my shelf, as in it the pine plants grow much faster in the winter, the water being always warmed by the flue; of this I have seen the great benefit these two last months in my neighbourhood. It is not foreign to this purpose to mention, that, as a person was moving a large pine plant from the hot-bed in my house last summer, which plant was just showing fruit, by some accident he broke off the plant just above the earth in which it grew, and there was no root whatever left to it: by way of experiment I took the plant, and fixed it upright in a pan of water (without any earth whatever) on the shelf; it there soon threw out roots, and bore a pine-apple that weighed upwards of two pounds.'

BROMLEY, a town of Kent, situated on the river Ravensbourn, ten miles from London, on the road to Tunbridge. It has an hospital for twenty clergymen's widows, with an allowance of £30 a-year, and £60 per annum to the chaplain. It has fairs Feb. 14th, and Aug. 5th, and a market on Thursday. Near the town is the palace of the bishops of Rochester, where there is a chalybeate spring, of a quality similar to that at Tunbridge. The manor of this place was granted to the bishop by king Edgar, in the year 700. The church is a very old structure.

BROMUS, broom-grass, in botany: a genus of the dygynia order, and triandria class of plants; natural order, fourth, gramina. The CAL. is bivalved, having a partial spike, oblong and round, opposite grains, with an awn below the point of each outer valve. There are thirty-four species, of which seven are natives of Britain, viz. 1. B. arvensis, common broom-grass; 2. B. ciliatus, wall broom-grass; 3. B. giganteus, tall broomgrass; 4. B. pinnatus, spiked broom-grass; 5. B. ramosus, wood broom-grass; 6. B. secalinus, field broom-grass; 7. B. sterilis, barren broomgrass.

BROMYARD, a market town of Herefordshire, near the Frome, seated on a rising ground. It has five fairs: market on Monday. It is eighteen miles west of Worcester, and 125 W.N. W. of London.

BRONCHIAL ARTERIES. See ANATOMY. BRONCHOCELE, DERBYSHIRE NECK. This disease is marked by a tumor on the forepart of the neck, and seated between the trachea and skin. In general it has been supposed principally to occupy the thyroid gland. It is a very common disorder in Derbyshire, and amongst the inhabitants of the Alps, and other mountainous countries bordering thereon. The cause which gives rise to it, is by no means certain; but it is commonly attributed to the water of the place. The swelling is generally without pain, or any evident fluctuation; but when the disease is of long standing, and the swelling considerable, it is a very difficult matter to effect a cure by medicine, or any external application; and it is dangerous to attempt its removal with a knife, on account of the enlarged state of its arteries.

Although relief has been occasionally obtained by blisters, mercurial plasters, &c. yet the best mode of cure is to exhibit internally burnt sponge, in the form of a lozenge; every night for three weeks, one of the troches should, when the patient is in bed, be put under the tongue,

suffered to dissolve gradually, and the solution swallowed. The disgust at first arising from this remedy soon wears off. Sulphuretted potassa dissolved in water, in the proportion of thirty grains to a quart daily, is a remedy which has been employed by Dr. Richter with success. The soda subcarbonas, being the basis of burnt sponge, is now frequently employed instead of it, and, indeed, it is a more active medicine.

BRONCHOTOMY, in surgery, from Booyxoc and rev; is the operation of cutting into the trachea or wind-pipe. This may be practised with greater or less chance of success, in cases where a patient is in danger of suffocation, from an obstacle in the trachea, or a constriction of the glottis. Also where the trachea is compressed by a tumor externally, or where the tonsils and parts adjacent become so enlarged as to impede respiration. In short, should any mechanical cause be supposed to exist, of threatening suffocation and impending death, the surgeon's duty will be too plain and imperious to admit of hesitation: an incision must be made into the trachea without a moment's delay, unless some other obvious remedy can be suggested for the patient's restoration.

The following has been recommended as one of the best modes of performing it :-The patient is placed upon a low stool, or in that posture in which he finds it most easy to breathe; his head is held upright, but by no means bent backwards, and secured by an assistant. Opposite the third or fourth cartilaginous ring of the trachea, the skin is now drawn up into a high cross fold; and it is cut through exactly at the middle of the trachea, to such a depth, that when the fold is let go, the incision extends itself longitudinally from the first cartilaginous ring down to near the upper extremity of the sternum. making the incision of a proper length, the operation will be greatly facilitated, as its edges can then be drawn farther from each other.

By

As soon as the hæmorrhage has been entirely stopped, that part of the trachea, where the incision is finally to be made, must be laid bare, by dissecting away the cellular substance and muscular fibres situated about the membranous interstice between the third and fourth ring, and by either entirely removing them or pressing them sideways. The operator then places the nail of the fore-finger of his left hand upon this interstice; and, applying the thumb and middle finger of the same hand to both sides of the trachea, he pushes the point of his instrument, which must previously be dipped in some fresh oil of almonds, along the nail of his fore-finger, through the above-mentioned membranous interstice, between the third and fourth cartilaginous ring: into the trachea. He then applies the forefinger of his left hand to one or the other of the cartilaginous rings, close to the tube or canula, in order to hold it back whilst he withdraws the blade of his instrument. If we make use of Richter's curved instrument, we must move the hand upwards in pushing it in, in order that we may turn the point of the instrument downwards, and prevent its touching the back part of the trachea.

But in order that we may prevent the tube

from slipping out of the wound, and also to prevent its moving to and fro in the trachea, several dossils are introduced above and below into the wound, so as to keep the lips asunder. To the rings, on both sides of the external opening of the tube, two narrow slips of linen are applied, which press the rings down upon the trachea; and the whole is covered and secured with adhesive plaster. And that none of the fluids which are collected in the wound may make their way into the canula and wind-pipe, the patient must lie or sit inclined on one side, and the wound must, from time to time, be wiped dry with a sponge. When the tube fills with mucus, it must be cleaned with a small feather; or two such tubes may be employed, one enclosing the other, and either of them removed, when necessary, for the purpose of clearing it of mucus.

An improvement upon the instruments employed has been proposed by Mr. Benjamin Bell, or one which has nearly the form of a flat straight trocar, and ought never to be less than two inches in length. Before it is pushed between the two cartilages, it must first be thrust through several linen compresses, which not only serve to cover the pledgit of ointment intended to protect the wound, but also produces the advantage that (by removing one or more of the compresses, which may be done by cutting them open at the sides with a pair of scissars), we are able to increase the length of the tube at pleasure. In order to secure the tube in the situation where it is left after the operation, he passes it through an opening in a plate of polished steel, which is curved so as to fit to the shape of the fore-part of the neck, and fastened behind with straps and a buckle. To prevent any foreign substance from getting through the orifice of the canula into the trachea, it may be covered with a piece of fine gauze, which should previously be wetted, that the dust may not penetrate through it, but stick to the outside. When the cause which gave rise to the operation has been removed, and the patient can again breathe through his mouth, the tube is withdrawn, and the orifice healed up like any other wound of the wind-pipe; in doing which great caution should be used, lest any thing should get into the trachea. BRONCHUS, the trachea, or wind-pipe. See ANATOMY.

BRONKHORST (John Van), an eminent painter of the seventeenth century, born at Utrecht. He studied under Cornelius Poelemburg, whose style he imitated with great success. He painted both history and landscapes; and his pictures, which are very highly finished, are held in great esteem.

BRONTES, in mythology, one of the cyclops, who was employed by Vulcan to make Jupiter's thunder-bolts.

BRONTES, in entomology, a small species of papilio. The wings are subcaudated and fuscous, with a band on the first pair, and margin of the second snowy white. Found in Africa.

BRONTEUM, in Grecian antiquity, a place underneath the floor of the theatres, in which were kept brazen vessels full of stones and other materials, with which they imitated the noise of thunder.

BRONTEUS, in mythology, an epithet of Jupiter; applied also to Bacchus. BRONTIÆ, or thunder stones, in natural history. See BELEMNITES.

BRONTOLOGY denotes an explanation of the causes, phenomena, &c. of thunder. See ELECTRICITY and THUNDER.

BRONZE, v. & n. Ital. bronzo; Fr. bronze; Pers. burinj, perhaps from Goth. bruna ; Fr. brunir, to burnish; and Lat. as. See BRASS, COPPER COLOR.

Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands, Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. Pope

I view with anger and disdain,
How little gives thee joy or pain;

Prior.

A print, a bronze, a flower, a root, A shell, a butterfly can do 't. BRONZE, a compound of copper and tin, to which sometimes other metallic substances, particularly zinc, are added. This metal is brittle, hard, and sonorous. It is employed for making bells, cannons, statues, &c. and the proportions of the metals are varied to suit the several purposes to which it is applied. This compound, like some others, is specifically heavier than either of the metals taken separately. A metallic mass, composed of four-fifths of copper and one-fifth of tin, weighs seven and one-tenth grains more than the same quantities of these two metals would together weigh if not alloyed. This proves, that in the union of copper and tin there is a penetration of parts, the one metal entering into the pores of the other; and this is further confirmed by an observation of Mr. Tillet, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. In his memoir concerning the ductility of metals, he takes notice, that when the mixture of copper and tin is made in the proportions above mentioned, the color of the copper is entirely annulled and covered by that of the tin, although the quantity of the first be four times greater; and this singular effect cannot be understood without admitting a total change in the size and disposition of the pores of the compound metal. Tin being less subject to rust than copper, bronze is also found to be less liable to be covered with verdigris than pure copper is; and this is one reason why it is used for cannons, statues, and works exposed to the air and weather. The greater fusibility of bronze than copper is also an advantageous property, and much facilitates the casting of large works. The operation of casting large works in bronze is a work of considerable difficulty, and requires much scientific knowledge and great practice. Macquer directs a brick furnace to be erected, nearly in the shape of a baker's oven. The floor of this oven is concave, and consists of a composition of sand and clay; on which the metals are placed. The furnace has four openings. The first is a lateral mouth, at which the flame of the fuel enters. The second is a chimney placed on the side opposite the mouth, by means of which the flame is drawn over the metal The third opening is a hole, which can be opened or shut at pleasure, to inspect the state of the contents of the furnace. When the metal is in the required state, a fourth aperture is opened, communicating with the hol-low floor, through which the metal flows by

channels into the moulds prepared to receive it. These moulds are made on the model of the figure intended to be cast, with a mixture of one part of plaster of Paris, and two parts of brickdust. The mould is then to be taken from the figure, and lined on the inside with a thin layer of clay, the thickness the bronze is intended to be; the mould is then to be put together, and the cavity within the clay filled with a similar composition to the mould which forms the core, which, if large, must be previously supported by bars of iron. When this is done, the mould is to be taken off, the clay thoroughly cleaned out, and the mould and core completely dried; the mould is then to be placed thereon, and the vacuity formed by the removal of the clay is the channel for the metal, in a state of fusion, which must be properly conducted to it, and care taken that proper vents are left in the mould for the expansion of the air by the heat of the metal. The equestrian statue of Louis XIV. in the Place de Vendome at Paris, is one of the largest pieces of bronze sculpture ever made. This colossal group contains upwards of 60,000 lbs. weight of bronze. Many fine specimens of ancient bronze, as statues, penates, vessels, &c. are to be seen in the collection of the BRITISH MUSEUM, which see.

BRONZE also denotes a color prepared by the colormen of Paris, wherewith to imitate bronze. There are two sorts, the red bronze and the yellow or golden. The latter is made solely of copper dust, the finest and brightest that can be got; the former is made of the same, with the addition of a little red ochre well pulverised. They are both applied with varnish. To prevent their turning greenish, the work must be dried over a chafing dish as soon as bronzed.

BRONZING, the art or act of imitating bronze, which is done by means of copper-dust or leaf, fastened on the outside, as gold leaves are in gilding

BRONZITE, a massive mineral of a pseudometallic lustre, frequently resembling bronze; structure lamellar, with joints parallel to the lateral planes of a rhomboidal prism; the fragments are streaked on the surface. It is opaque in mass, but transparent in thin plates. White streak; somewhat hard, but easily broken. Specific gravity, 3.2. It is composed of 60 silica, 27.5 magnesia, 10-5 oxide of iron, and 0.5 water. It is found in large masses in beds of serpentine, near Kranbat, in Upper Stiria; and in a syenitic rock in Glen Tilt, in Perthshire.

BROOCH. See BROACH. A jewel; an ornament of jewels.

A broche she bare upon hire low colere.

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

Of crowds afraid, yet anxious when alone, You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Id. workings of instinct in a hen followed by a brood of I was wonderfully pleased to see the different ducks. Spectator.

The common hen, all the while she is broody, sits, and leads her chickens, and uses a voice which we call clocking. Ray.

Gay.

Bears, wolves, and all the savage brood, Have dyed the regal den with blood. Teut. brauchen; Dan. bruge; Belgic, bruiken. BROOK, v. Goth. bruka; Sax. brucau; See To BREAK. To accustom, endure, habituate, use; to digest; to enjoy.

Put, for men speke of singing, I wol sey, (So mote I brouken well mine eyen twey,) Save you, ne herd I never man so sing As did your fader in the morvening. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Even they, which brook it worst that men should tell them of their duties, when they are told the same by a law, think very well and reasonably of it.

Hooker.

He, in these wars, had flatly refused his aid; because he could not brook that the worthy prince Plangus was, by his chosen Tiridates, preferred before him. Sidney,

A thousand more mischances than this one Have learned me to brook this patiently.

Id

Shakspeare.

Heaven, the scat of bliss,

Brooks not the works of violence and war.

Milton. Restraint thou wilt not brook; but think it hard, Your prudence is not trusted as your guard. Dryden. BROOK', n Goth. broka; Sax. bruck; BelBROOKY.gic, brock; Pers. birku. A small stream; a rivulet.

And to the launde he rideth him ful right,
Ther was the hart ywont to have his flight;
And over a brooke, an so; forth on this wey.
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by; and then his state
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters.

Shakspeare. Springs make little rivulets; those united make brooks; and those coming together, make rivers, which empty themselves into the sea. Locke. BROOKE (Henry), an Irish writer of some eminence, was born in Dublin, 1706, and educated by Dr. Sheridan. Early in life he entered of the Temple, London, and numbered among his friends, Pope and Swift. On his return to Ireland, he was entrusted with the guardianship of a female cousin, whom he married, and the young lady became a mother before she had attained the age of fourteen. He now returned to London, and wrote On Universal Beauty, a poem. After this he practised as a chamber council in Ireland, and wrote his Gustavus Vasa, which government would not allow the theatres to perform; thus rendering it so popular, that he obtained a large sum by its publication. He now attached himself to the opposition and the politics of Frederick, prince of Wales; but, finding his means inadequate to his support, returned once more to a life of privacy in Ireland. Here he wrote The Earl of Westmoreland, a tragedy, followed by his Farmer's Letters, addressed to the people of Ireland, in reward for which the earl of Chesterfield, then lord-lieutenant, made him barrack-master. In 1747 he assisted in Moore's Fables for the Female Sex; and produced his Earl of Essex, a tragedy, in 1749. In 1762 he wrote a prose vindication of his countrymen, entitled, The Trial of the Roman Catholics. But his most celebrated work was The Fool of Quality, which appeared in 1766, and attracted, from the first, much attention. He, about this time, became embarassed, and under the necessity of selling his paternal lands. Shortly after, the loss of his wife, who died at Kildare, gave an irreparable shock to his intellects. He followed her to the tomb in 1783. He wrote some minor pieces, which plainly indicated the approach of

his last attack.

Mrs. Brooke also trans

She was

She

lated several books from the French. very intimate with Dr. Johnson, Miss Seward, and most of the first characters of her time. died in January, 1789, two days after her husband, who enjoyed the rectory of Colney in Norfolk, to which he had been preferred after his arrival from America.

BROOKE (Sir Robert), lord chief justice of the common pleas, was the son of Thomas Brooke, Esq. of Claverly, in Shropshire, and educated at Oxford; whence he removed to the middle temple, and soon became a very eminent lawyer. In 1552 he was made serjeant at law; and in 1553, the first of queen Mary, lord chief justice of the common pleas; about which time he was knighted. He was also appointed recorder of London, and speaker of the House of Commons. He died at Claverly in 1558, with the character His works are: 1. Ar of an upright judge. Abridgment containing an Abstract of the Yearbooks till the time of queen Mary. 2. Certain cases adjudged in the reign of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and queen Mary. 3. Reading on the Statute of Limitations, 32 Henry VIII. c. 2

BROOK'LIME, n. s. Lat. becabunga. .A sort of water speedwell, very common in ditches.

BROOKLYN, a handsome town of LongIsland; pleasantly situated in King's county, opposite New York city. It contains a Presbyterian, and a Dutch Reformed church. BROOM' n. Teut. broem; Sax. brom; BROO'MY, Belgic, brem; Goth. bry; BROOM'LAND, Welch, ber. A point, BROOM'STAFF, prickle; a shrub; a species BROOMSTICK. of genista. It is applied to a besom, because made of twigs of broom.

a

BROOME (William), the coadjutor of Pope in translating the Odyssey, was born in Cheshire, of poor parents. He was educated at Eton, and was captain of the school a whole year, by which he might have obtained a scholarship at King's College, had there been a vacancy. He was therefore sent to St. John's College, by the ontribution of his friends, where he obtained a small exhibition. He appeared early in the world, as a translator of the Iliad into prose, in conjunction with Ozell and Oldisworth; was introduced to Mr. Pope, when visiting Sir John Cotton at Madingley, near Cambridge; and was employed by him to make extracts from Eustathius, for the notes to the translation of the Iliad. In the volumes of poetry published by Lintot, commonly called Pope's Miscellanies, many of his early pieces were inserted. When the success of the Iliad gave encouragement to a version of the Odyssey, Pope, weary of the toil, called Fenton and Broome to his assistance; and taking only half the work upon himself, divided the other half between his partners, giving four books to Fenton and eight to Broome. The price at which Pope purchased this assistance was £300 paid to Fenton, and £500 to Broome, with as many copies as he wanted for his friends, which amounted to £100 more. A difference afterwards arose between Pope and Broome, which was carried so far, as to induce the former to give his old friend a place in the Dunciad. it has been said that they were afterwards reconciled; but it was peace without friendship. He afterwards published a Miscellany of Poems, but never rose to any high dignity in the church. He was some time rector of Sturston in Suffolk, where he married a wealthy widow; and afterVOL. IV.

wards, when the king visited Cambridge, in 1728, became LL. D. He was, in 1733, presented by the crown to the rectory of Pulham in Norfolk, which he held with Oakley Magna, in Suffolk, given him by Lord Cornwallis, to whom he was chaplain, and who added the vicarage of Eye, in Suffolk. He amused himself with translating Odes of Anacreon, which he published in the Gentleman's Magazine, under the name of Chester. He died at Bath in 1745.

BROOM FLOWER, KNIGHTS OF THE, (Ordre de la Geneste) a ci-devant order of knights, instituted by St. Louis, of France, on occasion of his marriage. The motto was Exaltat humiles; and the collar of the order made up of broom flowers and husks, enamelled and intermixed with fleur-de-lys of gold, set in open lozenges, enamelled white, chained together, and a cross florence of gold hung at it. Some speak of another order of the broom, established by Charles Martel, or rather Charles VI.

BROOM GALL, in natural history, a remarkable species of galls found on the common broom; occasioned, like all other galls, by the puncture and eating of an insect. When opened they are found to contain a small oblong worm, of a red color, but whose size requires a glass to see it distinctly. See GALL.

BROOS, or BROS, a free town of Transylvania, well-built, containing a spacious casle, and about 3200 inhabitants. It is one of the seven royal towns of the Saxon settlers, has a seat and vote at the provincial diet, and is inhabited by Saxon Lutherans, and Hungarian Calvinists. There are besides churches for Catholics and Greek Christians; the Calvinists have an academy. The inhabitants rear corn, wine, and fruit. It lies south-west of Weissenburg, near the Marosch.

It

BRORA, a lake of Scotland, in the county of Sutherland, four miles long and one broad. At two different places it is so much contracted, as to exhibit the appearance of three lakes. is environed on both sides with lofty mountains, villages, and natural wood. In the middle of it is an island of an oblong square figure, which, tradition says, was artificially constructed on an immense collection of stones brought there on purpose. One half of it was appropriated for lodgings in time of war, and the other laid out for a garden. The walls are still pretty high, and ascend perpendicularly from the surface of the water, without a vestige of the island behind them; and are only accessible by two stairs, which front the south and east, so that with plenty of stores, and the fishing of the loch, abounding with salmon, trout, and eel, the place was impregnable, when properly defended.

BROSCHI (C.), better known by the adopted name of Farinelli, was born in Naples in 1705, and suffered emasculation in consequence of an accident. Obtaining great applause on the Italian theatres, he came to London, and added considerably to his fame and fortune. He then went to Madrid, and gained the favor of Philip V. and his successor, who conferred on him the order of Calatrava. He is said to have been a man of great probity and charity. On the death

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