blows up; that, receiving blows thereon, they might make the greater noise, and set the people laughing. Rhodiginus and others make the origin of buffoonery more venerable; deriving it from a feast instituted in Attica by king Erechtheus, called buphonia. Buffoons are also denominated scurræ, gelasiani, mimilogi, ministelli, goliardi, joculatores, &c. Their chief scenes were at the tables of great men. Gallienus never sat down to meat without a second table of buffoons by him; Tillemont also renders pantomimes by buffoons; in which sense he observes, the shows of the buffoons were taken away by Domitian, restored by Nerva, and finally abolished by Trajan.

BUFO, in entomology, a species of bombyx, found in Germany. The wings are yellow, with a broad brown band, and yellow spots.-Also a species of curculio, inhabiting Siberia. Color fuscous; wing-cases slightly reticulated, with a white stripe in the middle.

BUFO, in zoology, the specific name of a species of rana, commonly called, in English, the toad. The body is lurid and fuscous; back marked with tubercles; eyes red. The eye of the toad has always been noticed for its beauty. Toads have been often remarked by physiologists, as possessed of a capability of living for a long time without air or aliment. Of this the most astonishing instances are given by different authors. In the foot of an elm, of the bigness of a pretty corpulent man, three or four feet above the root, and exactly in the centre, has been found a live toad, middle-sized, but lean, and filling up the whole vacant space: no sooner was a passage opened, by splitting the wood, than it scuttled away very hastily a more firm and sound elm never grew; so that the toad cannot be supposed to have got into it. The egg whence it was formed must, by some very singular accident, have been lodged in the tree at its first growth. There the creature had lived without air, feeding on the substance of the tree, and growing only as the tree grew.' This is attested by M. Hubert, professor of philosophy at Caen. Ambrose Paré, chief surgeon to Henry III. king of France, a sensible writer, relates the following fact, of which he was an eye-witness: Being,' says he, 'at my seat, near the village Meudon, and over-looking a quarryman, whom I had set to break some very large and hard stones, in the middle of one we found a huge toad, full of life, and without any visible aperture by which it could get there.' In the account of the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, there are two or three accounts of the discovery of toads in the centres of elms, oaks, &c. which have been since repeatedly confirmed by observation. Observations of living toads, found in very hard and entire stones, occur in several authors, particularly Baptist Fulgosa, Doge of Genoa; the famous physicians, Agricola and Horstius, and Lord Verulam. An instance similar to these, of the truth of which we have no reason to doubt, was observed in this country in 1773; when a large toad was found in the middle of a piece of coal, having not the least visible crack or fissure. The toad appears to be confined exclusively to the European continent. It inhabits woods, gardens, fields, and

damp shady places, and frequently makes its way into cellars. In the early part of spring it retires to the waters, where it continues during the breeding season, and deposits its ova or spawn in the form of double necklace-like chains or strings of beautifully transparent gluten, and of the length of three or four feet, in each of which are disposed the ova in a continued double series throughout the whole length, having the appearance of so many small jet-black globules or beads. These globules are, in reality, no other than the tadpoles, and waiting for the period of their evolution, or hatching, which takes place in the space of about fourteen or fifteen days, when they break from the surrounding gluten, swim about in the water, and are nourished by various animalcules, gluten, leaves of aquatic plants, &c. When these have arrived at their full growth, the legs are formed, the tail gradually becomes obliterated, and the animals leave the water, and betake themselves to the surface of the ground. This generally happens early in the autumn. The notion of its being a poisonous animal has been opposed by Mr. Pennant, but it is a fact too generally known to admit of any question. Dogs, on seizing a toad, and carrying it for some little time in their mouth, will appear to be affected with a very slight swelling of the lips, accompanied by an increased evacuation of saliva; the mere effect of the slightly acrimonious fluid which the toad, on irritation, exudes from its skin, and which seems at least to be productive of no dangerous symptoms in such animals as happen to taste or swallow it. For a further account of this creature see the articles TOAD, and RANA.

BUFONITA, in natural history, the toad-stone. This has been received not only among the list of native stones by the generality of authors, but even has held a place among the gems, and is still worn in rings by some people; though undoubtedly it is an extraneous fossil. It was anciently believed that it was found in the head of an old toad; and that this animal voided it at the mouth on being put upon a red cloth. The general color of the bufonitæ is a deep dusky brown; but it varies greatly in this respect in several specimens, some of which are quite black, others of an extremely pale simple brown, a chestnut color, liver color, black gray, or whitish. The bufonitæ are usually found immersed in beds of stone, and there is now no doubt that they have originally been the petrified teeth of the lupus piscis, or wolf-fish, part of the jaw of the fish being sometimes found with the teeth petrified in it. The bufonitæ are said to be cordial and astringent: many other fanciful virtues are ascribed to them, which the present practice has rejected.

of small and larger growth. In Gothic it is bugg, from ugg, in Saxon oga, terror. In Swedish puke means the devil, and in Icelandic it signifies demon; so that the general acceptation of the word bug is fear, terror, fright. Bugbear is a frightful object; from bug, terror, and be ogre, a frightener; a walking spectre, imagined to be seen generally now used for a false terror to frighten babes.

Each trembling leaf and whistling wind they hear, As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear, Yet both do strive their fearfulness to feign. Faerie Queene. Sir, spare your threats

The bug which you would fright me with, I seek.

Shakspeare. Hast not slept to-night? would he not, naughty man, let it sleep? a bugbear take him. Id.

Who would believe what strange bugbears
Mankind creates itself, of fears
That spring like fern, that insect weed,
Equivocally without seed..

Butler's Hudibras, Such bugbear thoughts, once got into the tender minds of children, sink deep, so as not easily, if ever, to be got out again. Locke.

To the world, no bugbear is so great, As want of figure, and a small estate. Pope BUG, in entomology. See CIMEX. For the destruction of the house-bug, or cimex lectuarius, several methods have been tried, and several remedies proposed as perfect. The following recipe is the best with which we are acquainted:

'Mix one ounce of arsenic and one ounce of common smelling salts with one gallon of human urine, and diligently wash floors, bedsteads, &c. in it, until they disappear. Early in spring, even in February, the larva of these creatures begin to burst from the eggs; and it is at this season that attention is chiefly requisite. The bed ought to be stripped of all its furniture; which should be washed, and even boiled, if linen; if woollen, it should be hot-pressed. The bedstead should be taken to pieces, dusted, and washed with this mixture in the joints; for in those parts the females lay their eggs. Corrosive sublimate (hydrargyrus muriatus) and lard, has also been found efficacious, in the proportion of half an ounce of the former to six ounces of the latter. The sublimate should be first rubbed extremely fine in a marble mortar, adding a few drops of common oil, till its particles are minutely divided. The lard should then be added by little and little, till the whole is well mixed; and, lastly, as much more oil as will make the mixture of the consistence of a very thick paint.

BUGA MARBLE, in natural history, a name given by the Spaniards to a species of black marble, called by our artificers the Namur marble, and known among the ancient Romans by the name of marmor Luculleum. It is common in many parts of Europe, and is used by the Spaniards in medicine as well as in building; the powder of it being said to be an excellent styptic applied to fresh wounds.

BUGBANE, in botany. See MENYANTHES. BUGEE, in zoology, a species of Indian monkey, very rare even in the Indies. It is about the size and color of a beaver, but its tail and claws are wholly of the monkey kind.

BUGELUGEY, in zoology, a large species of lizard, called by Clusius, and some others, lacertus Indicus. It grows to four feet long, and nine inches round; the taikis very long, and ends in an extremely slender point.

BUGEY, a ci-devant province of France, hounded on the east by Savoy, on the west by Bresse, on the south by Dauphiné, and on the north by Gex and Franche Comté. It was about forty miles long and twenty-five broad. It has many hills and rivers, which abound with trout and all sorts of game. Belley was the capital. It is now comprehended chiefly in the departments of the Ain and Cher.

BUGGASINES, buckrams made of calico. BUGGE (Thomas Chevalier), a learned Danish astronomer, distinguished himself in a trigonometrical survey of the island of Zealand, undertaken in the middle of the last century, and in 1761 was sent to Drontheim to observe the transit of Venus, in conjunction with Maupertius and others who went to Lapland. In 1780 he superintended the re-erection of the royal observatory at Copenhagen; and shortly after went to France to assist the French philosophers in their new system of weights and measures. He published in 1800 an account of this journey. His work was translated into English, and published in one volume 12mo. He also wrote a Treatise on Mathematics, of which there is a German translation extant, and died at Copenhagen, January 1815, aged seventy-four.

BUGGENHAGII, in ichthyology, a species of cyprinus, having nineteen rays in the anal fin. The body is blackish above; compressed on the sides, with large silvery scales; white flesh. Found in the lakes of Sweden and Germany.

BUGGERS, BULGARII, anciently signified a kind of heretics, otherwise called Paterini, Cathari, &c. The word is formed of the French Bougres, and that from Bougria or Bulgaria, the country where they chiefly appeared. Among other opinions, they held that men ought to believe no Scripture but the New Testament; that baptism was not necessary to infants; that husbands who conversed with their wives could not be saved; and that an oath was absolutely unlawful. They were strenuously refuted by Fr. Robert, a Dominican, surnamed the Bugger, as having formerly made profession of this heresy. They are mentioned by Matthew Paris, in the reign of Henry III.

BUGGERY, or Sodomy, is a sin against God and nature, first brought into England by the Lombards. As to its punishment, the voice of nature and of reason, and the express law of God (Levit. xx. 13, 14,) determines it to be capital. Our ancient law commanded such miscreants to be burnt to death; though Fleta says, they should be buried alive; either of which punishments was indifferently used for the crime among the ancient Goths. But now the general punishment of all felonies is the same, viz. hanging; and this offence, being in the times of popery only subject to ecclesiastical censures, was made felony without benefit of clergy, by stat. 25 Hen VIII. c. 6, revived and confirmed by 5 Eliz. c. 17. The law is, that, if both parties are arrived at the years of discretion, agentes et consentientes

pari pæna plectantur, both are liable to the same punishment.'

BUGIE, a town of Egypt, situated on the west shore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Ziden, the port town of Mecca, and about 110 miles west of it.

BUGINVILLEA, in botany, a genus of plants; class octandria, order monogynia. Gen. char. CAL. none: COR. tubular, permanent, four-toothed; eight filaments, inserted on the receptacle: GERM. superior, oblong: PERICARP one-seeded. Species, 1 B. spectabilis, a fine evergreen shrub growing in Brasil.

BUGGY. Goth. and Dan. bugge; a cradle; a large basket; a small wheeled carriage.

BU'GLE, n. s. Į From bugen, Sax. to bend, BUGLE HORN. Skinner; from bucula, Lat. a heifer, Junius; from bugle, the bonasus, Lye. A hunting horn. Chaucer uses it in the sense of a drinking vessel. Gloss. Urry derives it from bucula cornu; Gloss, to Anc. Scott, Po, explains bowgle to mean a buffalo. I have been told that now, in some parts of the north, a bull is called a boogle.

No bugle awakes him with life-and-death call.
Byron. Deformed Transformed.

BU'GLE, n. s. A shining bead of black glass, longer than the common bead, and now chiefly used for trimmings.

Bugle bracelets, necklace amber, Perfumed for a lady's chamber. Shakspeare. "Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair, Your bugle eye-balls, nor your cheek of cream, That can entame my spirits to your worship. Id. BU'GLE, n. s. in botany, from bugula, Lat. A plant. See AJUGA.

BU'GLE. n. s. A sort of wild ox. BU'GLOSS, n. s. in botany, from buglossum, Lat. The herb ox-tongue. See ANCHUSA. BUGLOSS, in botany.

BUGLOSS, SMALL WILD. See ASPERUGO. BUGLOSS, VIPER'S. See ECHIUM. BUGLOSSUS, in ichthyology, a name used by many authors for the soal fish.

BUHL, a small fortress of Suabia, on the lines of Stolhoffen, seventeen miles north-east of Strasturg.

BUILD', v. BUILD'ER, n. BUILD'ING, BUILT.

Goth. bua, bulada; Swed. bua, bylja, to construct an edifice; Sax. bolt, an edifice, bygcan; Ang.-Sax. to build. To raise from the ground; to make a fabric or an edifice; to raise in any labored form; to raise any thing on a support or foundation; to play the architect (Met.); to depend; to rest on. Thou shalt not build an house unto my name. Chronicles.

But they ran doublen hir rentall, To bigge hem castles. Chaucer's Plownman's Tale. Thomas! nought of your treson I desire As for myself; but that all our covent To pray for you is, ay, so diligent; And for to bilden Cristes owen chirche. Thomas, if ye wal lernen for to wirche,Of bilding up of chirches, may ye finde If it be good in Thomas lif of Inde.

Id. Canterbury Tales. Is built of hollow billowes heaped hye, Deepe in the bottome of the sea, her boure Like to thick clouds that threat a stormy showre, And vauted all within like to the skye, In which the gods doe dwell eternally. Thou findest fault where nys to be found, And buildest strong worke upon a weake ground. Id. When usurers tell their gold in the field, And whores and bawds do churches build.

Spenser.

Some build rather upon the abusing of others, and putting tricks upon them, than upon soundness of their own proceedings. Bacon. I would endeavour to destroy those curious, but groundless structures, that men have built of opinions alone. Boyle.

up

Forts, lines, and sconces, all the bay along, They build and act all that can make them strong. Marcell.

As is the built, so different is the fight; Their mountain shot is on our sails designed; Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light, And through the yielding planks a passage find. Dryden. Even those who had not tasted of your favours, yet built so much on the fame of your beneficence, that Id. they bemoaned the loss of their expectations.

When the head-dress was built up in a couple of cones and spires, which stood so excessively high on the side of the head, that a woman, who was but a pigmy without her head-dress, appeared like a Colossus upon putting it on.

Warburton took it in his noddle
This building was designed a model,
Or of a pigeon-house or oven,

Spectator.

Swift.

To bake one loaf or keep one dove in. There is hardly any country which has so little shipping as Ireland; the reason must be the scarcity of timber proper for this built. Temple.

Her wings with lengthened honour let her spread, And, by her greatness, shew her builder's fame.

BUILDING is also used for the art of constructing and raising an edifice. See ARCHITECTURE. The principal statutes relating to building are, 19 Car. II. c. 3; 22 Car. II. c. 11; 5 Eliz. c. 4; 35 Eliz. c. 6; 6 Ann. c. 31; 7 Ann. c. 17; 33 Geo. II. c. 30; and 6 Geo. III. c. 37. Those for regulating all buildings in the cities of London and Westminster, and other parishes and places in the weekly bills of mortality, the parishes of St. Mary-le-bone, and Paddington, St. Pancras, and St. Luke at Chelsea, for preventing mischiefs by fire, are reduced into one act by statute 44 Geo. III. c. 78. The regulations of this law are very minute and technical.

BUILDING OF SHIPS. See SHIP-BUILDING. BUILTH. See BEALT.

BUIS, a ci-devant territory of France in Dauphiné. It is mountainous, but tolerably fertile. BUIs, a town of France, in the department of the Drome, and ci-devant territory of Buis, eight miles south-east of Nions.

BUKHARIA, BOKHARIA, or BUCHARIA, (Great and Little) is the name of two considerable divisions of Independent Tartary, originally introduced into our maps from Russia. As it is generally applied, it describes rather a race or races of eastern merchants, who have called themselves Bogars, i. e. Bukharis, in the neighbourhood, and stated that they came from LALKH (which see), Cashghar, Yarkind, &c. than any specific countries or states. For no one country, but what we shall have hereafter to describe as Bukhara or Bucharia Proper (and which is distinct from both of those districts which modern geographers have called Great and Little Bukharia) ever bore this name. Europeans who have received these statements of the traders, respecting their country, have transferred to the regions in question the name of Bukharia, as inhabited by the Bukharis.

Thus understood, Great Bukharia is said to extend between the 35 and 44° of north lat., and from the 59° to the 73° of east long. being bounded on the north by the river Sirr, Silon, or Saihun, and on the south by the Amu or Jaihun, known also as the Jaxartes and as the Oxus of the ancients, and a chain of mountains on the frontiers of Persia and Hindostan. On the east is Little Bukharia. Great Bukharia comprehends the three states of Balkh, Samarcand, and Bukharia Proper; and includes the Sogdiana and Bactria of the ancients. There is an agreable variety in its geographical features: the climate is said to be temperate and healthy; and the soil the most productive of any part of Northern Asia, especially in the plains near the Sirr and the Amu. Rice and corn are cultivated here; but the country is principally laid out in pasturage, which rears so large a breed of sheep and horses, that of the latter 60,000, and of the former 10,000, have been sent annually into Russia. The mountains are rich in mineral productions, particularly in the state of BALKH, to VOL. IV.

which we refer; in Fergana, a northern province, gold, quicksilver, iron, copper, and vitriol, are found. The inhabitants, however, generally content themselves with gathering the grains of gold and precious stones, as they are washed down by the torrents, when the snow begins to melt; and appear to have no inclination to any further improvement of their advantages. So irregularly has this region been described, under its present name, that sometimes we find a country lying northward, and called Maweralnahr (or the land beyond the river) and corresponding with the ancient Transoxana, though extending far beyond the Sirr, included in it; as Balkh, on the other hand, certainly lies to the south of the Amu or Oxus. Both the province and town of Balkh, we have described. Samarcand, once considered the capital of Great Bukharia, stands in a fertile valley, on the banks of the river Sogd, which afterwards joins the Oxus or Amu. Here Tamerlane resided, and made it one of the most renowned cities of the east. It was famed for its learning, and contained one of the most celebrated of the Mahommedan universities, while it surpassed most other places of the east, at the middle of the seventh century, in the manufacture of silk and paper; but its days of splendor are gone by. Some of the houses are built of stone, others of an inferior brick; but the whole place is environed with ramparts, which are said, in the fifteenth century, to have included a population of 150,000 persons. See SAMARCAND. It still conducts a brisk trade in the fruits of the district, and under Shah Murad Bay, who took it from the Tartar tribe of Yuz, has recovered some of its former greatness. The inhabitants may be said to consist of three distinct tribes, the native race of Buchars, the Moguls, and the Usbeck Tartars. The first, or the Buchars, who inhabit the towns and villages, are quiet and inoffensive in their manners: they are devoted to trade and commerce; and are said never to carry a weapon; both the other tribes are of violent and warlike character, delighting in martial exercises; and constantly engaged in quarrels and hostilities with the Persians or Hindoos. The Usbeck Tartars are the rulers of the country, which is governed by khans, to whom the inhabitants pay a tribute, gathered yearly. The original race carry on most extensive commercial intercourse with Russia, China, and Tibet; some have conjectured their origin to be Jewish, and connected with the obscure history of the lost ten tribes, others that they are of Persian or Scythian origin. Be this as it may, they are diffused throughout all the east, and have a great general resemblance; are of fair complexion, with black, expressive eyes, a Roman nose, fine general features, and a profusion of black hair and beard. Their women are remarkably beautiful. The Usbecks are for the most part short and stout; their complexion is clear and ruddy, the hair black, and the beard thin. They have a broad forehead, high cheek bones, and small eyes. The men dress in a cotton shirt and trowsers, over which is a coat or tunic of silk or woollen cloth, bound by a girdle, and a gown of felt or woollen. The national head dress is a large white turban overa kalpac or pointed silken cap. Boots are worn

2 T