representation of him with his identical wig and coat, tall figure, and glass stiffly applied to his eye, he sent him a card complimenting him on having so happily represented him; but as he had forgotten his muff, he had sent him his own. This good-natured method of resenting disarmed Foote. When he lived at Lynn, a pamphlet was written against him : he nailed it up against his own door. He died in 1774, aged eightytwo; and by his will left two prize medals to be annually contended for by the Cambridge students. BROWN (Thomas), ' of facetious memory,' as he is styled by Addison, was the son of a farmer in Shropshire; and entered in Christchurch College, Oxford, where he soon distinguished himself. But his irregularities not suffering him to continue long there, he went to London to seek his fortune; his companions, however, being more delighted with his humor, than ready to relieve his necessities, he had recourse to the usual refuge of scribbling for bread; and pubished a great variety of poems, letters, dialogues, &c. full of humor and erudition, but often indelicate. Towards the end of Tom Brown's life, he was in favor with the earl of Dorset, who invited him to dinner on a Christmas day, with Mr. Dryden, and some other gentlemen celebrated for their ingenuity; when Mr. Brown, to his agreeable surprise, found a bank note of £50. under his plate, and Mr. Dryden, at the same time, was presented with another of £100. Mr. Brown died in 1704; and was interred in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, near the remains of Mrs. Behn, with whom he was intimate. His works, consisting of Dialogues, Essays, Satires, &c. have been printed both in 8vo. and 12mo., making four volumes. BROWN (Ulysses Maximilian), a celebrated general of the eighteenth century, was son of Ulysses, baron Brown and Camus, colonel of a regiment of cuirassiers in the emperor's service, and descended from one of the most ancient families in Ireland. He was born at Basil in 1705; and having finished his first studies at Limerick in Ireland, was, in 1715, sent for into Hungary, by count George Brown, his uncle, colonel of a regiment of infantry. He was present at the famous battle of Belgrade, in 1717, being then but twelve years of age. Next year he followed his uncle into Italy, who made him continue his studies in the Clementine College at Rome, till 1721, when he was sent to Prague to learn the civil law. At the end of 1723 he became captain in his uncle's regiment, and in 1725 lieutenant-colonel. In 1730 he went into Corsica with a battalion of his regiment; and contributed greatly to the taking of Calansara, where he received a considerable wound in his thigh. In 1732 the emperor made him chamberlain. He was raised to the rank of colonel in 1734; and distinguished himself so much in the war of Italy, aspecially at the battles of Parma and Guastalla, and in burning, in the presence of the French army, the bridge which the marshal de Noailles had caused to be thrown over the Adige, that he was made general in 1736. In 1737 he assisted in the retreat of the army, after the unhappy battle of Banjaluca, in Bosnia, and saved all the baggage. His admirable conduct upon this oc casion was rewarded by his obtaining a second regiment of infantry. At his return to Vienna, in 1739, the emperor Charles VI. raised him to the rank of general field-marshal-lieutenant, and made him counsellor in the aulic council of war. After the death of that prince, the king of Prussia entering Silesia, count Brown with a small body of troops, disputed the country with him inch by inch. He signalised himself on several other occasions; and, in 1743, the queen of Hungary made him a privy counsellor, at her coronation in Bohemia. He at length passed into Bavaria, where he commauded the van-guard of the Austrian army; seized Deckendorf, with a great quantity of baggage, and obliged the French to abandon the banks of the Danube, which the Austrian army passed in full security. The same year the queen of Hungary sent him to Worms, as her plenipotentiary to the monarch of Britain; where he signed the treaty of alliance between the courts of Vienna, London, and Turin. In 1744 he followed prince Lobkowitz into Italy; took Velletri, overthrew several regiments, and made many prisoners. The following year he was recalled into Bavaria, where he took Wilshoffen by assault, and received a dangerous shot in the thigh. The same year he was made general of the artillery; and in January, 1746, marched for Italy at the head of a body of 18,000 men. He then drove the Spaniards out of the Milanese; and, having joined the forces under prince de Lichtenstein, commanded the left wing of the Austrian army at the battle of Placentia, on the 15th of June, 1746, and defeated the right wing of the enemy's forces, commanded by marshal de Maillebois. After this victory he commanded in chief the army against the Genoese; seized the pass of Bochetta, though defended by above 4000 men; and took the city of Genoa. Count Brown at length joined the king of Sardinia's troops; and took, in conjunction with him, Mont Alban, and the county of Nice. On the 30th of November he passed the Var; entered Provence, and had taken the isles of St. Margaret and St. Honorat, when the revolution which happened in Genoa, and the advance of Marshal de Belleisle with his army, obliged him to make that retreat which, on account of the skilful manner in which he conducted it, procured him the admiration of all Europe. He employed the rest of the year 1747 in defending the Austrian states in Italy; and, after the peace of 1748, he was sent to Nice to regulate there, in conjunction with the duke of Belleisle and the marquis de las Minas, the differences that had arisen with respect to the execution of some of the articles of the definitive treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The empress queen, to reward these signal services, made him governor of Transylvania, where he rendered himself generally admired for his probity and disinterestedness. In 1752, he obtained the government of the city of Prague, with the chief command of the troops in that kingdom; in 1753 the king of Poland, elector of Saxony, honored him with the collar of the order of the white eagle; and in 1754 he was declared field-marshal. The king of Prussia entering Saxony in 1756, and attacking Bohemia, count Brown repulsed him at the battle of Lowositz, 1st of October, though he had only 27,000 men, and the king of Prussia had at least 40,000. Seven days after this battle he undertook the famous march into Saxony, to deliver the Saxon troops shut up between Pirna and Konigstein; an action which, though unsuccessful, is worthy of the greatest captains ancient or modern. He at length obliged the Prussians to retire from Bohemia; for which he was made a knight of the golden fleece. Soon after, he hastily assembled an army in Bohemia, to oppose the king of Prussia, who had again penetrated into that kingdom at the head of all his forces; and on the 6th of May fought the famous battle of Prague; in which, while he was employed in giving orders for maintaining the advantages he had gained over the Prussians, he was so dangerously wounded that he was obliged to be carried to Prague, where he died on the 26th of June, 1757, aged fifty-two. BROWN (Thomas), M. D., late professor of moral philosophy at the university of Edinburgh, was the son of the Rev. S. Brown, minister of Kirkmabreck, and descended from a family which suffered considerably by persecution for their adherence to the covenant. He was born in January, 1778, and the youngest of thirteen children. His father dying while Dr. Brown was in his infancy, the care of his education devolved on his mother, who personally devoted herself to the task, until he had reached his seventh year. He was then taken to England, under the protection of a maternal uncle, Capt. Smith, of the thirty-seventh regiment, and placed at no less than four different schools successively, near London. It appears more surprising that he should thus acquire anything solid than that he should make several respectable friends. At Kensington he became acquainted with the late earl Cowper and his brothers; at Chiswick with Sir John Copley, the present attorney-general; and at Kew Green, where his uncle lived, with the mother and sisters of Sir Robert Graham, now senior baron of the exchequer. These ladies were among the first to discover and stimulate his early taste for poetry; nothing, in our language, is much more touching than his "Recollections' of their house at Kew Green, in after times; where his full bosom deemed, with eager glow, The ready portal's quickest opener slow :Still sure within that cheerful room to find Kind eyes, kind voices, and O! hearts more kind. His uncle dying, in 1792, he returned once more to his maternal roof, a tolerable proficient, we are told, in classical literature. He had certainly displayed from childhood a spirit of enquiry, united with a most amiable temper, and great strength of memory. One of his masters, when speaking of him to a friend, mentioned an example of this. The punishment usually awarded for transgressing the bounds of the play-ground, was to commit to memory a passage of some author. Dr. Brown incurred this penalty more frequently than any other boy in the school; indeed it was the only offence with which he was ever charged; and the punishment, from his great quickness, he did not 6 regard. I was resolved, however,' to use his teacher's own words, to fix him for once, and gave him a task that I thought even he should not be able to get in a hurry; soon after, I was called out of the room, and, to my utter astonishment, when I returned, which was in a very few minutes, he came up and repeated it every word without making the slightest mistake.' When the anecdote was mentioned to Dr. Brown, he recollected the circumstance, and added, that he was very impatient for his master's return, as he was prepared for him some time before he made his appearance. He also mentioned, that the passage contained the beautiful description of Adam and Eve in Paradise, and that he was particularly struck with the effect of the following pause:hung over her Enamoured. All his pocket money had at this period been expended in books, and he had to endure the total loss of this precious treasure as it was coming home to him by sea. Dr. Brown always mentioned the circumstance with considerable feeling, and as one of his greatest misfortunes. He never read without a pencil in his hand, to mark the best passages, and ultimately had no pleasure, says his biographer, in reading a book that was not his own. He also adopted Gibbon's practice of endeavouring to express his own ideas of a subject of importance, before sitting down to read anything upon it. He entered the university of Edinburgh in his seventeenth year, and commenced with a course of logic under Dr. Finlayson. At Dr. Currie's house in Liverpool, where he spent the vacation of 1793, he first perused Mr. Stewart's Elements of the Philosophy of the Mind; and the next winter attended that distinguished professor's lectures, with the greatest assiduity. He had the acuteness however to detect a want of analysis in his tutor's productions, and, after much hesitation, submitted to him a criticism on one of his theories. Mr. Stewart heard him read his paper with great candor and urbanity; and read to him in return, with a smile of wonder and admiration, a letter which he had previously received from the celebrated M. Prevost of Geneva, containing the very arguments of our young philosopher. At this period commenced a warm and steady friendship between Dr. Brown and Mr. Stewart, which was only terminated by the death of the former. Under professors Stewart, Robison, Playfair, and Black, and making such friends as Mr. Brougham, Mr. Horner, Mr. Leyden, Mr. Reddie, and Mr. Erskine, nothing could be more promising or delightful than Mr. Brown's college life. 'Many of his college acquaintance came and spent their evenings with him in his mother's house. He was always temperate in his habits. His favorite beverage was tea, and, over it, hour after hour was spent in discussing with his youthful companions The wondrous wisdom that a day had won. There was no subject in literature, or philosophy, that did not engage their attention. It was often morning before they parted; and such was the amicable spirit in which their discussions were carried on, that no one who happened to be present ever recollected the slightest appearance of irritation. In these peaceful and happy hours Dr. Brown distinguished himself by the boldness of his speculations, the acuteness of his refleetions, and the noonday clearness with which he invested every subject that was introduced.' In lines to Mr. Reddie, prefixed to the WarFiend, Mr. Brown has given a picture of this period, which we cannot refrain from copying: And, O! whate'er my studious toil may trace, Well may thy name there find a votive place; For who shall say, in grave or light design, How much of lightest, gravest, has been thine? Still memory loves to linger mid the bowers That blessed our youthful academic hours; When zeal to zeal the ready impulse spread, And Science followed but where Friendship led. Then in close heart, when mingling oft our lore, We marvelled much, but questioned, doubted, more;— In the gay rural walks where, soon or late, Still rose some never weary old debate ;Mixed in the flowing theme of truth and mirth, Thought sprung from thought, one equal mutual birth; And each, perhaps, with changeful strife untired, In his nineteenth year he prepared Observations on Dr. Darwin's Zoonomia. They relate chiefly to the first volume, and he conceives one remark to be applicable to the whole of that ingenious philosopher's system, viz. that it is inconsistent with the fundamental principle of the theory, by which one faculty of the sensorium cannot increase or decrease without a corresponding decrease or increase of others. With singular ingenuousness he enclosed his papers, before their publication, to Dr. Darwin himself, and a correspondence ensued, in which neither were convinced; and the senior philosopher did not exhibit the better temper. This work received on its publication a very respectable character from the Monthly Reviewers, who never suspected it to be the juvenile performance it was. It also introduced its author to the acquaintance and esteem of Lord Woodhouslee, Mr. Mackenzie, and several other writers of eminence. He was introduced at about the same time into the Literary Society of the University, and the Academy of Physics, distinguished in addition to the names already mentioned among his friends by the assistance of Dr. Birkbeck, Mr. Logan, Mr. Jeffery, Lord Webb Seymour, Mr. Smyth, Mr. Gillespie, &c. In their free and equal discussions every branch of science and morals was occasionally brought forward. Mr. Welsh perpetuates, in his notes to Dr. Brown's life, some curious minutes of their proceedings, drawn up by various gentlemen, and containing the propositions of Mr. Brougham, Mr. Horner, and several of the early writers in the Edinburgh Review. With regard to the freedom of some of their investigations, Dr. Brown remarks admirably in after life, 'To conceive that enquiry must lead to scepticism is itself a species of scepticism, as to the power and evidence of the principles to which we give our assent, more degrading, because more irrational, than that open and consistent scepticism. which it dreads. We are, on the other hand, well reminded by his biographer (Life of Dr. Brown, 8vo. p. 76), that where there is a continual endeavour after the detection of fallacies, both our vanity and indolence are apt to lead us to rest satisfied with the detection of an error; without leading us to establish truth in its place. The Academy of Physics will ever be memorable in the history of English literaturę, as giving rise to the Edinburgh Review, to which the first contributors sent their papers, we are told, gratuitously; and of these Dr. Brown was the author of the review of the Philosophy of Kant, the leading article of the second number. But his connexion with it was terminated by some liberties being taken with a paper designed for the fourth number, and was never renewed. We should have observed that, until the year 1798, Dr. Brown had been studying with a view to the legal profession, but finding it impracticable to combine this with his adored literary and philosophical pursuits, he relinquished the study of the law this year, and devoted himself to that of medicine. Dr. Gregory was much struck with his proficiency, when in 1803 he applied for his diploma. His thesis was entitled De Somno, which, independent of its ingenuity as a theory, was much admired for the purity of its language; indeed he expressed himself at this time in Latin with the greatest elegance, and as fast as he could speak in English. A few months after receiving his degree, he published the first edition of his poems in two volumes, which, though neglected a good deal by the public, received the meed of warm applause wherever they came in contact with a refined taste or kindred genius. The next publication of Dr. Brown, though occasioned by a local and temporary dispute in the University of Edinburgh, bears the deep impression of his strength of mind, and accuracy of judgment as a metaphysician. Mr. Leslie was opposed as a candidate for the mathematical chair, on account of the approbation with which he had mentioned Mr. Hume, or rather a particular argument of his on causation, in his Essay on Heat. The subject of our memoir undertook to prove that the sentiments of Hume on this point were unobjectionable on any moral or religious ground, and in fact a valuable contribution to philosophical logic: while at the same time he ably convicted the unbeliever of false ideas on the origin of power. We can only refer to the essay in question; and Mr. Welsh's own excellent notes H and I, in chapter IV. of his life of Dr. B., for a further elucidation of this interesting topic. Professor Playfair speaks of his argument as being as clear and exact as could be expected in the solution of an algebraic question. In 1806 he became associated in partnership with Dr. Gregory, as a physician, and, during a course of the most flattering success in his profession, was invited in 1808 on occasion of Mr. Stewart's ill health, to supply the place of that gentleman in the moral philosophy class of the university. In general, as Dr. Brown's biographer remarks, it is easy enough for a professor to find a substitute. Nothing more is necessary than to transfer a MS. lecture to a tolerably patient and judicious friend. But Mr. Stewart's MS. lectures were mere notes, and Dr. Brown, it was well understood, if he undertook to lecture on this occasion, must depend wholly on compositions of his own. He acquitted himself, however, with such great credit on his first appearance, that the professor solicited the more serious service of his contributing his three lectures a-week to his class during the succeeding winter. The enthusiastic admiration with which he was at this time received, says Mr. Welsh, was beyond any thing of the kind that I can recollect. 'The moral philosophy class presented a very striking aspect. It was not a crowd of youthful students led away in the ignorant enthusiasm of the moment; distinguished members of the bench, of the bar, and of the pulpit, were daily present to witness the powers of this living philosopher. Some of the most eminent of the professors were to be seen mixing with the students, and Mr. Playfair, in particular, was present at almost every lecture. The originality, and depth, and eloquence of the lectures, was the subject of general conversation, and had a very marked effect upon the young men attending the university, in leading them to metaphysical speculations.' 'Upon its being announced that Mr. Stewart was to resume his lectures, a meeting of the class was held, when it was resolved that a committee should be appointed to draw up an address, congratulating that illustrious philosopher upon the recovery of his health, and expressing at the same time the feelings of admiration that had been excited by the labors of his substitute. The committee was composed of individuals distinguished for their rank and talents, many of whom are well known to the public. Lord John Russel, who has since distinguished himself in political life, and by his literary productions secured for his name no humble place in the brief list of noble authors, was the chairman.' This display of Dr. Brown's powers so irresistibly established his claims to the future chair, that when Mr. Stewart expressed his desire to receive a coadjutor in the professorship, the decision in favor of him was almost unanimous. Mr. Stewart himself exerted all his influence in the university in his favor; and the most honorable testimonials to his competence crowded the table of the town council of Edinburgh. In May, 1810, the late Mr. Horner thus congratulates him on his elevation : so natural an anxiety that the fate of his favorite Most faithfully yours, FRA. HORNER. On Dr. Brown now devolved the entire labor of the professorship; and though he retired for a few weeks into the country, to recruit himself in preparation for the ensuing winter's exertions, he had sufficient confidence in his own powers, it is said, to be assured that he could always prepare his lectures on the spur of the occasion. He seldom began to prepare any of them till the evening of the day before they were delivered. His labors commenced immediately after tea, and he continued at his desk till two, and often three, in the morning. After the repose of a few hours he resumed his pen, and often continued writing till he heard the hour of twelve, when he hurried off to the delivery of what he had composed. When the lecture was over, if the day were favorable, he would walk out, or employed his time in light reading, until his favorite beverage of the afternoon again restored him to the proper tone for renewed exertion. The first three volumes of his printed lectures were thus written during the first year of his professorship, and the whole of the remainder in the following season. He continued to read nearly the same lectures till the period of his lamented decease. The examination of his theory, and his many most valuable observations on the sciences, are necessarily referred to our articles on the subject of METAPHYSICS; and to MORAL PHILOSOPHY. The further details of his personal history are few and mournful. We must not omit, however, a characteristic anecdote of their intercourse, To DR. BROWN. Lord Webb has done me the kindness to give me the news of your appointment as assistant and successor to Mr. Stewart. Upon any occasion of private advantage only to yourself, I need not assure you how sincerely I should rejoice at your good fortune and welfare. But in this event one has the pleasure to find every public as well as private wish gratified. I am made happy by it on Mr. Stewart's account, who felt "In speaking of a celebrated philosophical work, recently published, which I had been reading, I happened to express myself with considerable warmth of admiration. Dr. Brown, I observed, did not go along with me in my praises; and when I mentioned one particular chapter as very valuable, Why, really,' said he,' I am not quite sure that I recollect his doctrines upon that head; will you state in a single sentence what his views are.' This I found no little difficulty in accomplishing. And I discovered that he took this method of leading me to perceive that there was a want of precision in my favorite author, and that I had allowed my admiration of his eloquence to make me forget a vagueness in his ideas, and an obscurity in some of his statements. The critical doctrine implied in this short sentence of Dr. Brown was of so much advantage to me at that period of my studies, that I have recorded it for the benefit of those who may be at a similar stage in their academical course, though, in other respects, of little interest. Connected with his views of philosophical disquisition, however, it is valuable. I may here put together the substance of his ideas upon this subject, which I heard him at different times express. 'He conceived that every philosophical writing ought to resemble a system of pyramids, each part a whole in itself, portions of which are to be grouped into larger pyramidal forms, which ought all to be so arranged as to constitute one great pyramid. In every sentence there ought to be a principal idea complete in itself, but forming an element of all the ideas that are joined into one paragraph. The idea of the paragraph is still one, which is to be grouped with all the other paragraphs into a section; the sections in their turn form larger divisions, which altogether constitute one mighty whole. To have a distinct view of all the particulars, each in itself, and at the same time in their mutual references and in their united reference to the great whole, constitutes, as he conceived, an essential element of the philosophic genius. This was what Dr. Brown himself constantly aimed at, and the effect of his system is to be observed in all his works. It was chiefly for this reason that he made use of a method of short-hand, which he invented; the benefit of which he found to consist not merely in enabling him to put down his ideas rapidly, but also in the power thus given him by the extreme minuteness of the character of taking in the whole subject both with his eye and his mind at a single glance.' He instanced the Latin as affording the best example of synthetic language, and considered it indispensibly necessary for every author who aimed at precision, to keep up a constant familiarity with the Latin classics, and to compose frequently in Latin. He also recommended his pupils frequently to attempt the translation of English works of eminence in their own words. From a miscellaneous MS. work of his, entitled A Chaos, we must gratify the reader with the following extract on the subject of religion : 'To the use of religion, as one of the great parts of the complicated machinery employed in the production of general happiness, it is objected, that the vindictive hatred of vice, so necessary to the preservation of virtue, is diminished by the thought that the criminal is to be punished for the same fault by a judge more terrible in his wrath, and less bounded by time, than those whose sentence extends only over a small portion of the criminal's existence. The effect, however, will surely be contrary, if the justice of God, as well as his power and disposition to punish, be admitted by the pious believer; for the idea of deserved punishment being thus continually associated with the idea of offence, all the disagreeable feelings which attend the idea of punishment will be suggested by that of guilt, and will thus render it doubly hateful, in the same manner as the idea of poverty becomes doubly hateful to those who could submit to the absolute physical privations which it causes, from suggesting the disagreeable feelings excited by that contempt which usually follows indigence. There is also another mode in which religion acts in the aggravation of moral guilt. It furnishes a new relation which is violated; and we hate the sinner not merely for injuring man whom we love, but for contemning likewise the adorable Being whom we revere. That man is frequently led by creeds and rituals to console himself in the mysterious pomp of complicated forms, for his neglect of the simple principles of useful activity, is a remark unfortunately verified by experience. But this only tends to show still more clearly the influence of religious opinion if properly directed. It is a concurring force which adds equally to the momentum of bodies, whether the line in which they move be that of virtue or of vice. If the religion of Moloch could lead the half-unwilling mother in dreadful procession to the fire which was about to receive the infant that clung smiling round her neck, can we suppose that a religion of benevolence would be scorned, which, mixing the solemnity of divine command with the sweet eloquence of nature, should teach the parent that his purest worship was the protection of that helplessness which heaven had trusted to his love? Would desire be rendered less powerful by the addition of new motives, and virtue cease when it became devotion? Is there so great a love of misery in man that he would submit to the feverish repose of a bed of spikes, that he would lacerate his limbs with daily penance, and consume his strength with the pangs of voluntary hunger, while, with the same motives of obedience to the awarder of eternity, he would be unwilling to partake of the luxury of tranquil life, and to praise with the thankfulness of enjoyment! But the most important effect of religion is the reality which it gives to the idea of obligation. The belief of the doctrine of necessity prepares the mind for the denial of any essential difference of morality; and it is the advantage of piety, that it arrests scepticism in this most dangerous of its stages, by referring to the sanction of the divine will: we believe, and we cease to inquire. Let those who deny the utility of religion conceive a world without it, a world of Enquirers, of Necessarians, of Indifferentists. They will find comfort in reflecting, that it is not the scene around them, but a picture of imagination, and will allow the importance of that principle which, if it be false, preserves from the evils of truth, and checks enquiry only where enquiry is dangerous.' In the summer of 1814 he finished his Paradise of Coquettes, a publication on which his fame as a poet chiefly rests. A part of it had been written nearly six years: it was published anonymously in London. To this succeeded, in 1815, The Wanderer of Norway, and, in 1816, The Bower of Spring, as the works of The Author |