutinosa, with 340 ruga or prickles above, and ten below, the anus. It is of a brownish color, with a white line on the side, and is a native of the Indies, and South America. 2. C. tentaculata, with 135 ruga. It is about a foot long, and an inch in circumference, preserving a uniform cylindrical shape from the one end to the other. The teeth are very small. It has such a resemblance to an eel that it may easily be mistaken for one; but, as it has neither fins nor gills, it cannot be classed with the fishes. It is a native of America, and its bite is not poisonous.

CÆCULUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus, because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste: but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among the multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. Virg. Æn. 7, v. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

CECUM, or CŒCUM, the blind gut, so called from its being perforated at one end only. The first portion of the large intestines, placed in the right iliac region, about four fingers' breadth in length. It is in this intestine that the ileum terminates by a valve, called the valve of the cæcum, and the appendicula cæci vermiformis is also attached to it. See ANATOMY. CELEBS, in entomology, a species of cimex, of brownish gray color, with three points on the scutellum, and a yellowish apex. First found in New Holland.

CÆLUS, in the Pagan mythology, the god

of the heavens, was represented as the son of Ether and Dies, the father of Saturn and Ops, and progenitor of all the gods.

CEMENT. See CEMENT.

CEMENTUM, in oryctology, a genus of argillaceous earths, consisting of iron, alumine, a large quantity of silica, and generally a small portion of carbonate of lime; hardish, lightish, and porous; of an earthy texture; imbibing water with a hissing noise; crackling when dried, rough; without lustre: when powdered and beaten up with water and quicklime, becoming so hard as not to be penetrated by water; easily melting in the fire into a black scoria. Three species. 1. C. tufa. Tufa. Tuffwacke. Collected into entire cliffs, and vast strata about volcanic mountains. Found particularly about Naples and Rome. It is commonly magnetic, of an earthy fracture, and not easily decomposed by the action of the air. 2. C. tarras. Trass. Forming large strata under the surface of the common soil. Found on the banks of the Rhine; principally near Andernach, and on mount Vogelberg, some feet under the surface, where streams of water have not had access; dull, gray or blackish, rarely variegated. When pounded, it makes the best cement for buildings under water. 3. C. columnare. Prismatic cement. There are two varieties; the prisms being sometimes five and sometimes six-sided. Found on the banks of the Rhine, and sometimes near the base of mount Etna, in columnar masses of a gray color, close to each other, and forming internally the common mass.

CAEN, a considerable town in France, in the department of the Calvados, and ci-devant province of Lower Normaudy, of which it was the capital. It has a celebrated university, founded in 1431, by our Henry VI., and an academy of literature; and contains twelve parish churches, and about 40,000 citizens. It has also a castle which was built by the English. The town is built chiefly of a white stone, which, though not durable, is of beautiful appearance, and the streets are wider than those of most French towns. The principal squares are the Place Royal, and the Place St. Sauveur. In the former is the Hotel de Ville, a public library, and the Musée des Arts. Our William the conqueror, who was buried here, built the Abbaye aux Hommes; which is a noble, though rather plain structure. The Palais de Justice is a handsome modern building. Malherbe was born here, and Huet, bishop of Avranches. There is a considerable trade carried on at Caen in linen, lace, stockings, caps, and serges, of home manufacture, as well as in cattle, horses, dye stuffs, cider, and skins. The town is but eight miles from the sea, and has a good communication with it by the river Orne, which vessels of 160 tons burden can ascend with the tide. The neighbourhood is pleasant and fertile, but flat. Edward III. was stoutly resisted here in 1346; but the English took Caen in 1417, and retained it thirty-one years. It is sixty-two miles west by south of Rouen, and 132 west by north of Paris. Long. 0° 27′ W., lat. 49° 11′ N.

CARE, in ancient geography, a town of Etruria, the royal residence of Mezentius. Its an

cient name was Argyllæ. In Strabo's time not the least vestige of it remained, except the baths called Cæritana.

CÆRITES TABULE, the tables of the Roman censors. In these were entered the names of such as for some misdemeanor forfeited their right of suffrage, or were degraded from a higher to a less honorable tribe. They were so named from the people of Cære, who hospitably receiving the Romans after the taking of Rome by the Gauls, were, on the Romans recovering their city, honored with all the privileges of citizens, except the right of voting.

CAERMARTHEN. See CARMARTHEN. CAERNARVON. See CARNARVON. CAERLEON, an ancient market town of Monmouthshire, on the Usk, over which is a handsome stone bridge, is said to have been a residence of one of the British kings, and was at a very early period distinguished for its ecclesiastical and literary foundations. Its name signifies the fort or town of Leon. By the Romans it was called Isca, Isca Colonia, and Civitas Legionis II. Augustæ. In order to distinguish it from Exeter, which was likewise called Isca, it was also denominated Isca Silurum. Here the Roman prætor resided, and had his Palatium, which, in all probability, was where the old mansion called the lodge now stands. Here also the courts were held for Britannia Secunda, and the imperial edicts were promulgated. Mr. Cox, the tourist, endeavoured to take a survey of the ancient city, which appeared to him to be oblong, inclining to a square, enclosing a circumference of 1800 yards, but the Roman city must have had extensive suburbs.

Giraldus Cambrensis visited Caerleon, in making the tour of Wales with archbishop Baldwin, in the year 1180. At that time it was hastening to decay; but to the learned archdeacon it continued to display evident marks of former magnificence. He speaks of its splendid palaces, which once emulated with their gilded roofs the grandeur of Rome, for it was originally built by the Roman princes, and adorned with stately edifices; a gigantic tower, numerous baths, ruins of a temple, and a theatre, the walls of which are partly standing. Here we still see,' he adds, both within and without the walls, subterraneous buildings, aqueducts and vaulted caverns, and stoves so excellently contrived, as to convey their heat through secret and imperceptible pores.' Of its Christian antiquities he says, 'Here lie two illustrious, and next to Alban and Amphibalus, the two most celebrated protomartyrs of Britain, Julius and Aaron, of whom both had a church within the city, dedicated to their memory; for, in former ages, it contained three fine churches: the first was that of Julius, adorned with a convent of Franciscan friars,

devoted to the virgin deity; the second, that a his holy associate Aaron, and illustrious for its order of regular canons; the third was at one time the metropolitan church of all Cambria. Part of an ancient castle is still remaining; it appears to have been 300 yards in circumference; and from the eminence on which it was situated, commanded one of the most beautiful and extensive views in England. There is an amphitheatre on the banks of the Usk, of an oval concavity, measuring seventy-four yards by sixtyfour, and six in depth: the natives call it king Arthur's round table. The present church, a good specimen of the Norman era, is kept in good repair by the testamentary benefaction of the late Charles Williams, Esq. a native of the place. He also founded a charity-school for thirty boys and twenty girls. The town now consists only of two or three small streets. In the vicinity are extensive iron and tin works. The market is on Thursday, and well supplied. There is also a smaller market on Saturday.

CÆRULATA, in entomology, a species of phalana geometra, the wings of which are banded with two cæruleous bands.

CERULEA, sky blue, the specific name of a chrysomela, pimelia cicindelia, and necydalis, so called from their shining blue color.

CERULEA, in ichthyology, a species of coryphæna, found in the American Ocean.

CERULEA, in ornithology, an American species of ardea; the blue heron of Latham; the blue bittern of Catesby. The color of the body is blue, whence its name. Also, an Indian species of alcedo; the ispida indica torquata of Brisson; and the white collared king's fisher of Latham. Also, a species of procellaria; the blue petrel of Latham. Also, a fine species of certhia or creeper, from Cayenne. Also, a South Ame rican columba; the tlacapoilotl of Ray; and blue pigeon of Latham. And, lastly, a species of muscicapa, or fly-catcher, found in the Philippine isles. This is the azure fly-catcher of Latham.

CÆRULEOCEPHALIA, in entomology, a species of cantharis with a red thorax, fuscous wing cases, and the posterior part of the head blue black. Also, a species of bombyx, commonly called the figure of eight moth.

CĂRULEOCEPHALA, in ornithology, species of alcedo. Buffon calls it martin-pècheur à tete bleue, and petit-martin-pêcheur du Senegal; and it is the blue-headed king's fisher of Latham.

CÆRULEOCEPHALUS, in entomology, a species of curculio, of a violet color, with testaceous thorax and elytræ. Found in Germany. CARULEOCEPHALUS, in ornithology, a species of psittacus; the red and blue parrot of Willoughby and Latham. Found in Guiana and Cayenne.