was bled in the right arm, on the evening of the 16th, and a pound of blood was taken. I observed at the time, that it had a most inflamed appearance. Dr. Bruno now began to say he had frequently urged my master to be bled, but that he always refused; a long dispute now arose about the time that had been lost, and the necessity of sending for medical assistance to Zante, upon which I was informed for the first time, that it would be of no use, as my master would be better, or no more, before the arrival of Dr. Thomas. His lordship continued to get worse, but Dr. Bruno said, he thought letting blood again would save his life, and I lost no time in telling my master how necessary it was to comply with the doctor's wishes; to this he replied by saying, he feared they knew nothing about his disorder, and then stretching out his arm, said, 'here, take my arm and do whatever you like.' His lordship continued to get weaker, and on the 17th he was bled twice in the morning, and at two o'clock in the afternoon; the bleeding at both times was followed by fainting fits, and he would have fallen down more than once, had I not caught him in my arms. In order to prevent such an accident, I took care not to let his lordship stir without supporting him. On this day, my master said to me twice,-I cannot sleep, and you well know I have not been able to sleep for more than a week: I know,' added his lordship, 'that a man can only be a certain time without sleep, and then he must go mad, without any one being able to save him; and I would ten times sooner shoot myself than be mad, for I am not afraid of dying, I am more fit to die than people think.' I do not, however, believe that his lordship had any apprehension of his fate till the day after, the 18th, when he said, 'I fear you and Tita will be ill by sitting up constantly night and day.' I answered, 'we shall never leave your lordship till you are better.' As my master had a slight fit of delirium on the 16th, I took care to remove the pistols and stiletto which had hitherto been kept at his bed side in the night. On the 18th his lordship addressed me frequently, and seemed to be very nuch dissatisfied with his medical treatment. I then said, 'Do allow me to send for Dr. Thomas,' to which he answered, 'do so, but be quick. I am only sorry I did not let you do so before, as I am sure they have mistaken my disease; write yourself, for I know they would not like to see other doctors here.' I did not lose a moinent in obeying my master's orders, and on informing Dr. Bruno and Mr. Millengen of it, they said it was very right, as they now began to be afraid themselves. On returning to my master's room, his first words were, 'Have you sent?' 'I have, my lord,' was my answer; upon which he said, 'You have done right, for I should like to know what is the matter with me.' Although his lordship did not appear to think his dissolution was so near, I could perceive he was getting weaker every hour, and he even began to have occasional fits of delirium. He afterwards said, 'I now begin to think I am seriously ill, and, in case I should be taken off suddenly, I wish to give you several directions, which I hope you will be particular in seeing

executed.' I answered I would, in case such an event came to pass, but expressed a hope that he would live many years, to execute them much better himself, than I could. To this my master replied, 'No, it is now nearly over,'—and then added, 'I must tell you all without losing a moment.' I then said, 'Shall I go my lord, and fetch pen, ink, and paper?' Oh! my God, no

you will lose too much time, and I have it not to spare, for my time is now short,' said his lordship, and immediately after, 'Now, pay attention;' his lordship commenced by saying, 'You will be provided for. I begged him, however, to proceed with things of more consequence; he then continued, 'Oh, my poor dear child! my dear Ada; my God, could I but have seen her! give her my blessing-and my dear sister Augusta and her children;-and you will go to lady Byron, and say tell her everything,

you are friends with her.' His lordship appeared to be greatly affected at this moment. Here my master's voice failed him, so that I could only catch a word at intervals, but he kept muttering something very seriously for some time, and would often raise his voice and say, 'Fletcher, now if you do not execute every order which I have given you, I will torment you hereafter if possible.' Here I told his lordship in a state of the greatest perplexity, that I had not understood a word of what he said, to which he replied, 'Oh, my God! then all is lost! for it is now too late-can it be possible you have not understood me?' 'No, my lord,' said I, 'but I pray you to try and inform me once more.' 'How can I?" rejoined my master, it is now too late, and all is over.' I said, 'Not our will, but God's be done;' and he answered, Yes, not mine be done-but I will try His lordship did indeed make several efforts to speak, but could only repeat two or three words at a time, such as my wife! my child! my sister! you know all,-you must say all,-you know my wishes;" the rest was quite unintelligible. A consultation was now held (about noon), when it was determined to administer some Peruvian bark and wine. My master had now been nine days without any sustenance whatever, except what I have already mentioned. With the exception of a few words, which can only interest those to whom they were addressed, and which, if required, I shall communicate to themselves, it was impossible to understand anything his lordship said, after taking the bark. He expressed a wish to sleep. I at one time asked whether I should call Mr. Parry, to which he replied, Yes, you may call him. Mr. Parry desired him to compose himself. He shed tears, and, apparently, sunk into a slumber. Mr. Parry went away, expecting to find him refreshed on his return,—but it was the commencement of the lethargy preceding his death. The last words I heard my master utter were at six o'clock on the evening of the 18th, when he said, 'I must sleep now: upon which he laid down, never to rise again! for he did not move hand or foot during the following twenty-four hours. His lordship appeared, however, to be in a state of suffocation at intervals, and had a frequent rattling in the throat; on these occasions, I called Tita to assist me in

raising his head, and I thought he seemed to get quite stiff. The rattling and choking in the throat took place every half hour; and we continued to raise his head whenever the fit came on, till six o'clock in the evening of the 19th, when I saw my master open his eyes, and then shut them, but without showing any symptom of pain, or moving hand or foot. 'Oh! my God;' I exclaimed, I fear his lordship is gone.' The doctors then felt his pulse, and said, 'You are right he is gone.'

From the account of the examination of the body it is plain that lord Byron died in consequence of inflammation of the brain: at least if the appearances really were as described: and the cause of the attack was clearly his exposure to wet and cold on the 9th of April.

His lordship's death was a severe blow to the people of Messolonghi, and they testified their sincere and deep sorrow by paying his remains all the honors their state could by any possibility invent and carry into execution. The rude and military mode in which the inhabitants of Messolonghi, and other places, vented their lamentations over the body of their deceased patron and benefactor, touches the heart more deeply than the vain and empty pageantry of much more civilised states. Immediately after the death of lord Byron, and it was instantly known, for the whole town were watching the event, the prince Mavrocordatos published the following proclamation:

Art. 1185.

• Provisional Government of Western Greece.' "The present day of festivity and rejoicing, is turned into one of sorrow and mourning.

'The lord Noel Byron departed this life at six o'clock last night, after an illness of ten days: his death being caused by an inflammatory fever. Such was the effect of his lordship's illness on the public mind, that all classes had forgotten their usual recreations of Easter, even before the afflicting end was apprehended."

'The loss of this illustrious individual is undoubtedly to be deplored by all Greece; but it must be more especially a subject of lamenta tion at Messolonghi, where his generosity has been so conspicuously displayed, and of which he had even become a citizen, with the ulterior determination of participating in all the dangers of the war.

Every body is acquainted with the beneficent acts of his lordship, and none can cease to hail his name as that of a real benefactor.

'Until, therefore, the final determination of the national government be known, and by virtue of the powers with which it has been pleased to invest me, I hereby decree,

1st. Tomorrow morning, at daylight, thirtyseven minute guns will be fired from the grand battery, being the number which corresponds with the age of the illustrious deceased.

2nd. All the public offices, even to the tribunals, are to remain closed for three successive days.

3rd. All the shops, except those in which provisions or medicines are sold, will also be shut: and it is strictly enjoined, that every spe

There was considerable difficulty in fixing upon the place of interment. No directions had been left by lord Byron-and no one could speak as to the wishes he might have entertained on the point. After the embalming, the first step was to send the body to Zante, where the authorities were to decide as to its ultimate destination. Lord Sidney Osborne, a relation of lord Byron by marriage, the secretary of the senate at Corfu, repaired to Zante to meet it. It was his wish, and that of some others, that his lordship should be interred in that island-a proposition which was received with indignation and most decidedly opposed by the majority of the English. By one it was proposed that his remains should have been deposited in the temple of Theseus, or in the Parthenon at Athens, and as some importance might have been attached to the circumstance by the Greeks, and as there is something consolatory in the idea of lord Byron reposing at last in so venerable a spot, thus re-consecrating, as it were, the sacred land of the arts and the muses, we cannot but lament that the measure was not listened to. Ulysses sent an express to Messolonghi, to solicit that his ashes might be laid in Athens; the body had then, however, reached Zante, and it appearing to be the almost unanimous wish of the English that it should be sent to England, for public burial in Westminster Abbey or St. Paul's, the resident of the island yielded. The Florida was therefore taken up for that purpose.

On its arrival in England, the body lay in state in London for two days, and was escorted out of town by a train of carriages belonging to distinguished personages of various parties. At Nottingham it was received by the corporation, and attended to the place of interment at Hucknall, near his former seat of Newstead Abbey, where a plain marble slab records his name and title, date of death, and age. Lord Byron, besides his legitimate child and heiress, left another daughter in Italy, to whom he bequeathed £5000 on the condition of her not marrying an Englishman. His successor to the title was his cousin, Captain George Anson Byron, of the navy.

We have alluded to certain suppressed' Memoirs' which lord Byron is said to have written. These he presented to his friend Mr. Thomas Moore, who sold or pledged the copy-right to Mr. Murray for 2000 guineas. On the demise of his lordship an arrangement took place with the family, by which the manuscript was destroyed, and the money returned.

Into the personal character of lord Byron we are not disposed to enter deeply: the grave has scarcely closed upon him; and various exculpatory, as well as honorable facts, in his history,

may yet be brought to light. Certainly his efforts for the Greek cause (in which we have followed him therefore at considerable length) present the redeeming points of his character. Here he found an unoccupied field for high designs and noble daring. The poet, and the scholar, and the British peer, could here receive and impart unquestionable honor. Here, therefore, his purse was as freely opened as his person and character were boldly embarked, and his former dissipated habits forsaken. And although he was scarcely permitted to see the morning star of the liberties of Greece, he accomplished something for her future benefit, in the union he counselled and for a time effected amongst her rulers; in mitigating the ferocities that

BYRON'S ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, about twelve miles in length, low and flat, full of woods, in which the cocoa tree is predominant. The inhabitants are tall and well proportioned, and of good features. All go naked, wearing strings of shells as ornaments round the neck and wrists. One individual was Been with a string of human teeth about his waist, which he refused to part with. These people use various weapons; the most remarkable is a spear, which, for three feet of its length, is set full of shark's teeth. This island was discovered by commodore Byron, in 1765. Long. 173° 16' E., lat. 1° 18′ S.

BYRRHUS, in entomology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of coleoptera. The feelers are clavated, pretty solid, and a little compressed. The species of this genus are gigas, pilula, ater, dorsalis, varius, æneus, nitidus, fasciatus, and virescens.

BYRSEUS, in fabulous history, a king of Thrace, who having entertained Jupiter, Mercury, and Neptune, with great hospitality, was offered, as a reward for his virtue, whatever he should ask. Having no children, he asked a son, whom these deities accordingly co-operated to produce, in a manner equally miraculous and ridiculous, by jointly making their water in a bull's hide; which, being buried in the earth, in due time produced the boy Orion.

BYSAS, a Thracian monarch, who, according to Diodorus Siculus, founded Byzantium. Eustathius makes him a native of Megara, who arrived in Thrace, and settled there with a colony of Megarenses, a short time before the expedition of the Argonauts.

BYSSOLETE, a massy mineral, of an olivegreen color, in short stiff filaments, implanted perpendicularly on stones, like moss. It has been found near Mont Blanc, on gneiss.

BYSSUM, or BYSSUS, a fine thready matter produced in India, Egypt, and about Elis in Achaia, of which the richest apparel was anciently made, especially that worn by the priests both Jewish and Egyptian. Some interpreters render the Greek Buorog, which occurs both in the Old and New Testament, by fine linen. But other versions, as Calvin's and the Spanish printed at Venice in 1556, explain the word by silk; and yet byssus must have been different

had hitherto marked the Greek as well as the Turkish mode of warfare; and in the splendid disinterestedness of his example. As a poet claiming the first rank, and perhaps the first name of his age, he was only too independent of every acknowledged school: his thoughts, his feelings, his modes of expression, were altogether self-emanative; he bends every thing to the purpose of his genius; he owes little to any rules of his art, and nothing to imitation or his predecessors. But his works have already formed the reader's judgment respecting him. They are published in both the common 8vo. and small 8vo. sizes; the former in 7 vols. the small 8vo. in 8 vols.

from our silk, as appears from many ancient writers, particularly Julius Pollux. M. Simon agrees with Hesychius and Bochart, that the byssus was a finer kind of linen, which was frequently dyed purple. Some authors will have the byssus to be the same with our cotton, others take it for the linum asbestinum; and others for the lock or bunch of silky hair found adhering to the pinna marina, by which it fastens itself to other bodies. That of Judea was the finest.

BYSSUS, in botany, a genus of mosses, belonging to the order alge, in the cryptogamia class of plants; and ranked by some under algæ, the fifty-seventh order in the natural method; though others rank them under the fifty-eighth, fungi. The characters are, that the mosses of it are composed of simple and uniform parts, and always appear in the form of excrescences, either of a woolly or of a dusty matter. It seems properly a genus of a middle kind, between the mushrooms and the mosses, but most approaching to the latter, as the several species of it are of longer duration, and want that fleshy texture which distinguishes the fungus class, and as they never produce heads, nor have any thing of the figure or texture of fungi. They have not yet been discovered to have either flower or seed, but appear always in form of threads, or of a light down, on the surface of many different bodies, but principally such as are liable to putrefaction. Michaeli, in his Nov. Gen. Plantarum, p. 210, mentions the seeds of some of the byssi: but later botanists, and particularly the indefatigable Dillenius, were never able to observe them. This last author has described twenty species of these small plants. There are fifteen natives of Britain. They are found in many parts of Europe, covering the ground like a carpet.

BYSSUS asbestinus, a species of asbestus or combustible flax, composed of fine flexible parallel fibres. It is found plentifully in Sweden, either white or of different shades of green. At a copper mine, in Westmannland, it forms the greatest part of the vein out of which the ore is dug; and, by the heat of the furnace which melts the metal, is changed into a pure semi-transparent glass.

BYSTROPOGON, in botany, a genus of plants of the class didynamia, order gymnospermia, natural order verticillata; essential charac

ters, CAL. bearded; COR. a bifid upper lip, the lower one being three lobed; STAM. distant. There are seven species, viz. 1. B. pectinatum, a perennial plant, growing from six to seven feet high, and bearing a fine yellow flower; 2. B. plumosum, a native of the Canary Isles; 3. B. origanifolium, also from the Canaries; 4. B. Canariensis, found at Madeira; 5. B. punctatum, brought from Madeira by Sir Joseph Banks; 6. B. suavolens, an annual shrub, growing in South America, and the West Indies. It is very much made use of as a cephalic and alexipharmic.

BYZANTIUM, an ancient city of Thrace, situated on the Bosphorus. It was founded, according to Eusebius, about the thirtieth olympiad, while Tullius Hostilius reigned in Rome. But according to Diodorus Siculus, the foundations were laid in the time of the Argonauts, by one Bysas, from whom the city was called Byzantium. See BYSAS. Velleius Paterculus ascribes the founding of it to the Milesians, and Ammianus Marcellinus to the inhabitants of Attica. Some ancient Byzantine medals bear the name and head of Bysas, with the prow of a ship on the reverse. The year after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, Byzantium was reduced to a Roman province. In A. D. 193 it took part with Niger against Severus. It was strongly garrisoned by Niger, as being a place of the utmost importance. It was soon after invested by Severus; and, as he was universally hated for his cruelty, the inhabitants defended themselves with the greatest resolution. They had been supplied with a great number of warlike machines, most of them invented and built by Periscus, a native of Nicæa, and the greatest engineer of his age. For a long time they baffled all the attempts of the assailants, killed great numbers of them, and crushed with large stones such as approached the walls; and when stones began to fail, they used the statues of their gods and heroes. At last they were obliged to submit, through famine, after having been reduced to the necessity of devouring one another. Severus put all the magistrates and soldiers to the sword; but spared the engineer Periscus. Before this siege Byzantium was the greatest, most populous, and wealthiest city in Thrace. It was surrounded by walls of an extraordinary height and breadth; and defended by a great number of towers, seven of which were built with such art, that the least noise heard in one of them was immediately conveyed to all the rest. But Severus was no sooner master of it, than he laid it in ashes. The inhabitants were stripped of all their effects, and sold for slaves, and the walls levelled with the ground. By the chronicle of Alexandria we are informed, that, soon after this terrible catastrophe, Severus himself caused a great part of the city to be rebuilt, calling it Antonina from his son Antoninus Ca

racalla. In 262 the tyrant Gallienus wreaked his fury on the inhabitants of Byzantium. He intended to besiege it; but on his arrival, despaired of being able to make himself inaster of such a strong place. He was admitted the next day, however, into the city; and, without regarding the terms he had agreed to, caused the soldiers and all the inhabitants to be put to the sword. Trebellius Pollio says, that not a single person was left alive. What the reason was for such an extraordinary massacre, we are nowhere informed. In the wars between the emperors Licinius and Maximin, Byzantium was obliged to submit to the latter, but was soon after recovered by Licinius. In 323 it was taken from Licinius by Constantine the Great, who in 330 greatly enlarged and beautified it. He began with extending its walls from sea to sea; and, while some of the workmen were busied in rearing them, others were employed in raising within them a great number of stately buildings, and among others a palace no way inferior in magnificence and extent to that of Rome. He built a capitol and amphitheatre, and made a circus maximus, several forums, porticoes, and public baths; and divided the whole city into fourteen regions. Thus Byzantium became one of the most flourishing and populous cities of the empire. Vast numbers of people flocked to it from Pontus, Thrace, and Asia, Constantine having decreed, that such as had lands in those countries should not be at liberty to dispose of them, nor even leave them to their heirs at their death, unless they had a house in his new city. But however desirous the emperor was that his city should be filled with people, he did not wish it to be inhabited by any but Christians. He therefore caused all the idols to be pulled down, and all their temples consecrated to the true God. built besides an incredible number of churches, and caused crosses to be erected in all the squares and public places. Most of the buildings being finished, it was solemnly dedicated to the Virgin Mary, according to Cedrenus, but, according to Eusebius, to the God of Martyrs. At the same time Byzantium was equalled to Rome in point of privileges. The same rights and immunities were granted to its inhabitants as to those of the metropolis. He established a senate and other magistrates, with a power and authority equal to those of Old Rome. He took up his residence in the new city, and changed its name to CoxSTANTINOPLE, which see.

He

BZOVIUS (Abraham), a celebrated writer of the seventeenth century. His chief work is the continuation of Baronius's Annals. He was a native of Poland, and a Dominican friar. Upon his coming to Rome he was received with open arms by the pope, and had an apartment assigned him in the Vatican. He died in 1637, aged seventy.

C, the third letter of the alphabet, has two sounds; but neither of them properly its own. Ben Jonson says, our forefathers might very well have spared it in our tongue.' It sounds like k, before a, o, u, or a consonant; and like s, before e, i, and y. In Saxon and Irish it is invariably pronounced like k.

C, in music, the name of that note in the natural major mode, to which Guido applied the monosyllable, for which the Italians now substitute D.-C above G gamut, that note which is a fourth higher than G gamut.-C above the bass cliff, that note which is a fifth higher than the bass cliff.-C above the treble cliff, a note which is a fourth higher than the treble cliff.

CAA APIA, in botany, the Brasilian name of the dorstema Brasiliensis, the root of which so much resembles the ipecacuanha in its virtues, that some have erroneously called it by the same name. It is astringent and emetic, but possesses both qualities in a weaker degree, and is therefore given in a larger dose, a dram being commonly given at once. The Brasilians bruise the whole plant, and express the juice, which they take internally, and apply externally to wounds by poisoned arrows, and by the bites of serpents. CAABA, or CAABAH, properly signifies a square stone building; but is particularly applied by the Mahommedans to the temple of Mecca. This edifice is indisputably so ancient, that its original use and the name of its builder are lost in a cloud of idle traditions. The Mahommedans affirm that it is almost coeval with the world, and they pretend that Adam, after his expulsion from paradise, supplicated divine permission to erect a building like what he had seen there, called Beit al Mamâr,' or the frequented house, and Al Dorâh,' towards which he might direct his prayers, and which he might compass, as the angels do the celestial one. Upon which God let down a representation of that house in curtains of light, and set it in Mecca, perpendicularly under its original, ordering the patriarch to turn towards it when he prayed, and to compass it by way of devotion. After Adam's death, they say, his son Seth built a house in the same form, of stones and clay, which, being destroyed by the deluge, was rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael, at the command of God, in the place where the former had stood, and after the same model; directions for this purpose having been given them by revelation. Independently of these fabulous traditions, it is not improbable that it was erected by some of the patriarchs descended from Ishmael; but whether it was built as a place of divine worship, as a fortress, as a sepulchre, or as a monument of the treaty between the old possessors of Arabia and the sons of Kedar, it is impossible to ascertain. Reland supposes that it was the mansion of some ancient patriarch, and on that account revered by his posterity. At length it came to be appropriated to the service of pagan Arab divinities; but that it was not

originally a temple seems to appear from these circumstances, that the door was not placed in the middle of the structure, and that, for many ages, there was no divine worship performed in it, though the pagan Arabs frequently went in procession round it. It is most probable, however, that the caaba was primarily designed for religious purposes; and it is certain that it was held in the highest veneration long before the birth of Mahomet. Having undergone several reparations, it was, a few years after his birth, rebuilt by the tribe of Koreish, who had acquired the custody of it either by fraud or force, on the same foundation; afterwards repaired by Abdallah Ebn Zobeir, the caliph of Mecca, and again rebuilt by Yusof, surnamed Al Hejâj, in the seventy-fourth year of the Hegira, with some alterations, in the form in which it now remains. The temple is in length, from north to south, about twenty-four cubits; in breadth, from east to west, twenty-three; and in height twenty-seven. The door, which is on the east side, stands about four cubits from the ground; the floor being level with the bottom of the door. In the corner next this door is the black stone, so much celelebrated among the Mahommedans. On the north side of the caaba, within a semicircular enclosure fifty cubits long, lies the white stone, said to be the sepulchre of Ishmael, which receives the rain water from the caaba by a spout, formerly of wood, but now of gold. The black stone, according to the Mahommedans, was brought down from heaven by Gabriel at the creation o. the world; and originally of a white color; but contracted the blackness which now appears on it, from the guilt of the sins committed by the sons of men! It is set in silver, and fixed in the south-east corner of the caaba, looking towards Basra, about seven spans from the ground. This stone, upon which there is the figure of a human head, is held in the highest estimation among the Arabs; all the pilgrims kissing it with great devotion, and some even calling it the right hand of God. Its blackness, which is only superficial, is probably owing to the kisses and touches o. so many people. After the Karmatians had taken Mecca, they carried away this precious stone, and could by no means be prevailed upon to restore it; but finding at last that they were unable to prevent the concourse of pilgrims to Mecca, they sent it back of their own accord, after having kept it twenty-two years. double roof of the caaba is supported within by three octagonal pillars of aloes-wood; between which, on a bar of iron, hang some silver lamps. The outside is covered with rich black damask, adorned with an embroidered band of gold, which is changed every year, and was formerly sent by the caliphs, afterwards by the sultans of Egypt, and is now provided by the Turkish emperors. The caaba, at some distance, is almost surounded by a circular enclosure of pillars, joined towards the bottom by a low balustrade, and towards the top by bars of silver. Just

The