Tindal in the composition of Christianity as old as the Creation. He now produced a translation of Theophrastus's characters. Becoming again embarrassed, after the cessation of the Bee,and having been called to the bar, he attended for some time in the courts of law, but finding himself unable to obtain practice, he resolved on suicide. Accordingly in 1736, after filling his pockets with stones, he took a boat at Somerset-stairs, and threw himself into the river under the bridge. Upon his bureau was found a slip of paper, on which were these words :

What Cato did, and Addison approved,
Cannot be wrong.

BUDGET. Fr. bougette, Dan. buget, from Goth. balg, Teut. balg, barb. Lat. bulga, Ital. bolgia, volgia, bolgetta. A wallet, a sack. It is used for a store or stock.

His budget with corruptions crammed, The contributions of the damned.

Hudibras,

Swift. BUDGET, in parliamentary language, means the minister's proposed plan of taxation for the subsequent year; and comprehends not only the new taxes and an estimate of their probable amount, but a general view of the national debt, income and expenditure, ways and means of raising supplies, &c. with the real product of the last budget.

BUDHURS, in ichthyology, a name given by the Irish to a large species of trout, resembling the red gillaroo.

BUDINGEN, a town of Germany in the grand duchy of Hesse, the capital of the county of Upper Isenburg, ten miles north-east of Frank

fort.

BUDINUS, in ancient geography, a mountain of Sarmatia Europea, from which the northern spring of the Borysthenes is said to take its rise, according to Ptolemy. But this is contradicted by later accounts. It is now called Podolia.

BUDLEY, a sea-bathing town of Devonshire, near the mouth of the Otter. It had once a market on Monday, and is now recovering its former respectability; distant three miles from Exmouth.

BUDNÆANS, in ecclesiastical history, a sect of the sixteenth century, who not only denied all kind of religious worship to Jesus Christ, but asserted that he was begotten like other men, and in the natural way.

BUDNÆUS (Simon), the founder of the above-mentioned sect, was a clergyman, deposed from his ministerial functions in the year 1584, and publicly excommunicated, with all his disciples, but afterwards, abandoning some of his

peculiar sentiments, he was admitted to the communion of the Socinians.

BUDOA, a small maritime town of the Austrian empire in Dalmatia. It is seated between the gulf of Cattaro, and the city of Dulcigno, on the coast of Albania; and was once an important fortress, where the Venetians kept a strong garrison. In 1665 it suffered greatly by an earthquake; and in 1686 was besieged by Soliman, basha of Scutari : but Cornaro obliged him to raise the siege.

BUDUN, one of the Ceylonese gods, who is fabled to have arrived at supremacy, after successive transmigrations from the lowest state of an insect, through the various species of living animals. There are three deities of this name, each of whom is said to reign till a bird shall have removed a hill of sand, half a mile high and six miles round, by carrying off a single grain once in 1000 years. See CEYLON.

The

BUDÚKSHAUN, a range of mountains in Asia, extending northwards from the great ridge of Hindoo Coosh to the source of the Oxus. It thus forms the western boundary of the territory of Kaushkaur; and is covered with snow during the greater part of the year; but there is only one point of perpetual snow, being that from which the Oxus and Kama take their rise. neighbourhood is watered also by a considerable river, called the Koocha, which falls into the Oxus. These mountains contain valuable mines of silver, iron, antimony, and lapis lazuli. Bu dukshaun has also been celebrated for its rubies, situated on the lower hills, near the Oxus; but they are no longer wrought. From its inaccessible situation, this country has generally maintained its independence. The present chief, Sultaun Mahommed, is said to be absolute over his own subjects, and has a revenue of about £60,000. The capital is Fyzabad, a considerable place.

BUDWEIS, a circle and mining town of Bohemia, containing nine towns, twenty-six market boroughs, twenty-seven lordships, 860 villages, and 170,000 inhabitants. Here are the sources of the Moldau, and very extensive forests and sheepwalks. The town is large and well built, surrounded with walls, and partially fortified. It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1744, but he did not keep it long. Here are manufactures of salt-petre and cloth. Population 4600. Distant sixty-six miles south of Prague.

BUDZIAC TARTARY, See BESSARABIA. BUENAVENTURA, a Spanish settlement and mission on the coast of New California, visited by Vancouver in 1793. He says that the buildings of the mission, the arrangement of the gardens, and the cultivation of the land in the immediate vicinity, is in a style superior to that of any of the settlements to the north. It was founded in 1788, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Long. 241° 2′ E., lat. 34° 16' N.

BUENOS AYRES, an independent state of South America, and one of the United Provinces of the southern hemisphere, was, until the late revolution, a vice-royalty of the dominions of Spain, and sometimes called the vice-royalty of La Plata. At that period it was described as extending from the Rio Desaguadero to the most

northern settlements on the Paraguay, upwards of 1600 miles in length; and, from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata to Chili, nearly 1000 in breadth; forming the most important part of the Spanish possessions in the New World. It was erected into a distinct vice-royalty so late as the year 1778, and consisted of five provinces, viz. Buenos Ayres, or Rio de la Plata, Paraguay, Tucuman, Los Charcas, or Potosi, and Cuyo. We can feel no such apprehensions for the cause of liberty, as to imagine that these provinces will ever again fall under the dominion of the mother country (if, indeed, it be not a sort of profanation to apply such a term to Spain); but having sketched (see our article SOUTH AMERICA) the general features of this important portion of the new continent, and the union of these provinces being, at present, far from settled, we devote this article to a description of Buenos Ayres Proper, always the chief of them, and the channel through which their principal productions have reached Europe.

The province or state of Buenos Ayres, then, is now hounded on the east by the river Parama, and its continuance the La Plata; on the north by the stream Arroyo de en Medio, which divides it from Santa Fé; and on the south and west by the Solado, which empties itself into the bay of Somborombon. The extravagant claims of the Spanish government included the territory southward, nearly to 47° of latitude, and attempts have been lately made to extend the actual boundaries farther in that direction. In fact, at different periods, the grazing grounds of the province have stretched as far as 37° south latitude; but it seems more than doubtful whether the Indians, who have become alarmed at this advance, and who frequently penetrate to the neighbourhood of the capital, will sanction it by any treaty. In the year 1740, a line was run across the continent, in latitude 35°, to the south ward of which it was understood the various hordes of Indians were to confine themselves. On the sea-coast the Europeans have had much less difficulty in extending the limits of their possessions, than more in the centre of the country. It is calculated that this territory contains about 1520 square leagues.

. The mighty La Plata, formed of the united streams of the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Parama, and Uruguay, is the chief geographical feature of this province, and the great outlet, or central basin, of this part of South America. The waters of the western side of the mountains of Brasil, and those of the eastern side of the Andes, as well as those of the intermediate ranges of Cordova and Tucuman, have no estuary but in this direction.

The geological formations on each side of this great stream are interesting, as it appears to separate the primitive from the newest secondary formations in a remarkable manner. On the north, or Montevideo side, the rocks are granite, gneiss, clayslate, and primitive trap (greenstone); while on the south side, a new stalactiform limestone, of a brownish white color, is found lying upon beds of a stiff clay. These clay beds extend a considerable distance into Patagonia and little farther is known of the

geology of that country. Round Buenos Ayres the upper soil is chicfly of a light nature, approaching to marl, covering a stiff clay subsoil, which the natives call fosca.

Immense advantages in the way of trade are already connected with, and still more are promised by, this stream. In fifteen days vessels can proceed up the Parana and Paraguay as far as Asumpcion, where the river is a mile and a half in breadth. The back voyage nearly occupies as much time, as, for several degrees of latitude, the fall in the river does not exceed one foot in a thousand. The course of the river Uruguay is also very extended, but, on account of numerous falls, it would not afford the same facilities to navigation as the Paraguay. A branch of it, the Rio Negro, may be navigated about forty miles from its junction.

The Tercero, which runs into the Parana under the name of the Carcarânal, might be rendered navigable at a moderate expense, and would furnish an outlet from Cordova, San Jago, and the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. It rises in the mountains to the west of Cordova, and pursues an easterly course, leaving that city about thirty leagues to the north. It was surveyed as far back as the year 1811, with a view to this object, and the report was favorable. It is remarkable, that not one of the many streams which descend from the Cordillera, west of Buenos Ayres, reaches the sea. They spread over so large a surface of flat country, that they either become evaporated by heat, or formlakes of small dimensions. In the Pampas, the want of water is often severely felt. This flatness of the country also precludes the probability of springs; the wells of Buenos Ayres are obliged to be dug of great depth, and perforate the clay bed.

The climate is remarkably fine and healthy During the summer months, the general range of the thermometer is from 75° to 84° of Fah. On the 21st of February, 1821, the mercury stood for many hours at 91° in the shade. The mean temperature of the three summer months of 1822, was 71° 9'. In winter the thermometer varies from 55° to 60°. Blasts from the Cordilleras will sometimes sweep over the country, and cause the mercury to fall in an extraordinary way. These blasts will strike the arm, or any other exposed part of the body, and produce a numbness, which sometimes remains for several days. Heavy rains fall in July, August, and September. The rains during the summer are extremely irregular, they have the character of thunder-showers; hail-storms at this period of the year are common. These storms are frequently attended with the most fatal consequences. In one of them, which happened in the year 1793, the lightning struck the town of Buenos Ayres in thirty-seven different places, and killed nineteen persons.

The most common disease in the capital and its neighbourhood is consumption (arising it is supposed from the chilling gusts already named), bowel complaint, and gout; but the latter is not very frequent. In the country, disease, even in the swampy districts, is hardly known. The small pox has appeared in the four provinces, but vaccination has almost exterminated it. The

white inhabitants generally reach a good old age, more particularly the females, who seem to possess strong constitutions in very advanced years. The Pampas are covered with immense efflorescences of salt, and formerly a considerable party of salt-collectors used to leave the capital about the month of September, with much ceremony, to obtain that article after the waters had subsided and deposited it on the surface. It was very impure, and even found unfit for the preservation of jerked beef, making it hard and of bad flavor. A small traffic in bags of salt is still carried on with the Indians, but this is said to be collected from the lakes, being regularly crystallised in cubes. The domestic consumption of salt is very limited.

The former vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres was rich in the silver mines of Potosi, La Paz, and others long celebrated in Europe. Previous to the separation of the provinces, the mine of Famatina in the valley of the same name, to the north of San Juan, was also within the jurisdiction of Buenos Ayres. It was singularly rich the silver being, according to the Spanish phrase, chiselled out of the gangue, which was a carbonate of lime. And, in 1814, some English merchants entertained an idea of renting it; but upon mature reflection, considering the country in too unsettled a state, they prudently relinquished their plan. The province, at present, is singularly deficient in mineral productions.

It is also almost entirely destitute of timber. One of the few indigenous trees is the umbú, but this is only found in the neighbourhood of the capital; wn'e some species of cactus, the cardon or thistle with blue flowers, and a few more, constitute the native vegetable productions. The Spaniards introduced the olive and the hard peach with some success; they grow quickly, particularly where a little shelter is afforded by the taller trees from the bleak winds that sweep the surface of the country; the cherry tree is also common, but has never been known to produce any fruit, the blossoms being cut off by the wind. The sauce, or willow, is met with on the banks of the Canada. Grasses thrive; and the apple and melon are abundant, but not fine. Most of the vegetables of Europe have been cultivated with success, but their use is confined to Europeans; for the Gauchos, or people of color, view them with eyes of ridicule, and consider a man who would eat them as little superior to the beasts. Gourds are the only edible plants with them. The government has lately turned its attention to the formation of public forest-plantations, which furnish young plants to cultivators at a moderate price; in a few years it is expected they will become a source of considerable wealth to the state. The islands in the Parana abound in indigenous vegetation: and with the trefoil and cardon of the immense plains of Buenos Ayres, its stormy breezes evidently agree.

The species of quadrupeds are not numerous, nor peculiar: the quantity of cattle it is well known is immense, though since the revolution it has been much diminished. Horses also are bred by thousands. In the neighbourhood of the capital, a curious little animal is also found in great numbers, the biscachia, lepus biscaa. It

is not unlike our rabbit in shape and size, it burrows and surrounds its hole with abundance of bones: an owl is said generally to be hovering near. The armadillo is common in the Pampas, a small species of unpleasant smelling deer, and the ounce.

The nandu, (South American ostrich) and swan, are also found in considerable numbers. The former is about half the size of the African species, it runs very fast, and is taken by the Gauchos with balls of stone attached to a leather thong, which they generally throw round its neck. Several females, it is said, lay their eggs in one nest, and the male hatches them. The swan is a most majestic and beautifully shaped bird; the body is perfectly white, and the head and part of the neck black. A considerable trade is carried on in its plumage and skin. It is taken by being followed into the water and entangled by a leather thong, in the same manner as the ostrich. There are two kinds of partridges here; the one small, and similar to the quail of Europe, and the other considerably larger. They are taken in various ways. The more usual method is that of galloping round the covey, continually fixing the eyes on them, and, by closing the circle, they at last allow themselves to be taken up by a noose at the end of a stick. It is said that they subsist on animal food. On the banks of the rivers great variety of water-fowl subsist on the fish. In the city the mosquito is common, but not so troublesome as in some other parts of South America. Fleas abound; and seem, as Dobrizhoffer says, to live in the grass, for on lying down in some places, the body becomes covered with them. Reptiles are not common.

Bones of the Megatherium have been found here, and an almost entire skeleton was sent home by the viceroy in 1789. It was found on the shores of the Lugan, about fifteen leagues from Buenos Ayres. In the same direction, a soldier found a tooth within the last few years.

The larger farms are chiefly occupied with cattle and horses: .of the latter 6000 head have been sometimes owned by one breeder, besides a due proportion of horned cattle. The grazing grounds are many miles in circumference, and the cattle in excellent condition, Horses cannot now be said to be found absolutely wild; but, prior to the revolution, public officers went annually round the country and seized all unmarked cattle for the king: it has therefore been the custom to mark them early, and for a purchaser to countermark them, or they may be at any time reclaimed. Such is the abundance of these animals that the greater part are reared only for their hides. In Buenos Ayres, a superior horse will sometimes sell for eighteen or twenty dollars; but if purchased in the country, at a distance from a market, not above four or five. In 1821 the government paid, for the army, at the rate of three dollars per horse. Mules are little attended to in this province, though in the neigh bourhood, at Cordova and Mendoza, they are a chief object of commerce. The horned cattle are so numerous, and meat so cheap, that a whole ox may be purchased for three or four dollars at any time; the hide alone being worth three and

a-half. So abundant is flesh meat, that the domestic poultry are said to be fed with it. But the late civil troubles have affected no feature of the country more than this. Their numbers, according to Mr. Caldcleugh are diminished since the revolution full one-half. M. Rivadavia, one of the ablest ministers of this republican government, observing this, has recently caused a decree to pass the house of representatives, prohibiting any cows to be slaughtered, excepting in those districts which approached the Indian frontier, and where, in case of sudden irruption, it would be found impossible to drive them off. Should the country,' says our traveller, 'remain quiet for any length of time, and recover from the effects of devastation committed by the various chiefs and by the Indians, there can be no doubt, with such rich pasture, the number of cattle will reach its former extraordinary limits.'

as yet been paid to the state of the roads, which extend but a short distance in any regular way into the interior. They are traversed either by single mules or waggons; the wheels of which, in order to pass through the pantanos, or sloughs, are of immense dimensions. They travel together in numbers, with one for a conductor, and his family, and traverse the plains to the shores of the Pacific.

The commerce of this country has fluctuated a good deal since the revolution. In the year ending the fifth of January, 1817, the English merchants shipped to Buenos Ayres, goods to the value of £388,487; while in the year ending January the 5th, 1823, their value was £1,164,745, showing an unprecedented increase. During the year 1822, 167 English vessels sailed from various ports for Buenos Ayres, carrying thither every description of manufactured goods, beer, &c. In 1814 there were 20,000 tons of shipping employed by Buenos Ayres; but such was the distressed state of the country during the years 1819 and 1820, that the amount sunk again as low as 8,000 tons. From that period the increase has been steady. It should be observed that our commerce with Buenos Ayres far exceeds that of any other nation.

The following exhibits a picture of the trade of the port of Buenos Ayres at a very recent period:

To

The poncho, an oblong piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, for the head, is the common dress of the lower classes, and a principal article of manufacture throughout the province. this if we add a few Indian articles, made from hides and ostrich feathers, some coarse woollen cloths, and cotton goods, we shall have enumerated the only manufactures worth naming. But the poncho is a superior article in point of texture. The chief articles of export are hides, tallow, horns, hair, jerked beef, wool, Vicuna wool (for hat making), Chinchilli and Neutre skins. 957,600 horse and cow hides, arrived in England alone in the year 1822. Until 1816 the chief article of internal trade, was the Paraguay yerba, or tea, of which in 1814, 20,000 bales, worth at least a million sterling, came down the river. It is as universally drunk here as tea in England; but of late the dictator of Paraguay has prohibited its leaving that country. The method of preparing it is to put a small quantity of the leaves into a gourd, or cup, in which is placed a reed, or silver tube, called bombilla; hot water is then poured on it, and the infusion is sucked through the tube. Sugar is generally mixed with it, and it possesses excellent stomachic qualities. On leaving the country, travellers miss it exceedingly An inferior kind called the palo, or Por

I. An Account of Vessels which have arrived in the Port of Buenos Ayres.

January.

February.

March.

17.825

2 Swedes

3 French

3 Sardinian 1 Dane

2 French

1 Sardinian

1 Dutch

1 Dane

II. An Account of Vessels which have cleared

771

284

3515

13,914

The government is republican and representative. It may be said, after many changes, to have taken its present form in August, 1821. At this period the chamber of representatives was declared extraordinary and constituent, and made the following regulations :-It was decreed that the number of representatives for the city and the country should be doubled, and that one should be added for Patagonia, thus making the number forty-seven. Secondly, That at the commencement of each session, half of the members should go out, and fresh elections take place. Thirdly, That no members should receive pay from government. And lastly, That a president and vice-president should be chosen in turn annually. At first the distinction of deputy was not an honor much sought for: it was an elevation to what appeared a dangerous height, and from which men might be precipitated, they knew not how soon: such little confidence could then be put in the stability of the government. At the last election this feeling had considerably worn away, and the electors and candidates seemed aware of that distinction which, in all countries, where a proper feeling exists, is viewed with eager eyes. The sessions of the chamber commence about May or June, and last until December, when it is prorogued on account of the summer heats. The style of the chief executive officer of the state now is, Governor and Captain General of the Province of Buenos Ayres.

All the comforts of the common people here are concentrated in their abundant animal food, and .their yerba matté: drink has very little of their attention. The poncho before mentioned covers the shoulders, and the skin of the hind leg of a horse produces for the man an elegant natural

'Deliberate murder, however,' says Mr. Caldecleugh, rarely occurs. The disposition of the people is decidedly good, and their honesty has never been called in question. Industry is all that is wanting. The man attends to the horse, and will take charge of nothing else. The wife is the slave, and has to exercise her reflecting faculties as well as her hands for the husband. The cow is placed under her care; she milks what is required for the family and no more, butter and cheese she is little acquainted with. On entering their huts the woman puts the stool or the head of an ox for a seat, but the husband never rises: he is pleased with the visit of the stranger, but would cease to enjoy it if it cost him the Icast bodily exertion. The visitor may proceed to the hearth and use the small copper vessel in which the water is boiled for the mattés; he may even take the meat off the wooden spit-but he must do all this himself; to ask the gaucho for any exertion would be to run the risk of displeasure, and he would after all only call to his wife, without turning his head. Nothing excites their surprise more than to see a foreigner bustling about his own baggage, and looking after every thing