of his patron he retired to Bologna, where he died in 1782. BROSIMUM, in botany, a genus of class diccia: order monandria: amentum globular, dotted with orbicular peltate scales: coR. none: male, solitary filament, between the scales; female, cloven style, and one-seeded berry: species two: both Jamaica plants. B. spurium is propagated in our own gardens under the name of milk-wood. BROSME, in ichthyology, a species of gadus, that inhabits the southern seas of Greenland. The mouth is bearded; tail oval, and pointed. BROSSEA, in botany, a genus of plants; order monogynia, of the class pentandria. The characters are these: CAL. one-leaved perianthium, divided into five segments, each of which terminates in a long point, of the same length with the petals: COR. monopetalous, of the shape of a truncated cone, and undivided at the edge: the germen is divided into five parts: the style is pointed, not so long as the flower, and its stigma simple: PER. a roundish capsule, divided by five deep furrows into five cells; it is covered with a large cup, which closes over its top; it is succulent and fleshy; and, opening at the side, discharges a great number of seeds. Sp. B. coccinea, Linn. Shrubby, with a scarlet flower and black fruit, Plum. A shrub three or four feet high. Root branched; leaves alternate, petioled, sharply ovate, slightly toothed, smooth, pale green; flowers in racemes at the end of the branches, alternate, peduncled, with two bractea about the middle of the peduncles. BROSSARD (Sebastian de), an eminent French musician. In the former part of his life he had been prebendary and chapel master of the cathedral church at Strasburg; but afterwards became grand chaplain, and also maitre de chapelle, in the cathedral of Meaux. He published a work entitled Prodromus Musicalis; and a very useful book entitled Dictionnaire de Musique, printed at Amsterdam, in folio, 1703. He died 1730, aged seventy. BROSSETTE (Claude), a learned French advocate, born at Lyons in 1671. He was keeper of the public library at Lyons; and published the works of Boileau and Regnier, with historical illustrations. He wrote also L'Histoire Abregée de la Ville de Lyons; an elegant and correct work. He corresponded with many eminent literati, particularly Voltaire and Rousseau. He died at Lyons in 1746, aged seventy three. BROSSIER (Martha), a French woman, who, about the end of the sixteenth century, pretended to be possessed by the devil, and counterfeited convulsive fits. Her father was a weaver at Romorentin, but found he could gain more, in that credulous age, by exhibiting his daughter as a dæmoniac, than by following his honest and useful profession. She was first detected at Orleans, in 1598; and afterwards at Angers. Notwithstanding which, the credulity of the public was such, and some of the priests acquired so much reputation by exorcising the evil spirit, that Henry IV. enjoined the parliament of Paris to take cognizance of the affair; who, after a consultation of physicians, ordered the father and daughter to be confined to Romorentin, under pain of corporal punishment. The priests, however, carried the business and the parties before the court of Rome; but the pope, being forwarned by the court of Paris, did nothing contrary to the decision of the parliament. Some of the French priests lost their benefices by their villanous zeal; and the pretended dæmoniac and her father died in deserved contempt in an hospital at Rome. BROTH', n. s. Sax. bro. Liquor in which flesh is boiled; but originally any liquid preparation of sodden herbs or meal. See To BREW. You may make the broth for two days, and take the one half every day. Bacon Instead of light desserts and luscious froth, Our author treats to-night with Spartan broth. BROTHER WRITER, Heb. berith; oparip; Sclav. Russ. Bohem. bradr, brath; Arm. braud; Welsh brodor; Irish bruther; Lat. frater; Ital. Span. Port. frate; Fr. frere; Goth. bryd. byrd: Bpvw, a foetus; Welsh bru, the womb: Chal. Heb. Per. Syr. bar, a child, are all cognates of our verb to bear. See BRAT, BAIRN, BIRTH. A male of children born of the same parents. In a theological sense it is used for the species, for men in general. More comone object, associated for any common purpose, monly it is applied to persons closely united in engaged in similar pursuits and professions; bearing mental, moral, or social resemblance. adjective expresses kindness; the fondness of a brother. The He also that is slothful in his work, is brother to Proverbs. him that is a great waster. make my brother to offend. I will cat o meat while the world standeth, lest I Corinthians. In all this mene while, she ne stent Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. These two are brethren, Adam, and to come Out of thy loins. Milton. Ah! never could he hope once to repair Fletcher's Purple Island. See how it weeps! the tears do come, Sad, slowly, dropping like a gum; Melt in such amber tears as these. Marvell. Wounded Fawn. The lamest cripples of the brothers and bodies. Bacon. Denham. Though more our money than our cause brotherhood of St. George, erected by parliament, con- sons. My father was to Giaffir all That Selim late was deemed to thee, Byron. Bride of Abydos. BROTHER, a term of relationship applied to a male, among children sprung from the same father, or mother, or both. Scaliger and Vossius derive frater from φρατηρ, for φρατωρ, a person who draws water in the same well; ppɛap, in Greek, signifying a well, and pparpia, a company of people, who have a right to draw water out of the same well. The word, it is said, came originally from Argos, where there were only a few wells distributed in certain quarters of the city, to which those of the same family or neighbourhood alone repaired. Consistently with this derivation, the ancients applied the term brother to almost all who stood related in the collateral line, as uncles, nephews, cousins german, &c. Cicero, in his Phillippics, says, 'Antonia was both wife and sister of Mark Anthony; because she was daughter of his brother C. Antonius:' and Tullus Hostilius, in Dionysius Halicarnasseus, calls the Horatii and Curiatii, brothers; because they were sisters' children. The language of the Hebrews was similar, 'We are brethren,' says Abraham to Lot, Genesis xiii. 8, whereas Lot was only his nephew. So Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's brother, Genesis xxix. 12, whereas he was only her father's nephew. BROTHERS, fratres, in the civil law, sometimes comprehend sisters: as Lucius and Titia, fratres; tres fratres, Titius, Mævius, and Seia. By the civil law, brothers and sisters stand in the second degree of consanguinity; by the canon law they are in the first degree.-By the Mosaic law the brother of a man who died without issue was obliged to marry the widow of the deceased.— Deut. xxv. 7. BROTHER, FOSTER, those who suck the same nurse. The French call them freres du lait, or brothers of the milk. BROTHERS OF ARMS, an appellation given those who contract a kind of fraternity in war, obliging themselves to the mutual service and assistance of each other. In the military orders, the knights are also called brothers. BROTHERS OF DEATH, those of the order of St. Paul, so named from the figure of a death's head which they always had about them. BROTHERS OF ST. ALEXIS, in the Low Countries, were an order of persons who attended on those who lay dying, and took care of the burial of the dead. BROTHERS, POOR, in the Chartreuse, or, as it is more commonly called the Charter House, a denomination given to decayed gentlemen, to the number of eighty, who are subsisted with diet, clothing, and lodging, on the establishment. The poor brothers are to be gentlemen of descent, come to poverty, or decayed merchants, soldiers, or officers of the king's household. The conditions of admission are, that they have no estate for life worth £200, nor coming in, viis et modis, £24 per annum; and that they be fifty years old, unless they have been maimed in the public service; in which case, the age of within forty suffices. They wear a livery gown doors. BROTHERS, SERVING, fratres clientes, a class of knights in the order of Malta, consisting of such as cannot give proof of their nobility. BROTHEUS, in mythology, a son of Vulcan, said to have been remarkably deformed; and on that account to have thrown himself into the abyss of Mount Atna. BROTIER (Gabriel), a learned classic, and French Jesuit, was born in 1723, at Tanay, a small town in the Nivernois. For several years he held the situation of librarian to the college of his order in Paris, and, on its dissolution, retired to the house of M. De la Tour, an eminent printer, where he passed the last twenty-six years of his life; dying at Paris, February 12th, 1789. His principal works are: Examen de l'Apologie de M. L'Abbé de Prades, 8vo. 1753; Conclusiones ex universâ Theologiâ, 4to. 1754; a Treatise on the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins, 4to. 1760; Prospectus of an Edition of Tacitus, in 5 vols. 4to. 1761; an improved edition of the works of that author, in 4 vols. 4to. printed in 1771, and a supplement to the seventh and tenth books of his annals, 8vo. 1775; Cl. viri de la Caille Vita, 4to. 1763; an edition of Pliny's Natural History, 6 vols. 12mo 2Q2 1779; another of Rapin's Poems, On Gardens, to which he subjoined A History of Gardening, 8vo. 1778, and a very complete one of Phædrus, with a comparison between the fables of that writer and those of La Fontaine, 12mo. 1785. BROTIER (Andrew Charles), a nephew of the above, was also a man of some learning, especially in the science of botany, and published in 1790 a 12mo. volume of Memoirs, entitled Paroles Mémorables recueillies par Gabr. Brotier. He was for some time editor of L'Année Littéraire, a journal during the revolution, but in 1797, becoming obnoxious to the party then in power, was arrested and banished to Cayenne, where he died in 1798. BROUAGE, a maritime town of France, in the department of the Lower Charente, and cidevant province of Saintonge. It is famous for its salt-works, which are some of the finest in the kingdom. It is fifteen miles S. S. E. of Rochelle, and 170 south-west of Paris. Long. 1° 4′ W., lat. 45° 52′ N. BROUGH, a town in Westmoreland, seated under Stanmore Hill, seven miles from Appleby, and 261 from London. It was formerly a place of great note, being a Roman fortress; but is now much decayed. It contains a neat church, a little distance from the town, in the hamlet of Church-Brough, the pulpit of which is cut out of one entire stone. Near the church are the ruins of an ancient castle, belonging to the Earl of Thanet; part of the tower was standing till 1792, when the greater part fell down. On digging near the ruins, an urn, full of Roman silver coins, was found. On the left of the castle the prospect is closed by a range of craggy mountains, over the tops of which shrubs and trees are promiscuously scattered; to the right is an extensive fertile plain; and behind, the lofty promontory of Wildbore Fell lifts its brow, and terminates the prospect. It is divided into two, the Upper and Lower, and has a market on Thursday, and a fair Thursday before Whitsunday. BROUGHT. Participle passive of bring. The Turks forsook the walls, and could not be brought again to the assault. Knolles. The instances brought by our author are but slender proofs. Locke. BROUGHTON (Thomas), a learned divine, and one of the original writers of the Biographia Britannica, was born at London July 5th, 1704, in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn; of which his father was minister. At an early age he was sent to Eton school, where he soon distinguished himself by his acute genius, and studious disposition. He removed about 1722 to the university of Cambridge, where he studied mathematics, under the famous professor Sanderson, and acquired a knowledge of the modern languages. In 1727 he was made A. B. and admitted to deacon's orders. In 1728 he was ordained priest, and took the degree of M. A. when he removed to the curacy of Offley, in Hertfordshire. In 1739 he was instituted rector of Stepington, appointed chaplain to the duke cf Bedford, and soon after was chosen reader to the Temple, by which he became known to bishop Sherlock, who conceived so high an opinion of his merit, that in 1744 he appointed him vicar of Bedminster, and not long after prebendary of Bedminster and Redcliffe. Upon receiving this preferment he removed from London to Bristol, where he married the daughter of Thomas Harris, clerk of that city, by whom he had seven children, six of whom survived him. He resided on his living till his death, December 21st, 1774, in the seventy-first year of his age. In the course of a long life he published: 1. Christianity Distinct from the Religion of Nature, 8vo. 2. Translation of the Mottoes of the Spectator, Tatler, and Guardian, 12mo. 3. The first and third Olynthiacs and four Phillippics of Demosthenes revised, 8vo. 4. The Bishops of London and Winchester on the Sacrament, compared, 8vo. 5. Hercules, a musical drama. 6. Bibliotheca Historico-sacra, or Dictionary of all Religions, 2 vols. folio. 7. A Defence of the commonly-received Doctrine of the Human Soul, 8vo. 8. A Prospect of Futurity, in four Dissertations, 8vo. 1768. He was a great lover of ancient music, which introduced him to the acquaintance of Mr. Handel, whom he furnished with the words for many of his compositions. In 1778 a posthumous volume of sermons, on select subjects, was published by his son, the Rev. Thomas Broughton, A.M. vicar of Twerton, near Bath. BROUGHTON'S ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive range of rocky islands, islets, and rocks, in an arm of the Pacific Ocean, on the north-west coast of America; so called from Mr. Broughton, commander of the Chatham, who discovered them in 1790, in company with Vancouver. Long. 232° 56′, to 233° 40′ E., lat. 50° 33′ to 51° N. BROUGHTONIA, in botany, class and order, gynandria monandria; natural order, orchidea. Essential characters: CAL. petals spreading: COR. attached at the base only to the stalked lip: ANTH, a movable lid: masses of pollen four, parallel, divided by complete permanent partitions, and extending at the base into an elastic Broughtonia, a native of Jamaica, is the only granulated thread. B. sanguinea, blood-red known species. BROUKHUSIUS (Jonas), or John BROEKHUIZEN, a distinguished writer in Holland, was born November 20th, 1649, at Amsterdam, where his father was a clerk to the admiralty. He learned Latin under Hadrian Junius, but his father dying when he was very young, he was placed with an apothecary at Amsterdam, with whom he lived some years. Not liking this profession, he went to the army, where his behaviour raised him to the rank of lieutenant-captain; and, in 1674, he was sent with his regiment to America, in the fleet under admiral de Ruyter, but returned to Holland the same year. 1678 he was sent to the garrison at Utrecht, where he contracted a friendship with the celebrated Grævius; and here he had the misfortune to be so deeply engaged in a duel, that, according to the laws of Holland, his life was forfeited; but Grævius obtained his pardon from the Stadtholder. Not long after, he became captain of one of the companies then at Amsterdam; which In placed him in an easy situation, and gave him leisure to pursue his studies. His company being disbanded in 1697, a pension was granted him; upon which he retired to a country house near Amsterdam. He died December 15th, 1707. As a classical editor, he is distinguished by his labors upon Propertius and Tibullus, published in 1702 and 1708. A volume of his poems was published at Utrecht, 1684, in 12mo, and an elegant edition of them was given by Van Hoogstraeten at Amsterdam, in 1711, in 4to, who also published his Dutch poems, in 1712, in 8vo. Broukhusius was also editor of the Latin works of Sannazarius and Palearius. BROUNCKER (William), lord viscount of Castle Lyons, in Ireland, and the first president of the Royal Society, was the son of Sir William Brouncker, and born about 1620. He was distinguished by his knowledge of the mathematics, and by the considerable posts he enjoyed after the Restoration; being chancellor to the queen, and keeper of her great seal, and one of the commissioners of the navy, &c. He wrote: 1. Experiments of the Recoiling of Guns. 2. An Algebraical Paper upon the Square of the Hyperbola; and several letters to archbishop Usher. He died in 1684. BROUSSON (Claude), an eminent French protestant martyr, born at Nismes, in 1647. He distinguished himself as an advocate at Castres and Toulouse. The deputies of the Protestants assembled at his house after their churches were demolished, and resolved to continue to meet there. The execution of this resolution, however, as might have been expected, occasioned fresh persecutions and massacres. Brousson retired to Geneva, and afterwards to Lausanne; whence he travelled through the different protestant states, soliciting their assistance and compassion to their suffering brethren in France. Returning to France, he ventured to preach in the Cevennes, and in several provinces: in consequence of which, he was apprehended at Oleron in 1698, and, being convicted of having preached in defiance of the edicts, was broken upon the wheel. He was a man of great eloquence and learning, and wrote many works in favor of the Calvinists: particularly The State of the Reformed in France; Letters to the Clergy of France; Letters from the Protestants in France to all other Protestants; and Remarks upon Amelot's Translation of the New Testament. The States of Holland gave him a pension of 400 florins; and, upon his death, added 600 more, making 1000 in all, as a pension to his widow. BROUSSONET (Pierre-Marie-Auguste), professor of botany at the medical school of Montpelier, and also a member of the Institute, as well as an associate of the Royal Society of London &c. was born at Montpelier, February 28th, 1761. We subjoin the following account of him from the eulogium pronounced by the celebrated Cuvier, at the public session of the Institute of France. His father, François Broussonet, was a professor of medicine there, and his mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Senard-Paquier. From the earliest period of his life he exhibited the promise of great talents; for at eighteen years of age he was nominated to a chair in the university of the city where he was born; at twentyfour he was unanimously elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, a circumstance which had not occurred from the origin of that body; at a later period, he was chosen an associate of the Institute during his absence, and preserved on the list, notwithstanding his residence in the south of France. He was born in the bosom of a celebrated school; he was the son of a man who exercised, in an honorable manner, the functions of his office. Thus the sciences may be said to have surrounded his cradle; and it was their language which he was first taught to utter. With a view to withdraw his mind from the study of nature, to which he was fondly attached, young Broussonet was sent to a distance from his native home to learn the languages; but on his return, with a view of studying medicine, he employed himself in culling plants during the day, and in dissecting at night. In fine, he encumbered his father's house with productions of every kind, while at the same time he made such a rapid progress in medicine, that he obtained the title of doctor of physic at eighteen years of age. The thesis which he chose on this occasion, had respiration for its object, and was entitled, Variæ positiones circa Respirationem. The excellence of this composition fully justified the premature honors he received, for it exhibits an admirable specimen of comparative anatomy and physiology; while all the known facts are assembled and illustrated with great judgment. Having repaired soon after to Paris, for the express purpose of obtaining the minister's leave to enter on his new professorship, he met with such opposition on account of his youth, that he resigned all ideas on that subject; and, thinking that natural history presented him a field in which he could distinguish himself, he resolved to apply his time and talents to this subject. Although the eloquence of Buffon had inspired a general taste for the study of nature, it had at the same deterred the greater part of the scholars from the methods most proper to guide them in respect to it: the zoologists and the mineralogists were not as yet familiarised with the commodious nomenclature and rigorous synonomy of Linnæus. It appeared as if this great man had written for the botanists alone, and all these, becoming his disciples, constituted a separate class: the example of which then had but a feeble influence in respect to the study of the other kingdoms of Nature; but M. Broussonet, incited by the example of the respectable M. Gouan, with an extraordinary zeal for the pure Linnæan doctrine, resolved to render it victorious in France, and accordingly attached his reputation to the fate of this enterprise. As it is in the distinctions of the species, that the methods adopted by the learned Swede exhibit their superiority, and the collection of Paris did not then afford a sufficient variety to serve as the basis of such important labors, Broussonet determined to visit such foreign cabinets as contained the finest specimens. He accordingly directed his course towards England; the universal commerce of which nation, its immense colonies, its grand maritime expeditions, togather with the taste of the king, and several of the grandees, for natural history, had enabled it, at history. He shows how much respiration dimithat period, to form the richest depositories of nishes in respect to intensity, and the blood in the productions of the two worlds. Sir Joseph regard to heat, from birds to quadrupeds, and Banks at this time enjoyed that extensive repu- from quadrupeds to reptiles; he compares the tation which will render his name immortal in size of the heart, and the quantity of blood, of the history of the sciences; and it was under his different animals; he explains why those who immediate protection that Broussonet published have small bronchial openings can live longer the first part of his work on fishes, in 1782, under out of water than the others; he mentions the the title of Ichthyologiæ, decas 1. It contains the experiments made to demonstrate the degree of Latin description, classed after the Linnæan heat which fishes are capable of supporting, &c. order, of ten rare kinds, one half of which were His paper on the teeth is of a similar nature: before unknown. They were accompanied with the difference between the teeth of flesh-eating an equal number of plates; and constituted, as and herbivorous animals; the flakes of enamel it were, a fine frontispiece to an important work, which penetrate the substance of the latter, and which, it is to be greatly lamented, was never which give them that inequality so necessary for continued and completed. At length M. Brous- the purpose of trituration; the infinite variety of sonet returned from London, preceded by the the number, of the figure, and of the position, reputation of his new work, decorated with the of the teeth of animated beings, &c.; in short, title of a member of the Royal Society, and all these facts, which are at present notorious to reckoning among his friends, the son of Linnæus, every one, were not then deficient either in Solander, Sparman, Sibthorp, Scarpa, and novelty or interest. It is to be lamented, that several other naturalists of the same rank. His Broussonet should have quitted a career in devotion to Linnæus would not, at that period, which he was destined to shine; but, during the have operated as a recommendation to many who same year he was received into the Academy, he enjoyed great influence in the capital of France, happened also to be chosen secretary to the Soand particularly to Daubenton, who then pos- ciety of Agriculture; and this first cause of dissessed much credit, both at the Academy and with traction produced many others. Agricultural the ministry; but the mild manners and modest societies had been established in the different geconduct of Broussonet made his profession of neralities in 1761. Composed, for the most faith be forgotten, and he found a most zealous part, either of wealthy proprietors or simple protector in the very man who was considered as farmers, they had hitherto displayed but little likely to be most vexed with his doctrines. activity in respect to their operations, while Daubenton made him his deputy at the college of that of the capital had only published a few France, his assistant at the veterinary school, and instructions, during the space of twenty-four also contributed, more than any other, to his re- years. Berthier de Sauvigny made it someception at the Academy. He now gave notice of thing like a point of honor, to confer rehis intentions to publish his grand work on ichthy- putation on this study, and thought that he ology, and actually presented the prospectus to could not confide this enterprise to any one the public. The distribution was to be nearly more capable than M. Broussonet, whom he on the same plan as that laid down by Linnæus, had known in England. In the exercise of his but he was to describe 1200 species, while the new functions, he displayed great flexibility Swede had only enumerated 460. Nearly at the of talents; and, quitting by degrees that drysame time, Broussonet read dissertations at the mess of style which is the character of the school Academy, and gave a description of the dog-fish, to which he had attached himself, he soon acof which he mentioned twenty-seven species; quired the powers of composition, and at times one-third of which were unknown to other natu- displayed all the charms of the most captivating ralists. He also treated of the annarhiscus lupus, eloquence. The first of his eulogies, that of as well as the silure trembleur, (scomber gladius), Buffon, is perhaps still feeble for so great a name; first discovered by Adanson to possess the powers but in those which succeeded, he sometimes of electricity.. He next described the spermatic makes us enamoured with the peaceable virtues vessels of fishes, and demonstrated, that several of Blareau; while, at other times, he induces us possessed scales which were supposed to be to admire the frankness, probity, and devotion destitute of them. But the most celebrated of of Turgot, to whatsoever respected the public all his discourses, was that on the comparison good. During those times, when the vows of between the movements of plants and of animals.' all seemed to call for a popular revolution, he It is to him we are indebted for the first complete procured abundant applauses, by constantly and description of that vegetable, to which we are energetically declaring his wishes in behalf of most tempted to attribute something voluntary the inhabitants of the country. M. Broussonet, in its oscillations-the hedysarum gyrans, or on whom such discourses had conferred a pothat kind of grass produced in Bengal, the lateral pular reputation, could not fail of being chosen leaves of which rise and fall both day and night, to supply some of those places which, at this without any external provocation. He also insis- period, were about to be conferred by the ted on the determinate volition of the parts of opinions of his fellow citizens; but the very plants, notwithstanding all obstacles; the pro- first one obtained by him made him quickly gress of the roots in search of humidity; the in- regret the neglected sciences, and the peaceable flexions of the leaves in order to obtain light, &c. occupations of the closet. Having been nomiIn a short time he aimed at still higher objects; nated, in 1789, to the electoral body of Paris, and his memoir on the respiration of fishes ap- and consequently chosen to supply the place of pertains entirely to the philosophy of natural the suspended authorities, on the very day he |