first entered the Hotel de Ville, it was but to behold the intendant, his friend and protector, butchered before his eyes! Being afterwards appointed, along with Vauvilliers, to obtain the necessary quantity of provisions for the capital, he found himself more than twenty times menaced with the loss of his life by the people who were preserved by his solicitudes, while they permitted themselves to be misled by those very men whose interest it was to starve them. He afterwards sat in the Legislative Assembly; at the dissolution of which he retired to his house near Montpelier, in order to enjoy that repose which had fled from him for ever, since the first moment that he had yielded to the attractions of ambition. After the revolution of the 31st of May, he was imprisoned in the citadel of the place of his nativity, and would have experienced the same fate as so many other illustrious men, had he not found means to escape to his brother, who at that period was employed as a physician in the army of the Pyrenees. Under pretence of botanising, he found his way into Spain, through the breche de Roland; and, after being nearly frozen to death, at length reached Madrid, without money, and without clothes, after nearly perishing with hunger, having in vain solicited several of the barber surgeons of those villages through which he passed, to employ him as their assistant, for his victuals alone. a slight degree of apoplexy, after which he could never either pronounce or write proper names or substances; he was able to describe the figure of a man, or the color and form of a plant, without being able to utter the precise appellation of the one or the other. Notwithstanding this, Broussonet might have entirely recovered, had he not exposed himself to the heat of the sun, on the 21st of July, 1809, which produced all the agitations incident to a convulsive lethargy, and finally put an end to his life, at the end of six days. BROUWER (Adrian), a famous Dutch painter, born in 1608, of poor parentage. Francis Hals, under whom he proved an inimitable artist, took him from begging in the streets. His subjects were copied from nature, but taken from low life; such as droll conversations, drunken brawls, boors at cards, or surgeons dressing the wounded. Brouwer was apprehended at Antwerp as a spy; where, being discovered by Rubens, he procured his liberty, took him home, clothed him, and endeavoured to acquaint the public with his merit; but the levity of his temper made him quit his benefactor; and he died in 1638, destroyed by a dissolute course of life, in his thirtieth year. BROW, v. & n. Goth. bru, brun; Swed Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. She could have run, and waddled about; meed, Was brow-bound with the oak. Id. The earl, nothing dismayed, came forwards that day unto a little village, called Stoke, and there encamped that night, upon the brow or hanging of a hill. Bacon MM. Cavanilles and Orteza received him with open arms, and Sir Joseph Banks interested himself in his behalf; but he was soon persecuted by the emigrants, and obliged to fly, first to Xeres, next to Cadiz, and then to Lisbon. Here again they discovered, and denounced him to the Inquisition, under pretence that he was a freemason; they even accused the duke de la Foens, a prince of the blood, and president of the Academy of Sciences, who, at the request of Correa de Serra, a celebrated botanist, had hitherto protected him, of jacobinism. In this extremity, M. Broussonet considered himself very fortunate, in being permitted to accompany, in quality of physician, the ambassador whom He proved the best man i' the field; and, for his the states of America sent to the emperor of Morocco. His next step was to obtain his name to be expunged by the directory, from the list of emigrants; and he then employed all the interest of his friends to obtain for him the office of consul at Morocco. The plague having driven him from that country, he was nominated to the consulship of the Canaries; there, as at Salee, Mogador, Lisbon, &c. he devoted himself to his ruling passion, employing all his leisure moments in studying plants, and making interesting observations, which he transmitted regularly to his native country. Still, however, it was evident, that such a man as Broussonet was destined for the chair of a university; and he accordingly returned to Montpelier, under the protection of M. Chaptal, minister of the interior, and soon rendered the botanical garden the admiration of all botanists, both in respect to the regularity and number of the plants, while his lectures attracted a crowd of students from all parts. But the loss of his wife, and the dangerous state of his daughter's health produced Them, with fire, and hostile arms, Fearless assault; and to the brow of heaven Pursuing, drive them out from God and bliss. Milton. Id. Tending my flocks hard by, i' the hilly crofts That brow this bottom glade. Waller So we some antique hero's strength Learn by his launce's weight and length As these vast beams express the beast Whose shady brows alive they drest. "Tis now the hour which all to rest allow, And sleep sits heavy upon every brow. Dryden. In thy fair brow there's such a legend writ Of chastity, as blinds the adulterous eye. It is not for a magistrate to frown upon, and browbeat, those who are hearty and exact in their ministry; and, with a grave nod, to call a resolved zeal want of prudence. Id South, BROW, OF EYE-BROWS. See ANATOMY. BROWALLIA, in botany, a genus of the angiospermia order, in the didynamia class of plants. Its generic characters are: CAL. oneleaved perianth: COR. petal one: STAM. filaments four; antheræ simple: PIST. an ovate germ; filiform style; and thick stigma: PER. ovate capsule; receptacle compressed: SEEDS numerous. The species are annuals, and natives of America. BROW-ANTLER, among sportsmen, the Goth. brune; Swed. brun, many; and joined his name to those of many other eminent men, in a translation of Plutarch's lives. He was acquainted with Hebrew, was a critic in Greek, and no man of his age wrote better Latin: High Dutch, Italian, French, &c. he spoke and wrote with as much ease as his mother tongue. King Charles said of him, that he was as learned as any of the college, and as well-bred as any at court. He died August 27th 1708. BROWN (George), bishop of Dunkeld, flourished about the end of the fourteenth century. He studied grammar at Dundee, and philosophy at St. Andrews; and was afterwards appointed chancellor of Aberdeen. Being sent to Rome by king James III. on some business relative to the see of Glasgow, he became acquainted with the college of cardinals, and particularly the vice-chancellor Roderick Borja, who, by his interest with Pope Sextus IV. got Brown raised BROWN'NESS Bel. bruin; Fr. brun; Ital. to the see of Dunkeld. He was a man of bruno; from Gothic brina, to burn, corresponding with Tuppov. A dark reddish color. That color, says Tooke, which things have that have been burned. A burnette cote honge there withal, But with a furre rough of here, Chaucer. Romaunt of Rose. I like the new tire within excellently, if the hair were a little browner. Shakspeare. Brown, in high Dutch, is called braun; in the Netherlands bruyan; in French coleur brune; in Italian Peacham. bruno. A brownish grey iron-stone, lying in thin strata, is poor, but runs freely. Woodward. From whence high Ithaca o'erlooks the floods, Brown with o'erhanging shades and pendent woods. Pope. Long untravelled heaths, Thomson. With desolation brown, he wanders waste. BROWN (Edward), the son of Sir Thomas, physician to king Charles II. and president of the Royal College at London, was born in 1642, and studied at Cambridge and Oxford. He then travelled; and at his return published a brief account of Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Friulia, &c. He also published an account of travels through a great part of Ger learning and public spirit, but has been accused of ambition and rapacity. He procured his diocese to be greatly enlarged; built Clunie castle, and began the stone bridge across the Tay at Dunkeld; but only lived to see one arch completed. He died January 14th, 1514; and was succeeded in his bishopric by the celebrated Gavin Douglas, the translator of Virgil. BROWN (John, D. D.), a clergyman of the church of England, and an ingenious writer, was born at Rothbury, in 1715. His father was a native of Scotland, of the Browns of Coalstown, near Haddington. Our author was sent in 1732 to Cambridge, and entered of St. John's College, under the tuition of Dr. Tunstall. After taking the degree of A. B. with great reputation (his name being at the head of the list of wranglers), he received both deacon's and priest's orders, and was appointed minor canon and lecturer of the cathedral church. In 1739 he went to Cambridge to take his degree of A. M. In 1745 he distinguished himself as a volunteer in the king's service, and behaved with great intrepidity at the siege of Carlisle. Mr. Brown's attachment to the whig party procured him the friendship of Dr. Osbaldeston, who, when advanced to the see of Carlisle, appointed Mr. Brown one of his chaplains. He wrote about this time a poem, entitled Honor, inscribed to Lord Viscount Lonsdale. His next poetical production was his Essay on Satire; which was of considerable advantage to him, both in point of fame and fortune. It was addressed to Warburton; to whom it was so acceptable, that he took Mr. Brown into his friendship, and introduced him to Ralph Allen, Esq, of Prior Park, near Bath. In 1751 Mr. Brown published his Essays on the Characteristics of lord Shaftesbury, &c. which was received with great applause. In 1754 he was promoted by the earl of Hardwicke to the living of Great Horkesley in Essex, and in 1755 took the degree of D. D. at Cambridge, and published his tragedy of Barbarossa. A second tragedy named Athelstan, represented at Drury-Lane, was also well received by the public. In 1757 appeared his famous Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times. The reception which this work met with was very flattering; no fewer than seven editions of it having been printed in little more than a year. Voltaire speaks of it in a way very honorable to Dr. Brown. He afterwards wrote An Explanatory Defence of the Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times. In 1760 he published an Additional Dialogue of the Dead, between Pericles and Aristides; being a sequel to a dialogue of lord Lyttelton's between Pericles and Cosmo. Dr. Brown's next publication was The cure of Saul, a sacred ode; which was followed by A Dissertation on the Rise, Union, and Power, the Progressions, Separations, and Corruptions of Poetry and Music; both in 1763. In 1764 he published in 8vo. The History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry through its several Species; which is merely the substance of the Dissertation. The same year he published a volume of sermons, dedicated to his patron bishop Osbaldeston. In the beginning of 1765 Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentiousness, and Faction; and the same year a sermon on the Female Character and Education, preached 16th May, 1765, before the guardians of the asylum for deserted female orphans. His last publication was in 1766, A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Lowth, occasioned by his late Letter to the Right Rev. Author of the Divine Legation of Moses. In 1765, while Dr. Dumaresq resided in Russia, to which he had been invited in 1764 to give his assistance for the regulating of several schools, which the empress intended to erect, he wrote to Dr. Brown for his advice, and the reply of the latter so pleased the empress that she immediately invited him to Russia. He accepted the invitation, and £1000 being ordered for his expense, he actually received £200. But when on the point of setting out, an attack of the gout and rheumatism, to which he had been long subject, so impaired his health, that his friends dissuaded him from the journey. The disappointment, however, concurring with the general state of his health, was followed by a dejection of spirits: in consequence of which he put an end to his life on the 23d of September 1766, in the fifty-first year of his age. BROWN (John), M. D. author of the Brunonian system of medicine, was born A. D. 1735 in the parish of Bonkle in Berwickshire, in a village near Dunse. His father dying, while young, and his mother's second husband being a weaver, it was intended to bring him up to the same business, but young Brown having already given evidence of uncommon genius, as well as intense application, while attending the grammar school of Dunse, under the celebrated Mr. Cruickshanks, a lady in that neighbourhood took him under her patronage, and sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study divinity. The pious intentions, however, of this benevolent lady were frustrated by a curious incident. He was summoned before the kirk session, for having heard a sermon in the established church, and unwilling to submit to the ecclesiastical censure, for this venial fault, he chose rather to leave his old friends, and join the establishment. He never went farther in divinity, than delivering one probationary sermon in the hall of the Uni versity. He returned to Dunse in 1758, and acted for a year as usher or assistant to his late teacher. In the end of 1759 he settled in Edinburgh, with the double view of teaching Latin and studying physic. He addressed a letter in Latin to each of the medical professors, all of whom being apprised of his merits as a classical scholar, presented him with tickets of admission to their lectures gratis. But none of them seemed to entertain a higher opinion of his classical powers, than the late celebrated Dr. Cullen, who not only employed him as a private instructor in his own family, but took every opportunity of recommending him to others. În 1765 he married Miss Lamond, a young lady of a respectable family in Edinburgh, but without any fortune. Mrs. Brown not long after taking a boarding house, her husband's high reputation soon crowded it with boarders. But want of economy and several losses obliged Brown at last to stop payment, about 1770. About this time, too, that warmth of attachment which had hitherto subsisted between him and Dr. Cullen, began to cool. It was about this period also that he first promulgated his new system of medicine. See BRUNONIAN SYSTEM. Brown's income was by no means increased by his discovery. It was not to be expected, indeed, that a set of learned gentleman would be ready to acknowledge all the former theories of the science they professed to teach, to have been erroneous, and at once become converts to his new doctrine. His classes were therefore never attended by very great numbers of students, nor were his patients by any means so numerous as might have been expected from the surprising cures he performed upon some individuals, who applied to him in desperate cases, where the ordinary practice had failed. No physician, however, or public lecturer, was ever more beloved by his patients and pupils than Brown. Of their attachment to his person, we shall give one instance out of many. In the session of 1779-80, a few of them, unknown to Brown, collected money among themselves, to pay the usual fees of a diploma from the university of St. Andrews; (where his merits, both as a medical teacher and linguist, were too well known, to render any examination necessary), and surprised him by presenting it to him. In the course of the year 1780 he published the first edition of his Elementa Medicinæ, in one vol. 12mo. dedicated to Sir John Eliot, M. D. and in 1784 he reprinted it (but without any dedication), in 2 vols. 8vo. with considerable alterations and large additions. The doctor's affairs now hastened to a crisis. His income not being equal to his expenditure, he was obliged in spring 1785 to take shelter from creditors in the Abbey of Holyrood house: and, though a settlement was soon obtained with most of them, yet one more rigorous than the rest incarcerated him in the Canongate jail, in January 1786. The late lord Gardenstone, having heard of his distress, generously enabled him to execute the plan he had long had in contemplation, of settling in London, by presenting him with 160 guineas. The Dr. accordingly went up in the end of 1786, after having published his Observations on the New and Old Systems of Medicine: and having performed extraordinary cures upon some patients who were able to reward him liberally, he was enabled, within four months after his arrival, to send for his wife and family. But his income being uncertain, and his family expenses very great, he was sent to the King's Bench prison by his creditors, though he was not long confined. In 1788 he pulbished his Elements of Medicine in English. Dr. Brown did not long survive this labor; after giving an introductory lecture on the 6th of October 1788, and going to bed seemingly in ordinary health, he was found dead next morning, being then in his fifty-third year. He left a widow and eight children. Dr. Brown was twice elected president of the Royal Medical Society, in 1776 and 1780. He was also elected Latin Secretary to the Society of Scot's Antiquaries; and was the founder of a Lodge of Free Masons, stiled the Roman Eagle, instituted in 1784, in which Latin was the only language spoken. BROWN (Robert), a schismatic divine, the founder of the Brownists, a numerous sect in the reign of queen Elizabeth. He was the son of Mr. Anthony Brown of Tolthrop in Rutlandshire; whose father had obtained the singular privilege of wearing his cap in the king's presence, by a charter of Henry VIII. Robert was educated at Cambridge, and was afterwards schoolmaster in Southwark. About 1580 he began to promulgate his principles of dissent from the established church; and the following year he preached at Norwich, where he soon accumulated a numerous congregation. He was violent in his abuse of the church of England; pretended to divine inspiration, and that he alone was the sure guide to heaven. His sect daily increasing, Dr. Freake bishop of Norwich, with other ecclesiastical commissioners, called him before them. He was insolent to the court, and they committed him to the custody of the sheriff's officer: but he was released at the intercession of lord treasurer Burleigh, to whom he was related. Brown then left the kingdom; and, with permission of the states, settled at Middleburg in Zealand; where he formed a church after his own plan, and preached without molestation. In 1585 we find him again in England: for in that year he was cited to appear before archbishop Whitgift; and seeming to comply with the established church, was, by lord Burleigh, sent home to his father: but, relapsing into his former principles, he wandered about for some time and endured great hardships. At last he fixed at Northampton; where, laboring with too much indiscretion to increase his sect, he was cited by the bishop of Peterborough, and, refusing to appear, was excommunicated for contempt. He moved for absolution, which he obtained, and from that time became a dutiful member of the church of England. This happened about 1590; and, in a short time after, Brown was preferred to a rectory in Northamptonshire, where he kept a curate to do his duty, and where he might probably have died in peace; but having some dispute with the constable of his parish, he proceeded to blows; and was afterwards so insolent to the justice, that he committed him to North ampton jail, where he died in 1630, aged eighty. Thus ended the life of the famous Robert Brown; the greatest part of which was a series of opposition and persecution. He boasted on his deathbed, that he had been confined in no less_than thirty-two different prisons. He wrote A Treatise of Reformation without Tarrying for Any, and of the Wickedness of those Teachers which will not Reform themselves and their Charge, &c. by me, Robert Brown; and two others, making together a thin 4to. published at Middleburg, 1582. BROWN (Simon), a dissenting minister of uncommon talents and singular misfortunes, born at Shepton-Mallet in Somersetshire, in 1680. Excelling in grammatical learning, he early be. came qualified for the ministry, and began to preach before he was twenty. He was first called to be a pastor at Portsmouth, and afterwards removed to the Old Jewry, where he remained for a number of years. But the death of his wife and only son, in 1725, affected him so as to deprive him of his reason; and he became from that time lost to himself to his family, and to the world. His congregation at the Old Jewry, in expectation of his recovery, delayed for some time to fill his post; but at length, all hopes being over, Mr. Chandler was appointed to succeed him, in 1725. This double misfortune affected him at first in a manner little different from distraction, but afterwards sunk him into a settled melancholy. He quitted the duties of his function, and would not be persuaded to join in any act of worship, public or private. Being urged by his friends for a reason of this extraordinary change, at which they expressed the utmost astonishment, he told them that he had fallen under the sensible displeasure of God, who had caused his rational soul gradually to perish, and left him only an animal life in common with brutes; that though he retained the human shape, and the faculty of speaking in a manner that appeared to others rational, he had all the while no more notion of what he said than a parrot; that it was therefore profane in him to pray, and incongruous to be present at the prayers of others; and, very consistently with this, he considered himself no longer as a moral agent, or subject of either reward or punishment. In this way of thinking and talking he unalterably and obstinately persisted to the end of his life; though he afterwards suffered, and even requested, prayers to be made for him. Some time after this, he retired to Shepton-Mallet, and though in his retirement he was perpetually contending, that his powers of reason and imagination were gone, yet he was as constantly exerting both with much activity and vigor. He amused himself sometimes with translating parts of the ancient Greek and Latin poets into English verse; he composed little pieces for the use of children; An English Grammar and Spelling Book; An Abstract of the Scripture History, and a Collection of Fables, both in metre; and with much learning he brought together, into a short compass, all the Themata of the Greek and Latin tongues, and also compiled a Dictionary to each of those works, to render the learning of these languages more easy and compendious. Of these performances none have been made public. But BROWN. what showed the strength and vigor of his understanding, though he was bemoaning the loss of it, were two works cofnposed during the two last of his life, in defence of Christianity, years against Woolston and Tindal. He wrote an answer to Woolston's fifth Discourse on the Miracles of our Saviour, entitled, A Fit Rebuke for a Ludicrous Infidel, with a Preface concerning the prosecution of such writers by the civil power. His book against Tindal was called, A Defence of the Religion of Nature and the Christian Revelation, against the defective account of the one and the exceptions against the other, in a book entitled, Christianity as old as the Creation; and it is allowed to be one of the best that controversy produced. He intended to dedicate it to Queen Caroline; but, as the unhappy state of his mind appeared in the dedication, his friends suppressed it. The following is a copy which was preserved as a curiosity: Madam, Of all the extraordinary things that have been rendered to your royal hands since your first happy arrival in Britain, it may be boldly said what now bespeaks your majesty's acceptance is the chief. Not in itself indeed: it is a trifle unworthy your exalted rank, and what will hardly prove an entertaining amusement to one of your majesty's deep penetration, exact judgment and fine taste; but on account of the author, who is the first being of the kind, and yet without a name. He was once a man, and of some little name; but of no worth, as his present unparalleled case makes but too manifest; for, by the immediate hand of an avenging God, his very thinking substance has for more than seven years been continually wasting away, till it is wholly perished out of him, if it be not utterly come to nothing. None, no not the least remembrance of its very ruins remains; not the shadow of an idea is left; nor any sense, so much as one single one, perfect or imperfect, whole or diminished, ever did appear to a mind within him, or was perceived by it. Such a present, sent from such a thing, however worthless in itself, may not be wholly unacceptable to your majesty, the author being such as history cannot parallel: and if the fact, which is real, and no fiction or wrong conceit, obtains credit, it must be recorded as the most memorable, and indeed astonishing, even in the reign of George II. that a tract, composed by such a thing, was presented to the illustrious Caroline; his royal consort need not be added; fame, if I am not misinformed, will tell that with pleasure to all succeeding times. He has been informed, that your majesty's piety is as genuine and eminent as your excellent qualities are great and conspicuous. This can indeed be truly known to the great Searcher of hearts only. He alone, who can look into them, can discern if they are sincere, and the main intention corresponds with the appearance; and your majesty cannot take it amiss if such an author hints, that his secret approbation is of infinitely greater value than the commendation of men, who may be easily mistaken and are too apt to flatter their superiors. But if he has been told the truth, such a case as his will certainly strike your majesty with astonishment; and may raise that commiseration in your royal breast, which men. 603 not he has in vain endeavoured to excite in those BROWN (Sir William), a noted physician, and |