works of the Imaus, stretch from north to south, and separate the fertile parts of the country from the deserts. The country is watered by the Sihron on the north, and by the Oxus on the south, with a lake called Taran in the centre. The water, however, of each is said to be brackish; and a considerable portion of the country has a flat and sandy surface. There are several chains of mountains, from which torrents descend to join the larger rivers during the melting of the snows; at the bottom of which gold is occasionally found.

The inhabitants of Bukharia consist of two classes the Tanjiks, or citizens; and the Usbecks, a tribe of Tartars. Some have supposed them to have been of Jewish origin, and others that they are the descendants of the ancient Scythians. In Bukharia all persons pursue some occupation; some employing themselves in mechanical trades, others in foreign commerce. The tribe of the Usbecks, though usually esteemed the most civi'ised of the Tartars, are more fond of warfare and feudatory habits than agriculture or the arts. All classes, both men and women, wear boots; and to general appearance, both sexes dress very much alike. The Usbecks prefer horse-flesh to any other food; and for this purpose horses are kept to breed and fatten, like oxen and sheep in other countries. This country has for many ages been celebrated for its literature, but with very little claim to this character. Bukharia was anciently known, during the marches of Alexander the Great, by the name of Sogdiana, or the river Sirr. It has undergone many changes in its government, though a regular succession of khans may be traced to the year 1494, when the sultan Bahar, a descendant of Tamerlane, was expelled from Bukharia, and proceeding to Hindostan, there founded the Mogul empire.

The Tartar Usbecks established a powerful monarchy here, under Shah Bakt, whose successor was defeated by Ismael in 1529. His posterity continued for 200 years. In 1747 Raheem Bey usurped the government of Bukharia. At the close of the eighteenth century, a chief, named Ameer Daniel, possessed the post of authority. At his death he divided his immense wealth among his offspring, and nominated his son, Begge Jan, to the supreme dignity. This man, who in early life was excessively dissipated, converted himself all at once into an ascetic; and from the air of sanctity which he assumed, and the austerities which he practised, attracted the multitude to him from all quarters, whose devotion to him supplied the place of a legal title to the crown. Affecting great moderation, he divested his government of all its splendor; and himself presided over the deliberations of justice. Though commanding an army of 60,000 soldiers, he rode on a poney, fed on the meanest provisions, and was clad like one of the poorest classes. Thus furnished, he invaded Khorassan, and conquered all the countries between the Oxus and Jaxartes. After his death, occurring about the beginning of the nineteenth century, his eldest son, Hyder Furrals, ascended the throne of Bukharia, and assumed the name and dignity of sovereign over the empire.

BUKHARIA, BOKHARA, or BOGAR, a city of Asia, the capital of Great Bukharia, situated on a river, flowing into the Oxus, from which latter it is distant about fifty miles, and from Samarcand about 100 miles. It occupies a rising ground, and, in the year 1741, was surrounded by an earthen wall and a dry ditch. The houses are low, and for the most part built of mud; but the mosques and caravanseries are built of stone. There are colleges here which are capable of containing from 60 to 600 students each; and in that of Kokul Taush in particular, a fine edifice for the education of Mahommedan priests, there are 300 apartments for the accommodation of students. Bukharia has always been celebrated for the study of Mahommedan theology and law; and the inhabitants have been reckoned superior to those of the neighbouring districts in civilisation. They are engaged in manufactures of cotton yarn, calicoes, and soap, which are exported to Persia, while from that country they receive velvet, silk sashes, shalloons, indigo, cochineal, and coral. Rhubarb, musk, and castor, are obtained from Taschkand, and precious stones and lapis lazuli from Badakshan. The trade of Bukharia has latterly declined. A portion of European manufactures is consumed, which gave rise to a plan, so long ago as 1557, and repeated in 1741, for supplying the city with English commodities. On each occasion English merchants travelled to this spot, and were hospitably received, but it was found that the expected price was inferior to the hazard of bringing the goods. Merchants of all kinds now meet with encouragement, and all religions are tolerated. The population is supposed to exceed 100,000.

It

BUL, in the ancient Hebrew chronology, the eighteenth month of the ecclesiastical, and second of the civil year: since called Marshevan. answers to our October, and has twenty-nine days.

BUL, in ichthyology, the flounder.

BULAC, a town of Egypt, situated on the east shore of the Nile, about two miles west of Grand Cairo, of which it is the port town. It is a place of trade, as all the vessels going up and down the Nile make some stay in it. The baths here are excellent.

BULÆUS (Cæsar). See BOULAY.

BULAFO, a musical instrument, used by the negroes of Guinea, consisting of several pipes of wood tied together with thongs of leather, so as to form a small interstice between each pipe.

BULAM, BULAMA, or BULLAM, is the best known of the Bissagos islands, on the western coast of Africa, between the Gambia and Sierra Leone, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. It is directly opposite the entrance of that river; about nine leagues long east and west, and five broad. From the shore it rises gradually to some hills in the middle, which are covered with wood, and from which descend numerous streams. Horses, horned cattle, buffaloes, and goats, are found wild on it, as well as elephants, hyenas, deer, and wild dogs. In the vicinity of many navigable rivers, which extend far into the continent, and would greatly facilitate a trade with the internal parts of Africa; and possessing a deep and luxuriant soil adapted to every species of cultiva

tion, it seems to offer a most desirable settlement to any European nation. Cotton, indigo, and rice, are its spontaneous productions; and pineapples, limes, oranges, grapes, plums, cassada, guava, India wheat, melons, pumpkins, tamarinds, bananas, and many delicious fruits, grow here, it is said, in great abundance. Sugar and tobacco, and indeed all the other productions of our West India islands, may also be cultivated in equal perfection; and, considering the richness of the soil, to much greater advantage. When the English attempted an establishment on this island in 1792, the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands cultivated rice and millet here. West of Bulam is Gallina island, so named from abounding in Guinea fowls, inhabited, fertile, and well cultivated. Arcas, or Bow Island, north of Bulam, has no fresh water. Mantere Island, south of Bulam, forms the south point of the entrance to the Rio Grande, and is only separated from the main land by a narrow channel or creek.

The Bulama, or Sierra Leone Association, in 1792, was composed of gentlemen who, anxious for the final termination of the slave trade, and the civilisation of this quarter of Africa, determined to attempt the formation of a settlement on this island, as a means of promoting both objects. The plan failed, but the efforts made brought us better acquainted with the Archipelago; and from the narrative of captain Beaver, who finally commanded the expedition, we shall transcribe a few details:

The expedition, entrusted to the command of captain Dalrymple, and a council of twelve gentlemen, consisted of three vessels, the Calypso, Hankey, and Beggar's Benison, with the colonists on board, consisting of about 280 souls, men, women, and children. It sailed from the Downs 6th of April, 1792. On the 25th of May, the Calypso, parting from her consorts, anchored off Bulama. Unaccustomed to the confinement of a seavoyage, the colonists were here not only eager to get on shore; but instead of calmly endeavouring to conciliate the Bijugas, or natives of the island, they landed without order or precaution; some erected huts, others wandered through the woods in search of game and fruit, and returned to the ship or not as they thought proper at night. During the first night, their tents, and whatever they had left on shore, were carried off. At mid-day on Sunday the 3d of June, while some of the colonists were asleep, and others hunting and fishing, they were attacked by the former inhabitants, who fired a volley into the hut which contained the arms of the new colony. Those within, being roused from their sleep, rushed out and were immediately shot. The rest, unprepared and unarmed, upon hearing the firing, hid themselves among the rocks, or attempted to gain the beach; by which the greater number escaped, while others were intercepted and taken prisoners. The English in this affair had five men and one woman killed, four men wounded, and four women and three children taken prisoners; and the savages retired with a rich booty of sixty stand of arms, and a quantity of ammunition, besides kitchen utensils, wearing apparel, &c. After landing a party of armed men (under a discharge

of cannon from the ship) to bring off their watercasks, the Calypso, early the following morning got under weigh for Bissao, where she was joined by the Hankey and Beggar's Benison. Irritation and reproaches now broke out between the colonists and the members of the council, and each attributed their misfortunes to the other. These complaints, and the fever which appeared in the Calypso, and had been communicated to the Hankey, reduced the majority to despondency; but ashamed of relinquishing their design without another attempt, they returned to Bulama, and having redeemed their captives, purchased the island from the kings of Carnabol for the value of 473 bars in goods, about £79 sterling. No sooner, however, was this transaction concluded, than, instead of availing themselves of the right which they had acquired, the council determined to abandon the enterprise as at present impracticable, and communicated their determination to the colonists in the following resolution: "That seeing the rainy season has already commenced, and it appearing, from every information we can collect, that we cannot land because of the rains and fogs at least for four months, and that with every precaution there will probably be a considerable mortality among the settlers during that time, and considering withal, that a great proportion of the adventurers in each ship are solicitous to return to Europe, it is the opinion of the council, that the two ships and the sloop should be removed to Sierra Leone to water, and there the expediency of proceeding to England, or of returning hither after the rains, shall be taken into consideration.' Against this captain Beaver entered his protest; and declared to the council that he was determined to remain on the island, with his servant, though every one else should leave it; and in this determination he was joined by one of the council, and between eighty and ninety of the colonists. It was then agreed that the Hankey and Beggar's Benison should remain at Bulama, and that the Calypso should proceed to Sierra Leone, with those who wished to return to England. The settlers were thus reduced to a third of their number, and when mustered by captain Beaver, who was unanimously chosen their president, were found to consist of fortyeight men, thirteen women, and twenty-five children. Having adopted proper regulations for maintaining subordination, sobriety and discipline, in the colony, and established a friendly communication between Bulama and the Portuguese settlement on the island of Bissao, the first care of the colonists was to protect themselves from the heat of the sun, and the violence of the rains, by covering the ship with a wooden roof. They then set about clearing a piece of ground for a garden, and built a block-house, which was to serve as a habitation, magazine, and citadel. Both tropical and European plants and seeds succeeded beyond their expectations; and all vegetable productions quickly arrived at maturity. Several free negroes had been hired; who, being well treated, and allowed to leave the island, whenever dissatisfied, worked well. During the residence of the English at Bulama, 196 of these Africans had been employed on the island. Many of the surrounding tribes also

visited the colony, with a view to trade. The colonists, in all their dealings with the negroes, observing the strictest integrity; and rigorously adhering to their determination of never being concerned in the purchase of slaves; soon gained the good-will and confidence of the neighbourhood. Sickness and disaffection, however, at length spread among the settlers, and their numbers were daily diminished by desertion or disease. To such a state were they sometimes reduced, that there was scarcely an European fit for work, or to give directions; and out of the eighty-six which staid, after the sailing of the Calypso, within nine months ten only were left. These, when at last reduced to nine, became so dispirited, that the whole affairs and business of the colony rested with captain Beaver; and whatever the energy and perseverance of one man could perform, was now done. He encouraged his countrymen to exertion by his example, supplied their wants, and soothed their distresses. Fear, however, and despondency had completely prostrated their minds. They saw only certain death before them if they remained; and after strong solicitations to return to England, and frequent threatenings to abandon him, captain B. was compelled at last to accede to their request, and quitted the island, 29th November, 1793. Thus terminated this laudable, but ill-concerted scheme; and others of a similar character, we fear, must yield to the torrid climate of the neighbourhood.

BULAPATIUM, in botany, the dock. See

bulbous roots, fibrous roots, and hirsute roots. And I take it, in the bulbous, the sap

hasteneth most to the air and sun.

your bulbous roots.

Bacon.

Set up your traps for vermin, especially amongst Evelyn's Kalendar. Take up your early autumnal tulips and bulbs, if you will remove them. Id. If we consider the bulb or ball of the eye, the exteriour membrane, or coat thereof, is made thick, tough, or strong, that it is a very hard matter to make a rupture in it. Ray. BULP, in the anatomy of plants, is defined by Linnæus to be a species of hybernaculum, produced upon the descending caudex or root; consisting of stipulæ, petioli, the rudiments of the former leaves, and scales or bark. To elucidate this definition it is proper to remark, that every

bud contains, in embryo, a plant in every respect similar to the parent plant upon which it is seated. Plants, therefore, are perpetuated in the buds, as well as in the seeds; and the species may be renewed with equal efficacy in either way. The tender rudiments of the future vegetable, of which the bud is composed, are enclosed, and during winter defended from cold and external injuries, by a hard rind, which generally consists of a number of scales placed over each other like tiles, and fastened together by means of a tenacious, resinous, and frequently odoriferous, substance. Thus defended, the buds remain upon different parts of the mother plant till spring; and are therefore, with propriety, denominated by Linnæus the hybernaculum, or winter quarters, of the future vegetable. Buds are situated either upon the stem and branches, or upon the roots: the former are styled gemmæ, or buds properly so called; but, as they subsist several years by their roots, may be furnished with the other species of hybernaculum called bulbs. Trees which are perennial, with a woody and durable trunk, have generally proper buds, but no bulbs. In bulbous plants, as the tulip, onion, or lily, what we generally call the root is in fact a bulb, which encloses and secures the embryo or future shoot. At the lower part of this bulb may be observed a fleshy knob, whence proceed a number of fibres. This knob, with the fibres attached to and hanging from it, is, properly speaking, the true root; the upper part being only the cradle or nursery of the future stem, which, after the bulb has repaired it a certain number of times, perishes; but not till it has produced at its sides a number of smaller bulbs or suckers for perpetuating the species. One part of Linnæus's definition still remains obscure:-The bulb, says he, is composed of the remains or rudiments of the former leaves of the plant; e rudimento foliorum præteritorum. It is easy to comprehend that buds contain the rudiments of the future leaves; but how can bulbs be said to contain the rudiments of leaves that, to all apearance, are already perished?To explain this, let it be observed, that, in the opinion of very eminent botanists, the root, in a very great number of perennial herbs, is annually renewed or repaired out of the trunk or stalk itself; in which sense only, roots are properly said to descend. In the perennials alluded to, the basis of the stalk continually, and by insensible degrees, descends below the surface of the earth, and is thus changed into a true root; which root, stalk, also descends; and thus, according to the by the continuance of the said motion of the durableness of its substance, becomes a longer or shorter root; the elder or lower part rotting off in proportion as the upper is generated out of the stalk. Thus, in brownwort, the basis of the stalk, sinking down by degrees till it is hid under the ground, becomes the upper part of the root; and, continuing still to sink, the next year becomes the lower part, and the following year rots away. This is exactly what obtains in bulbous roots, as well as in the far greater number of other herbaceous perennials; as arum, valerian, tansy, samphire, primrose, wood-sorrel, iris, and others. The immediate visible cause of this descent is the string-roots which this kind of trunks frequently

put forth; which, descending themselves directly into the ground, serve like so many ropes for pulling the trunk after them. Hence the tuberous roots of iris are sometimes observed to re-ascend a little upon the rotting or fading away of the string-roots which hang at them. In bulbous roots where the stalk and former leaves of the plant are sunk below, and formed into what is called the bulb, or wintering of the future vegetable, the radicles or small fibres that hang from the bulb, are to be considered as the root; that is, the part which furnishes nourishment to the plant: the several rinds and shells, of which the bulb chiefly consists, successively perish, and shrink up into so many dry skins, betwixt which, and in their centre, are formed other leaves and shells, and thus the bulb is perpetuated. What has been said of the descent of roots by the sinking of the stalk, is further confirmed by the appearance of certain roots; as of valerian, plantago major and devil's bit, in which the lower part appears bitten or chopped off. In these the lower part rotting off as the upper descends, the living remainder becomes stumped, or seems bitten. All bulbous roots, says Dr. Grew, in his anatomy of plants, may be considered as hermaphrodite roots, or root and trunk both together: for the radicles only are absolute roots; the bulb actually containing those parts which springing up make the body or leaves of the plant; so that it may be regarded as a large bud under ground. Bulbous roots are said to be solid, when composed of one uniform lump of matter; tunicated, when formed of multitudes of coats surrounding one another; squamose, when composed of, or covered with, lesser flakes; duplicate, when there are only two to each plant; and aggregate, when there is a congeries of such roots to each plant.

BULBINE, a synonyme of the anthericum. BULBOCASTANUM. See BUNIUM. BULBOCODIUM, mountain saffron, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants; natural order ninth; spathacea: funnel-shaped, and hexapetalous, with the heels narrow, supporting the stamina. There is but one species, which grows naturally. It has a small bulbous root, which sends forth a few long narrow leaves, something like those of saffron, but narrower.

COR.

tria.

BULGARIA, a small province of Turkey, in Europe, bounded on the north by Walachia, on the east by the Black Sea, on the south by Romania or Rum-ili, and on the west by Servia. It is very narrow, but 325 miles long on the side of the Danube, from Servia till it falls into the Black Sea, It is divided into four sanjaks; Byden, or Vidin, Sophia, Nicopolis, and SilisThe chief towns are of the same names. The Bulgarians anciently inhabited the plains of Sarmatia that extended along the banks of the Volga. Thence they migrated, about the middle of the seventh century, in quest of new settlements. A large body of them passed the Danube, and took possession of the country adjacent to the western coast of the Euxine Sea. Several attempts were made by the Romans to dispossess and extirpate them; but they defended themselves with equal resolution and success. Constantine III. being defeated and intimidated, concluded an ignominious peace with them, A.D. 678, and purchased their friendship by the payment of an annual tribute. Justinian II. refused to comply with these dishonorable terms, and invaded their territories, A. D. 687; but he was defeated, and constrained to renew the treaty. War was carried on, almost without interruption, between them and the eastern emperors, for several centuries. After a long and doubtful struggle, the Romans prevailed; and the emperor Basil III. reduced Bulgaria to the form of a province, A.D. 1019. From this time the Bulgarians remained in subjection, and were governed by Roman dukes, until the reign of Isaac Angelus, when they revolted, A.D. 1186. Some time after, Stephen IV. king of Hungary, having defeated the Bulgarians, obliged them to acknowledge him as their sovereign. His successors were styled kings of Hungary and Bulgaria; and this title was transmitted, with the kingdom of Hungary, to the house of Austria. By the aid of the eastern emperors they threw off the Hungarian yoke; and, in return, they assisted their ally in an attempt to recover Adrianople, A.D. 1369. Provoked by this combination, Amurath invaded their country; and Bajazet, his successor, completed the conquest of it, A.D. 1396. Bulgaria still remains a province of the Ottoman empire. The inhabitants are Christians, but so extremely ignorant, that they seem to know nothing of Christianity, but bap tism and fasting.

BULGARIAN LANGUAGE, the same with the SCLAVONIC, which see.

BULGE', v. Goth. bulga; Swed. bulgja; Sax. bilig, a bladder. It was originally written bilge; bilge was the lower part of the ship, where it swelled out. To bulge is to jut out, to swell out, to burst from inward pressure, as a bladder; applied to the cause of a ships foundering at sea, from being over-filled with water; to leak from outward fracture.

Thrice round the ship was tost, Then bulged at once, and in the deep was lost. Dryden. The side, or part of the side of a wall, or any timber that bulges from its bottom or foundation, is said to batter, or hang over the foundation.

Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

4