third a sorel, the fourth a sore, the fifth a buck of the first head, and the sixth a great buck. See DEER and HUNTING. BUCKINGHAM, a county of the United States, in Virginia, bounded on the north by James river, which separates it from Fluvanna; on the south-east by Cumberland; on the southwest by Campbell; and on the south by the Appamattox, which divides it from Prince Edward County. It is sixty-five miles long and thirty broad. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, or BUCKS, is an inland county of England, bounded on the north by Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire; on the east by Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex; on the west by Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire; and on the south by Berkshire, from which it is separated by the Thames. Its figure is that of a crescent, with a jagged outline; its greatest length from north to south about forty-five miles, its breadth about eighteen, and its circumference 138 miles, containing 518,400 statute acres, according to the report of the Board of Agriculture, but only 478,720, according to the parliamentary returns of the poor's rate. It has fifteen market towns, and returns fourteen members to parliament: viz. two for the county; two for Buckingham; two for Aylesbury; two for Wycombe; two for Amersham; two for Wendover; and two for Marlow. There are seven deaneries it it. Though in the diocese of Lincoln, four parishes are in the peculiar jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury, and four others are in the diocese of London, and in the jurisdiction of the archdeacon of St. Albans. The great tithes of ninety-two parishes are in lay hands, and most of the remainder are held by lay leases. The Summer assizes are held at Buckingham, the Lent assizes at Aylesbury. The quarter-sessions are always held at Aylesbury. Buckinghamshire contains many magnificent seats; among which the most celebrated are Stowe, the seat of the marquis of Buckingham; Bulstrode, formerly belonging to the Rutland family; Dropmore, the seat of lord Grenville, Taploe house, and Wycombe abbey. Its principal rivers are the Thames, the Ouse, and the Colne. The Colne forms a part of its eastern boundary, separating it from Middlesex; it passes near Denham and Iver, through Colnbrook, to which it gives its name, and near Horton and Wyradesbury, and falls into the Thames between Ankerwyke and Staines. The Ouse slow winding through a level plain Of spacious meads, with cattle sprinkled o'er, enters the west side of the county, and passing Water Stratford, pursues an irregular course to Buckingham, whence it winds through a fertile meadow tract, in the neighbourhood of Stony Stratford, Newport Pagnell, and Oluey, and then turning to the east, leaves the county near Snelson, in the parish of Lavendon. Old father Thames forms part of the boundary, and is the chief ornament of the southern part of the county, dividing it from Berkshire, during a course of about thirty miles. In its progress it passes Medmenham, Great Marlow, Hedsor, Taplow, Boveney, Eton, and Datchet, and is navigable throughout. The Grand Junction Canal enters the county near Wolverton, where it is carried across the valley, over the river Ouse, by a magnificent aqueduct, of about three quarters of a mile in length; thence flowing to the south, it passes Fenny Stratford, StokeHammond, Cinslade, and Ivinghoe, into Hertfordshire. From a branch of the canal at Old Stratford, a cut has been made to Buckingham ; and another from Bulbourne to Wendover. The southern part of this county, beyond the Thames, is principally occupied by the Chiltern Hills, having a chalk soil, intermixed with flints. They stretch across the country from Bedfordshire to Oxfordshire, forming a part of that great chain which extends from Norfolk to Dorset. On the west side of Buckinghamshire, adjoining Oxfordshire, is a range of hills of calcareous stone. In that part of the county which borders on Bedfordshire, about Wavenden, Broughton, and the Brickhills, the soil is a deep sand. The fertile vale of Aylesbury lies under the Chiltern Hills, occupying the middle of the county, and is formed of a rich black loam, on a calcareous subsoil. In the northern parts the soil is chiefly clay; but on the Bedfordshire border the surface rises into gentle sand-hills. The Chiltern district is said to have been once a forest; the western part, occupied by that of Bernwood, was disforested in the reign of James I. At present, the chief woodlands lie to the south of the Chiltern Hills. On a tract of land, extending across Little Kimble parish into that of Great Kimble, there are about 100 acres of box-wood, apparently the growth of the soil. black cherry abounds in the neighbourhood of Chesham. The The prevailing timber in the southern part of the county is beech; one wood of which, in the parish of Wycombe, is said to contain 700 acres ; nearly one-sixth part of the land between the road to Oxford and the Thames is supposed to be covered with this wood. Some antiquarians have derived its name from Buccan, A.S. beech. Whaddon Chase is the principal woodland in the northern part of the county, containing 2200 acres of coppices. At Newport Pagnell is a good quarry of marble, at a considerable depth. At Wavenden are the celebrated fullers' earth pits, one of which only is now occasionally worked. Pennant thus describes the strata: 'The beds over the marl are, first, several layers of reddish sand to the thickness of six yards; then succeeds a stratum of sandstone, of the same color, beneath which, for seven or eight yards more, the sand is again continued to the fullers' earth, the upper part of which being impure, or mixed with sand, is flung aside; the rest taken up for use. earth lies in layers, under which is a bed of rough white freestone, and under that sand, beyond which the laborers have never penetrated.' The only rare plant known to botanists as indigenous to this county, is the dentaria bulbifera, which grows abundantly in its south-east corner. The great snail, or pomatia, Mr. Pennant was informed, is found in the woods near Gothurst; and he regards this as its most southern residence in England. The This county has long been remarkable for its corn and cattle. Buckinghamshire bread and beef,' was an old proverb. As far back as the time of Camden, fine flocks of sheep were fed in the vale of Aylesbury, which yielded great profit from their wool; see AYLESBURY. At present this vale feeds oxen for the London market, to which it also sends weekly immense supplies of butter. There is a small proportion of arable land in the northern division of the county; and not much in any other part, except the Chiltern districts, which are usually cultivated with wheat, barley, oats, beans, and sainfoin. In the neighbourhood of Aylesbury, ducks are reared very early in the spring, and sometimes at Christmas, which, being sent to London, sell at a high price. The ducks are prevented from laying, by artificial means, till October or November. A few weeks before they lay, they are fed highly; the eggs are hatched by hens, which are frequently exhausted to death, by sitting on three broods successively. As soon as the ducklings break the shell, they are nursed with care at the fire side. It has long been an old proverb in Bucks, 'more live by the lands than the hands: the only manufactures of consequence here are those of bone-lace and paper. The former is carried on at Olney, Newport Pagnell, and Hanslope, a village about five miles north-west from Newport Pagnell. Here, in the year 1801, 800, out of a population of 1275, were employed in this manufacture. The lace sells from sixpence to two guineas a yard. But, since it has been made on the frame at Nottingham, Loughborough, and other places, this manufacture of Buckinghamshire has been on the decline. In the neighbourhood of Wycombe the manufacture of paper has been carried on for more than a century. On a part of the small river Wyke, which passes through this parish, there are fifteen corn and paper-mills. At Amersham there is a manufacture of sacking, and white cotton goods. Manufactures of paper and black silk lace are found at Marlow; large works of copper, brass, and brass-wire, and mills for making thimbles, and pressing rape and linseed. The principal markets in the county are those of Aylesbury, Buckingham, and Wycombe. Marlow fair is much celebrated for its horses. Roman roads penetrate this county, and there are some remains of the military stations of that nation. A considerable mound, called Grimesdike, which seems a common appellation for an ancient rampart, traverses part of it in a direction from east to west. The remains of a circular camp, with a double vallum and ditch, appear on the top of the hill at West Wycombe, and those of another at High Wycombe. A cross, on the side of a hill near the hamlet of Whiteleaf, is supposed to be intended to commemorate a battle fought by Edward the Elder against the Danes. In the churches at Chetwode, Chesham Bois, Hitcham, and Hillesden, are some of the earliest and most elegant specimens of stained glass in the kingdom; and the church of Stukeley is deserving of notice, as affording one of the most complete specimens of Saxon architecture now remaining. Happily no part of it, externally or internally, has been much altered or defaced; nor have any additions been made to it, except the porch on the south side, and the pinnacles of the tower. The date of 1106 is said to have been observed on a stone by some workmen who were repairing the roof of the chancel. The chancel of the church of Chetwode, supposed to have been founded in the year 1244, has lancet-shaped windows, with slender pillars, the capitals of several of which are highly enriched with foliage and figures of animals. Hillesden church, which was rebuilt about the year 1493, affords a rich specimen of the later Gothic. Some of the most ancient and elegant specimens of stained glass in the kingdom, remain in the chancel of Chetwode church; as there is little doubt that this glass was coeval with the erection of the church, in 1244, it may be considered as one of the oldest specimens of the kind in England. BUCKINGHAM, the county town, is sixteen miles and a half north from Aylesbury, and fiftyfive from London, by Uxbridge; seated on the Ouse, over which it has three stone bridges. It is a very ancient town, and fortified with a rampart and turret, by Edward the Elder, in the year 918. Formerly it had a castle on a hill which divides the town, on the site of which a handsome new church, with a tower and spire 150 feet high, has been lately built; but the burying-ground is continued at the former church-yard. The inside of the church is fitted up in an elegant style; the altar-piece, representing the transfiguration of Christ, after Raphael, was presented to the parish by the marquis of Buckingham. The town consists of one long irregular street, the houses in which are meanly built, and some of them thatched. The manufacture, which is lace-making, and the trade of the town generally, is but small. In the reign of Edward III. one of the staples for wool was fixed here; and there still remains an old house called the wool-hall. On the banks of the river are several corn and paper-mills. It sends two members to parliament. Queen Mary incorporated it with a bailiff and twelve burgesses, who are the sole electors of its members. All the county business was formerly transacted at Aylesbury, but, by a late act of parliament, the summer assizes are held at Buckingham. Sessions also are held here twice a year, in the town-hall, and it has a court for the recovery of small debts. Here are a grammar-school, several places of worship for dissenters, and various excellent charitable institutions. The town has given the title of duke to several illustrious families. In the neighbourhood is Stowe, the celebrated seat of the marquis of Buckingham. This place suffered greatly by fire, in March, 1725, by which 138 families lost nearly £38,000. It is a great thoroughfare to Chester, Ireland, &c. The market on Saturday is well attended, and here are several fairs. BUCK'LE, v. & n. Goth. baug; Teut. BUCK'LING, auglein; Swed. bukkel, BUCK'LER, v. & n. Sbuckla; Welsh and Arm. boucl; Irish, bucla; Fr. boucle; from Goth. boga, to bow, or curve, whence Fr. bogue. Buckler is supposed to be cognate with buckle in the sense of circular, as Goth. round was a shield; but Richesse a girdle had upon; Most bucklers were adorned with figures of birds, beasts, gods, celestial bodies, &c.; a custom derived from the heroic times, and from them communicated to the Grecians, Romans, and barbarians. The scutum, or Roman buckler, was of wood, the parts being joined together with little plates of iron, and the whole covered with a bull's hide. An iron plate encompassed it without, to keep off blows; and another within, to prevent damage by lying on the ground. In the middle was an iron boss, umbo, jutting out, to glance off stones and darts; and sometimes to press violently upon the enemy, and drive all before them. The clypei were less, and quite round, belonging more properly to other nations, though for some time used by Chaucer's Romaunt of the Rose. the Romans. The scuta were of two kinds; the ovata, of a plain oval figure; and the imbricata, oblong, and bending inward like half a Id. Canterbury Tales. cylinder. Polybius makes the scuta four feet long, and Plutarch calls them Toồnρug, reaching down to the feet. And it is probable that they covered almost the whole body, for in Livy we find that soldiers on guard sometimes slept with their head on their shield, having fixed the other part of it in the earth. Bucklers were often hung up in their temples, either in commemoration of some hero, or as a thanksgiving for a victory obtained over an enemy; whose bucklers, taken in war, were offered as a trophy. Knightes of retenue, and eke 'squieres, Nailing the speres, and helmes bokeling. The Saracen, this hearing, rose amain, Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery, Shakspeare. Id. Fair lined slippers for the cold, The wretch, whose fever-weakened joints, Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life, Impatient of his fit, breaks like a fire Out of his keeper's arms. Id. Thus ever, when I buckle on my helmet, Thy fears afflict thee. Philips. BUCKLE, in heraldry, is considered as a token of the surety, faith, and service of the bearer: it is an ancient and honorable bearing. It is necessary to describe the shape of the buckle, whether it be round, oval, square, &c. as, 'He beareth sable a chevron between three oval buckles argent, by the name of Mallet.' BUCKLERS were composed of wickers woven together, or wood of the lightest sort, covered with hides, and fortified with plates of brass or other metal. The figure was sometimes round, sometimes oval, and sometimes almost square. VOL. IV. The BUCKLER-THORN, n. s. BUCK-MAST, n. s. beech tree. BUCK'RAM, n. & adj. Christ's thorn. Fr. bourgrain, Ital. bugrane, Dut. bockerael. A kind of cloth stiffened with gum: but formerly called trellis, from its lattice-like texture. I have peppered two of them; two, I am sure, I have paid, two rogues in buckram suits. Shakspeare. BUCKRAM is more generally, if not always, stiffened with glue, and used in the making of garments to keep them in the form intended. It is used in the bodies of women's gowns; to make wrappers to cover cloths, serges, and other merchandise, &c. to preserve them, and keep them from the dust. Buckrams are sold wholesale by the dozen of small pieces or remnants, each about four ells long, and broad according Someto the piece from which they are cut. times new pieces of linen cloth are used to make buckrams, but most commonly old sheets and old pieces of sails. BUCK'RAMS, n. s. The same with wild garlick. BUCKS, a populous and well-cultivated county of the United States, in Pennsylvania; bounded on the north-east, east, and south-east, by the Delaware; which separates it from Hunterdon County; on the south-west by Philadelphia and Montgomery Counties, and on the north-west by Northampton. Its greatest length is forty-one miles, and breadth twenty-one. On the south it is fertile, but the land on the north is rather poor: but it abounds in lime-stone. Lead and iron ores have also been discovered in it. Newton is the chief town. BUCKS. See BUCKINGHAM. 2 T BUCK'SHORN PLANTAIN, in botany, Lat. coronopus, from the form of the leaf. A plant. See PLANTAGO. BUCKS-HORN, WARTED. See COCHLEARIA. BUCK-STALL, a toil to take deer, which must not be kept by any person who has not a park of his own, under penalties. BUCKTHORN, n. s. in botany, Lat. rhamnus, supposed to be so called from the Saxon bucc, the belly. A tree that bears a purging berry. See RHAMNUS. BUCK-THORN, SEA. See HIPPOPHAE. BUCK'WHEAT, n. s. in botany, Germ. buckweitz, Lat. fagopyrum. A plant. See POLY GONUM. BUCOLICA, the art of managing cattle. BUCOLICK adj. Bovкolika, from Bovkolos, a cowherd. Pastoral. BUCOLICS, in ancient poetry, poems relating to shepherds and country affairs, which, according to the most generally received opinion, originated in Sicily. Bucolics, says Vossius, have some conformity with comedy. Like it, they are pictures and imitations of ordinary life; with this difference, that comedy represents the manners of the inhabitants of cities, and bucolics the occupations of country people. Sometimes, this last poem is in form of a monologue, and sometimes of a dialogue. Sometimes there is action in it, and sometimes only narration; and sometimes it is composed both of action and narration. The hexameter verse is the most proper for bucolics in the Greek and Latin tongues. Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil, are the most renowned of the ancient bucolic poets. BUCTON, in anatomy, a word used by Severinus and others for the hymen. Though laboring yokes on their own necks they feared, And felt for budding horns on their smooth foreheads Of apricots, the largest is much improved by budding upon a peach stock. Temple. Insects wound the tender buds, with a long hollow trunk, and deposit an egg in the hole, with a sharp corroding liquor that causeth a swelling in the leaf, and closeth the orifice. Bentley. The hawthorn whitens, and the juicy groves Thomson BUD. See BOTANY, Index. BUDA, or OFFEN BUDA, a city of Hungary, in the county of Pillisch, is situated on the west bank of the Danube, and is the capital of Lower Hungary. Sometimes it is regarded, in conjunction with Pesth, from which it is separated only by a bridge of boats, as the metropolis of the kingdom. The length of this bridge, which consists of forty-seven large boats, connected with chains, is about 300 yards. Buda is the residence of the Palatine, and contains 30,000 in'habitants. Its situation is on the right bank of the Danube, and is commanding and majestic. The fortress, which occupies a high rock, contains the palaces of the palatine, and of the nobles, the public arsenal and theatre, with many churches and streets. At the foot of this eminence, and along the side of the river, runs a street, while others, with gardens, surround it in different directions: a second rocky eminence, called the Blocksberg, hangs over the river at a short distance to the south, on which a new observatory is constructed. The Danube is nowhere seen to more advantage; and the town has been considerably improved since a recent fire, which consumed the greater part of the lower division. Buda was the residence of the Hungarian n.onarchs, till the Turks took it in 1526, and destroyed a celebrated library, founded by Matthias I.. Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, recovered it in 1527, but in 1529 the Turks took it again. In 1684 the Christians laid siege to it, but were obliged to raise it soon after, Bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of the though they had an army of 80,000 men. In 1686, BUD', v. & n. Sax. buta, Teut. butz, Belbot, Wel. bot, Fr. bouton. Verb Belg. botten, Teut. baussen, Fr. boutonner. The first shoot of a plant; a germ. To put forth the germ of leaves; to put forth young shoots or germs. To rise as a germ from the stalk; to be in the bloom or growing. To innoculate; to graft, by inserting a bud into the rind of another tree. field. Seest not thilke same hawthorne studde, Eccl. Spenser's Shepheard's Calendar. All so my lustfull leafe is dry and sere; My timely buds with wayling all are wasted. Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet, Be as thou was wont to be, Even so by love the young and tender wit gave Id. Shakspeare. Id. Id. Heaven him all at once, then snatch'd away, however, they took it hy assault, in the sight of a very numerous army. The booty that they found it it was almost incredible, the Turks having lodged their treasures in it as a place of safety. After this they augmented its fortifications, to which the pope contributed 100,000 crowns, Buda being considered as the key of Christendom. In the neighbourhood excellent wine is made, and the town itself contains numerous baths, which are resorted to in paralytic complaints. It is 125 miles E. S. E. of Vienna, and 150 N. N. W. of Belgrade. BUDEUS (William), a learned critic of France, in the fifteenth century, was born at Paris in 1467. His parents sent him to the university of Orleans to study law; where he passed three years in dissipation. His parents sending for him back to Paris, found his former reluctance to study and love of gaming much increased. But the fire of youth beginning to cool, he was at length seized with an irresistible passion for learning. He immediately disposed of his hunting O foolishness of men! that lend their ears Milton. To those budge doctors of the stoick fur. BUDGE BACHELORS, a company clothed in long gowns, who attend the lord mayor of London during his inauguration. BUDGE BARRELS, among engineers, small barrels well hooped, with only one head; on the other end is nailed a piece of leather, to draw together upon strings like a purse. Their use is for carrying powder along with a gun or mortar; being less dangerous and easier carried than whole barrels. They are likewise used upon a battery of mortars for holding meal powder. equipage, and abstracted himself from all business, to apply to study; in which he made, without any assistance, a very rapid and amazing progress, particularly in the Latin and Greek languages. The work which gained him greatest reputation was his Treatise de Asse. He afterwards became librarian to the French king, Francis I., who at his persuasion, and that of Du Bellay, founded the Royal College of France, for teaching the languages and sciences. The king sent him to Rome, as his ambassador to Leo X. and in 1552 made him master of requests. The same year he was chosen provost of the merchants. He died at Paris in 1540. His principal works are, 1. De Asse, 4to.; 2. Notes on the Pandects; 3. Commentarii Græcæ Linguæ, fol. BUDDÆUS (John Francis), a celebrated Lutheran divine, was horn in 1667, at Anclain in Pomerania. At the age of eighteen he was sent to the university of Wittemberg, where he took his master's degree in 1687; and two years afterwards became assistant professor of philosophy. He removed from thence to Jena, next to Copenhagen, and afterwards to Halle, but returned to Jena to take the chair of theology in 1705. He died in 1729. His principal works are, 1. A large Historical German Dictionary; 2. Historia Ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti, 2 vols. 4to.; 3. Elementa Philosophiæ Practice, Instrumentalis, et Theoreticæ, 3 vols. 8vo. In most universities of Germany the professors take this work for their text book. 4. Selecta Juris Naturæ et Gentium. 5. Miscellanea Sacra, 3 vols. 4to. 6. Isagoge Historico-Theologica ad Theologiam Universans, Singulasque ejus Partes, 2 vols. 4to. 7. A Treatise on Atheism and Superstition. BUDDLE, in mineralogy, a large square frame of boards used in washing the tin-ore. BUDDLEIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, in the tetandria class of plants. The calyx and corolla are quadrifid; the stamina placed at the incisures of the corolla. The capsule is bisulcated, bilocular, and polyspermous. There are eleven species, mostly from the Cape and the East and West Indies. The most beautiful are, B. Americana, a native of Jamaica and most of the other American islands. It rises to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a thick woody stem covered with gray bark; and sends out many branches towards the top, which come out: opposite, at the ends of the branches, the flowers are produced in long close spikes branching out in clusters, which are yellow, consisting of one leaf cut into four segments: these are succeeded by oblong capsules filled with small seeds. B. occidentalis, a native of Carthagena. It rises much higher than the other. BUDDLING-DISH, a small, shallow vessel, like the basin of a pair of scales, for washing ores of metals by the hand. BUDDLING OF CALAMINE, the operation of cleansing it from fith, by washing and picking it, preparatory to the baking of it in the oven. BUDGE', v., n. s., & adj. Goth. buga, Sax. BUD'GER. Sbugan, Swedish botja, Dan. boge, Fr. bouger. From Goth. bolg, Sax. belg, bolg, Wel. balch, puffed up, angry, arrogant. Thus to budge is to stir, to move off slowly and doggedly; surly, stiff, formal. BUDGELL (Eustace), Esq. the son of Gilbert Budgell, D. D. was born near Exeter about 1685. He was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford; from which he removed to the Inner Temple, London: but instead of studying the law, for which his father intended him, he applied to literature, and contracted an intimacy with Mr. Addison, who was first cousin to his mother, and who, on being made secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, took him with him as one of the clerks of his office. Mr. Budgell, who was then about twenty years of age, and had read the classics, and the works of the best English, French, and Italian authors, now became connected with Sir Richard Steele and Addison in the production of the Tatler, as he had, soon after, in that of the Spectator, in which all papers written by him are marked X. He was likewise a contributor to the Guardian, where his performances are marked with an asterisk. He was afterwards made under-secretary to Mr. Addison, chief secretary to the lord justice of Ireland, and deputy-clerk of the council. Soon after, he was chosen a member of the Irish parliament; and in 1717, Addison having become principal secretary of state in England, procured him the place of accountant and comptroller general of the Irish revenue. But next year, the duke of Bolton being appointed lord-dieutenant, Mr. Budgell lampooned both the duke and his secretary, and was in consequence removed from his post: upon which, returning to England, he published his case in a pamphlet, entitled A Letter to the Lord **, from Eustace Budgell, Esq. accountant-general, &c. His attempts to gain the favor of the English court were constantly repressed by the duke of Bolton. In 1720 he lost £20,000 by the South Sea scheme, and afterwards spent £5000 more in unsuccessful attempts to get into parliament. This completed his ruin. He at length employed himself in writing pamphlets against the ministry, several papers in the Craftsman, &c. In 1733 he began a weekly pamphlet, called The Bee; which he continued for above 100 numbers, or eight volumes, 8vo. During its progress Dr. Tindal died, and a will, of Budgell's making, contained a bequest of £2000 to the maker; but it was contested and ultimately set aside. This ruined his reputation. It was thought also that he assisted |