without this inner enclosure, on the south, north, and west sides of the caaba, are three buildings, which are the oratories where three of the orthodox sects assemble to perform their devotions. Towards the south-east stands an edifice which covers the well zemzen, the treasury, and the cupola of Al Abbas. Formerly there was another cupola, that went under the name of the hemicycle, or cupola of Judæa: but whether any remains of that are now to be seen is unknown; nor is it easy to obtain information in this respect, all Christians being denied access to this holy place. At a small distance from the caaba, on the east side, is the station of Abraham; where is another stone much respected by the Mahommedans, and where they pretend to show the footsteps of the patriarch, where he stood when he built the caaba. Here the fourth sect of Arabs, viz. that of Al Shafei, assemble for religious purposes. The square colonnade, or great piazza, which at a considerable distance encloses these buildings, consists, according to Al Jannabi, of 448 pillars, and has no less than thirtyeight gates. Mr. Sale compares this piazza to that of the Royal Exchange at London, but allows it to be much larger. It is covered with small domes or cupolas, from the four corners of which ise as many minarets or steeples with double galleries, and adorned with gilded spires and crescents, as are also the cupolas which cover the piazza and other buildings. Between the columns of both enclosures hang a great number of lamps, which are constantly lighted at night. The first foundation of this second enclosure was laid by Omar, who built no more than a low wall, to prevent the court of the caaba from being encroached upon by private buildings: but by the liberality of succeeding princes the whole has been raised to that state of magnificence in which it appears at present. This temple is an asylum for all criminals; but it is most remarkable for the pilgrimages made to it by the devout mussulmans, who pay so great a veneration to it, that they believe a single sight of its sacred walls, without any particular act of devotion, is as meritorious, in the sight of God, as the most careful discharge of duty, for a whole year, in any other temple! CAAMINA, or CAAMINIA, in botany, a name given by the Spaniards and others to the finest sort of Paraguayan tea. It is the leaf of a shrub which grows on the mountains of Maracaya, and is used in Chili and Peru, as tea is with us. The mountains where this shrub grows naturally are far from the inhabited parts of Paraguay; but the people of the place know so well the value and use of it, that they constantly furnish themselves with great quantities of it from the spot. They used to go out on these expeditions many thousands together; leaving their country in the meantime exposed to the insults of their enemies, 2nd many of themselves perishing by fatigue. To avoid these inconveniences, they have of late planted these trees about their habitations; but the leaves of these cultivated ones have not the fine flavor of those that grow wild. The king of Spain has permitted the Indians of Paraguay to bring to the town of Santa Fé 12,000 arobas of the leaves of this tree every year; but they are not able to procure so much of the wild leaves annually; about half the quantity is the utmost they bring; the other half is made up of the leaves of the trees in their own plantations: and this sells at a lower price, and is called pabos. The aroba is about twenty-five pounds weight; the general price is four piastres; and the money is always divided among the people of the colony. CAANA, KAANA, a town in Upper Egypt, on the east banks of the Nile, whence they carry corn and pulse to Mecca. It contains several monuments of antiquity, inscribed with hieroglyphics. It is 320 miles south of Cairo. Long. 30° 23′ E., lat. 26° 30′ N. CAB. n. s. [P] A Hebrew measure, containing about three pints English, or the eighteenth part of the ephah. CABAL', v. & n. Heb. cabala; from bence CAB'ALA, n. Ital. cabala; Fr. cabale. CAB'ALIST, The verb is in Fr. cabaler; CAB'ALISM, Ital. cabalare. Jewish traCABALISTICAL, dition concerning the Old CABALISTICK, Testament; mere invenCABALISTICALLY, tions of the rabbies, which CABAL'LER. they, a crew of cunning deceivers, united for the purpose of vile intrigue, and securing to themselves the veneration of the people, pretended were divine mysteries. A cabal is a body of men united in some close design; to form close intrigues; to unite in small parties. A cabal differs from a party, as few from many. Factious and rich, bold at the council board; But, cautious in the field, he shunned the sword; A close caballer, and tongue-valiant lord. Dryden. His mournful friends, summoned to take their Are thronged about his couch, and sit in council: What those caballing captains may design, I must prevent, by being first in action. leaves, Id. CABAL is said to have been a kind of acrostical name given to the infamous ministry of Charles II., composed of Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale; the first letters of whose names, in this order, formed the word which has since become an appellative for similar juntos. But it would appear to be of greater antiquity. CABALA, or CABALA VEIN, in natural history, a kind of iron ore, commonly wrought in Sussex. It is stony, of a brownish color, with a blush of red, which is more or less conspicuous in different parts of the same masses. It is usually found in thin strata, near the surface, and is not very rich in iron, but runs very readily in the fire. CABALA. See CABBALA. CABALARIA, in botany; class polygamia, order diœcia: CAL. Small, persisting, campanulate, with five oval divisions: COR, wheel-shaped; tube very short; border divided into five oval segments: STAM. anthers five, inserted at the base of the segments of the corolla: PIST. stigma sessile, five-sided; germ superior, nearly round: PER. globular, drupe one-seeded, with five oblong points. Eight species are described in the Flora Peruviensis, all shrubs, natives of South America. CABALLARIA, in middle age writers, lands held by the tenure of furnishing a horseman with suitable equipage, in time of war, or when the lord had occasion for him. CABALLI, or COBALES, among mystic philosophers, denote the shades, or bodies of men who died any sudden or violent death before the expiration of their predestinated term of life. They were supposed to wander as ghosts over the face of the earth, till their destined term was accomplished; being doomed to live out the time as spirits, which they ought to have spent in the flesh. CABALLINUM, in ancient geography, a town of the Edui, in Gallia Celtica; now called CHALONS SUR SAONE, which see. CABALLINUS, in ancient geography, a clear fountain of mount Helicon, in Boeotia; called Hippocrene by the Greeks, fabled to have been opened by Pegasus on striking the rock with his hoof, and hence called Pegasus. bers, coleworts, melons, disallowed, but especially The leaves are large, fleshy, and of a glaucous color; the flowers consist of four leaves, which are round acrid seeds. The species are, cabbage. Savoy succeeded by long taper pods, containing several cabbage. Broccoli. The cauliflower. The musk cabbage. Branching tree cabbage, from the sea coast. Colewort. Perennial Alpine colewort. Perfoliated wild cabbage, &c. Miller. It is very common in the Caribbee islands, where it grows to a prodigious height. The leaves of this tree envelope each other, so that those which are inclosed, being deprived of the air, are blanched; which is the part the inhabitants cut for plaits for hats, and the young shoots are pickled: but whenever this part is cut out, the trees are destroyed; nor do they rise again from the old roots; so that there are very few trees left remaining near plantations. Id. Cole cabbage, and coleworts, are soft and demul- CABBAGE. See BRASSICA. CABBALA, a mysterious kind of science, pretended to have been delivered by revelation to the ancient Jews, and transmitted by oral tradition to those of our times; serving for interpretation of the books both of nature and Scripture. The word is also written Cabala, Kabbala, Kabala, Cabalistica, Ars Cabala, and Gaballa. It is originally Hebrew, np, kabbalah; and properly signifies reception; formed from the verb CABANIS (Peter John George), a French physician, born about 1756. He became connected with Mirabeau, and was one of the council of five hundred in the revolution. He died, kibel, to receive by tradition. Cabbala in 1808. His works are,-1. Observations sur les Hopitaux, 8vo. 2. Journal de la Maladie et de la Mort de Mirabeau, 8vo. 3. Melanges de Litterature Allemande. 4. Du Degre de Certitude de la Medicine, 8vo. 5. Quelques Considerations sur l' Organization Sociale en génerale, 12mo. 6. Des Rapports du Physique et du Morale de l'Homme, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. Coup d'œil sur les Revolutions et la Reforme de la Medicine, 8vo. 8. Observations sur les Affections Catarrhales, 8vo. CAB'BAGE, v. & n. ) Cole, with a head; CABBAGE-TREE. a species of plant. fr. chou cabus; Ital. volo cappuccio; capitati, from Lat. caput. The name is supposed by some to have beeen given to particular kinds of cole, to distinguish them from others that do not cabbage or head. To cabbage, is to form a head as the plants begin to cabbage. To cabbage, a cant word among tailors, and refers to what is taken or purloined in cutting out clothes, is from the Ital. capezzo, roba caputa; from Lat. capio. Tis scarce an hundred years since we first had cabbages out of Holland, Sir Arth. Ashley of Wiberg St. Giles, in Dorsetshire, being, as I am told, the first who planted them in England. Acetaria, or Discourse of Sallets. ⚫ Amongst herbs to be eaten, I find gourds, cowcumVOL. IV. then primarily denotes any sentiment, opinion, usage, or explication of Scripture transmitted from father to son. In this sense, the word is not only applied to the whole art; but also to each operation performed according to its rules. Thus R. Jac. Ben-Ascher, surnamed Baal-Hatturim, is said to have compiled most of the cabbalas invented on the books of Moses before his time. The cabbala is by some called the acromatic philosophy of Moses, by way of distinction from the exoteric or popular doctrine. The generality of the Jews prefer the cabbala to the Scripture; comparing the former to the sparkling lustre of a precious stone, and the latter to the faint glimmering of a candle. The first author who delivered any thing of the cabbala was Joachaides, Simon son of Joachai, who published a famous cabbalistical work, entitled Zohar. Some say, he lived about the time of the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus; others only in the tenth century. There are no sure principles of this knowof the ancients. The cabbalists have abundance ledge. It depends entirely upon the traditions of names which they call sacred; these they make use of in invoking of spirits, and imagine they receive great light from them. They tell us that the secrets of the cabbala were discovered to Moses on mount Sinai; and that these have been delivered down to them from father 3 C to son, without interruption, and without any use of letters; for to write them down, is what they are by no means permitted to do. This is likewise termed the oral law, because it passed from father to son, in order to distinguish it from the written laws. Another kind of cabbala, viz. Artificial CABBALA, consists in searching for abstruse and mysterious significations of a word in Scripture, whence they borrow certain explanations, by combining the letters which compose it: this cabbala is divided into three kinds, the gematric, the notaricon, and the temura or themurah. The gematric consists in taking the letters of a Hebrew word for ciphers or arithmetical numbers, and explaining every word by the arithmetical value of the letters whereof it is composed. The notaricon consists in taking every particular letter of a word for an entire diction. The themurah (change) consists in making different transpositions or changes of letters, placing one for the other, or one before the other. Some visionaries among the Jews believe that Jesus Christ wrought his miracles by virtue of the mysteries of the cabbala. CABBALA is also applied to the abuse which visionaries make of Scripture, for discovering futurity, by the study and consideration of the combination of certain words, letters, and numbers, in the sacred writings. All the words, terms, magical figures, numbers, letters, charms, &c. used in the Jewish magic, or in the herme tical science, are comprised under this species of cabbala. But it is only the Christians that call it by this name, on account of the resemblance this art bears to the explication of the Jewish cabbala: for the Jews never use the word in any such sense, but ever with the utmost respect and veneration. It is not, however, the magic of the Jews alone which we call cabbala, but the word is for any kind of magic. CABECA, or CABESSE, a name given to the finest silks in the East Indies; those from fifteen to twenty per cent. inferior, being called bariga or barina. CABELLO, or CAVELLO, PORTO, a sea-port of Venezuela, South America, with a most excellent and capacious harbour. It is situated a league to the west of the bay of Borburata, and has become the emporium of the commerce of the province. Men of war communicate with the land by means of a flying bridge of three or four toises long, the water being at all times smooth, and the bay defended on all sides from the wind. Porto Cabello, originally founded by some Dutch pirates, stood formerly on a peninsula, surrounded by the sea, except where a neck of land about 100 toises broad joined it with the continent. This has been now traversed by a canal, which divides the old town from the suburbs, and connects the northern and the southern coasts. The buildings on the continent are by far the most numerous. A bridge crosses the canal, which has a gate shut every evening, and a military guard. The new streets, which are chiefly outside the gate, have been laid out in a line, the public squares, places for markets, &c. being well regulated; so that this part of the town has become the residence of the principal merchants. But it is not considered a healthy place for Europeans. The population has been estimated at 9000. An aqueduct, five thousand varas long, conveys the waters of the Rio Estevan by a trench to the town. This work has cost more than 30,000 piastres; but its waters gush out in every street. Porto Cabello is the deposit of all the eastern part of the province of Venezuela. Its stores furnish to the jurisdictions of Valencia, San Carlos, Barquisimeto, St. Philip, and one part of the Valleys of Aragua, all the merchandise consumed; and it is at this port also that a great portion of the articles cultivated within those districts arrive. More than 10,000 mules are exported annually. They are thrown down with ropes, and then hoisted on board the vessels by means of a machine. Ranged in two files, they with difficulty keep their feet during the rolling and pitching of the ship; and, in order to frighten and render them docile, the drum is beaten during a great part of the day and night. We may guess,' says a late traveller, 'what quiet a passenger enjoys, who has the courage to embark for Jamaica in a schooner laden with mules." Next to Carthagena, it is the most important fortified place on this coast. Art has had scarcely any thing to add to the advantages which the nature of the spot presents. A neck of land stretches first towards the north, and then towards the west. Its western extremity is opposite to a range of islands, connected by bridges, and so close together that they might be taken for another neck of land. One vessel only can enter the harbour at a time; while the largest ships can anchor very near land, to take in water. There is no other danger in entering than the reefs of Punta Brava, opposite which a battery of eight guns has been erected. Toward the west and south-west is the fort, which is a regular pentagon with five bastions; in this direction also is the battery of the reef, and the fortifications that surround the ancient town, founded on an island of a trapezoidal form. The bottom of the basin or little lake which forms the harbour of Porto Cabello, turns behind the suburb to the south-west. The real defence of the harbour consists in the low batteries of the neck of land at Punta Brava, and of the reef: but from ignorance of this principle, a new fort, the Belvedere (Mirador) of Solano, has been constructed at a great expense, on the mountains towards the south, that command the suburb. It is a quarter of a league distant from the harbour, and is raised 400 or 500 feet above the surface of the water. The works have cost annually, during a great number of years, from 20,000 to 30,000 piastres, but have been of late suspended. The vessels of La Guayra, which is less a port than a bad open roadstead, come to Porto Cabello to be caulked and repaired. CABENDA a port of the western coast of Africa, situated a little to the north of the river Zaire, in the district called properly Cacongo. Its situation is so beautiful as to have obtained for it the name of the Paradise of the coast. The landing is easy and safe, and the town is known by a conical mountain, covered with wood, which appears behind it. On the opposite bank is Togno, and both places have driven a large trade in slaves, which the Portuguese have long endeavoured to monopolise. The approach from Malemba is sometimes dangerous. CABESTAN, or CABESTEIGN (William de), a gentleman of Provence, and a troubadour, who, gaining the good graces of Triclino, wife of Raymond de Scillans, was murdered by the husband out of jealousy. Raymond afterwards caused his heart to be served up for the table of his wife, who, on being informed of what she had unconsciously eaten, died of grief. CABIDOS, or CAVIDOS, a long measure used.at Goa, and other places of the East Indies, belong ing to the Portuguese, to measure stuffs, and linens, and equal to four-sevenths of the Paris ell. CABILIAU, in ichthyology, a name which some authors call the common cod-fish, the morbua and asellus major of other writers. CAB'IN, v. & n. Ara. qoobbu; Heb. kaba; Per. khwab; Chald. khuba; CAB'INED, adj. CABIN'NIATE. Ital. capanno; Fr. cabane; Welsh, caban; Teut. koben; all allied to Lat. cavus. A cottage; a room in a ship; any small place of dwelling, chamber, or apartment, whether fixed or temporary. So long in secret cabin there he held Spenser. Till that with timely fruit her belly swelled, Id. I will make you feed on berries and on roots, And feed on curds and whey, and suck the goat, And cabin in a cave. Come from marble bowers, many times the gay harbour of anguish, The root of an old white thorn will make very fine boxes and combs; so that they would be of great use for the cabinet-makers, as well as the turners, and others. Mortimer. CABINET is also used in speaking of the more select and secret councils of a prince or administration. Thus we say, the secrets, the intrigues of the cabinet. To avoid the inconveniences of a numerous council, some of the despotic princes of Europe first introduced cabinet councils. King Charles I. is charged with first establishing this usage in England. Besides his privy council, that prince erected a kind of cabinet council, or junto, under the denomination of a council of state; composed of archbishop Laud, the earl of Strafford, and lord Cottington, with the se cretaries of State. Yet some pretend to find the substance of a cabinet council of much greater antiquity, and even allowed by parliament, who anciently settled a quorum of persons most confided in, without whose presence no arduous matter was to be determined; giving them power to act without consulting the rest of the council. As long ago as the 28th of Henry III. a charter was passed in affirmance of the ancient rights of the kingdom; which provided that four great men, chosen by common consent, who were to be conservators of the kingdom, among other things, should see to the disposing of monies given by parliament, and appropriated to particular uses; and parliament were to be summoned as they should advise. Of these four any two made a quorum; and generally the chief justice of England, and chancellor, were of the number of conservators. In the first of Henry VI. the parliament provides, that the quorum for the privy council be six or four at least; and that, in all weighty considerations, the dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, the king's uncles, should be present; which seems to be erecting a cabinet by law. CABIRI, a term in the theology of the ancient Pagans, signifying great and powerful gods; being a name given to the gods of Samothracia. They were also worshipped in other parts of Greece, as Lemnos and Thebes, where the cabi ria were celebrated in honor of them; these gods are said to be four in number; viz. Axieros, Axiocersa, Axiocersus, and Casmilus. Their festivals were celebrated in Thebes and Lemnos, but especially in Samothracia, an island consecrated to the Cabiri. All who were initiated into the mysteries of these gods, were thought to be secured thereby from storms at sea, and all other dangers. The obscenities which prevailed at the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. These deities are represented on medals, as in the annexed figure of a man with a hammer in his right hand, and in his left an anvil, or something resembling. CA'BLE, n. Ara. kabl; Heb. khcbel; CA'BLED, adj. kapiλog; Goth. kadel; Swed. and Belg. kabel; Fr. cable. A thick rope for an anchor. What though the mast be now blown overboard, The cable broke, the holding anchor lost, And half our sailors swallowed in the flood, Yet lives our pilot still. Shakspeare, The length of the cable is the life of the ship in all extremities; and the reason is, because it makes so many bendings and waves, as the ship, riding at that length, is not able to stretch it; and nothing breaks that is not stretched. Raleigh. The cables crack; the sailors' fearful cries Ascend; and sable night involves the skies. Dryden. Self-flattered, unexperienced, high in hope, When young, with sanguine cheer, and streamers gay, We cut our cable, launch into the world, And fondly dream each wind and star our friend. Young's Night Thoughts. Should we at least be driven by dire decree Too near the fatal margin of the sea, The hull dismasted there awhile may ride, With lengthened cables, on the raging tide. Falconer's Shipwreck. Hoarse o'er her side the rustling cable rings; The sails are furled; and, anchoring, round she swings; And gazing loiterers on the land, discern Her boat descending from the latticed stern. which they pass first between the ropes of which they make the strands, and afterwards between the strands of which they make the cable, to the end that they may all twist the better, and be more regularly wound together; and also, to prevent them from entwining or entangling, they hang, at the end of each strand and of each rope, a weight of lead or of stone. There is no merchant-ship, however weak, but has at least three cables; viz., the chief cable, or cable of the sheet anchor, a common cable, and a smaller one. All cables ought to be 120 fathoms in length; for which purpose the threads or yarns must be 180 fathoms, as they are diminished onethird in length by twisting. Besides this length, it is necessary to splice at least two cables together, in order to double the length when a ship is obliged to anchor in deep water. For although it is not common to anchor in a greater depth than forty fathoms, yet if there is only one cable, and the ship rides in a stormy and tempestuous sea, the anchor will of necessity sustain the weight and violent jerking of the ship, in a direction too perpendicular. By this effort it will unavoidably be loosened from its hold; whereas it is evident, that if the cable, by its great length, were to draw more horizontally on the anchor, it would bear a much greater force. A long cable is not so apt to break as a short one; because it will bear a great deal more stretching before it comes to the greatest strain; it, therefore, resembles a sort of spring, which may be very easily extended, and afterwards recovers its first state, as soon as the force which extended it is removed; and by increasing the radius of motion, the arch grows nearer to a right line, and consequently the change of place is made less sensible. The number of threads each cable is composed of, is always proportioned to its length and thickness; and it is by this number of threads that its weight and value are ascertained: thus, a cable of three inches circumference, or one inch diameter, ought to consist of forty-eight ordinary threads, and to weigh 192 pounds; and on this foundation is calculated the following table, very useful for all people engaged in marine commerce, who fit out merchantmen on their own account, or freight them on the account of others: Byron's Corsair. CABLE, the long thick rope, serving to hold strips firm at anchor, and to tow vessels in large rivers. In Europe, the cables are commonly made of hemp; in Africa, of long straw or rushes called bass; and in Asia, of a peculiar kind of Indian grass. Every cable, of whatsoever thickness it be, is composed of three strands; every strand of three ropes; and every rope of three twists; the twist is made of more or less threads, according as the cable is to be thicker or thinner. There are some cables, however, manufactured of four strands; which are chiefly the production of Italy and Provence. In the manufacture of cables after the ropes are made, they use sticks, |