BOUTAEL, in icthyology, the name of an East Indian fish, of the lamprey kind, called also neegen oogen, and by Mr. Ray, lampetra Indica. It is caught in lakes, ponds, and other standing waters, and is a very wholesome and well tasted fish. From its general description, it seems to be rather of the mustela than the lampetra kind; but if, as its name expresses, it has several apertures for the gills, its Dutch name signifying nine eyes, it is absolutely a new genus.

BOUTANT, or ARCH-BOUTANT, in architecture, an arch, or part of an arch, abutting against the reins of a vault to prevent its giving way.

BOUTANT PILLAR, a large chain or pile of stone, made to support a wall, terrace, or vault.

BOUTE, in the menage, an epithet for a horse, when his legs are in a straight line from the knee to the coronet: short-jointed horses are apt to =boute, but not long-jointed ones.

BOUTON, an island near the south-east coast of Celebes, about eighty-five miles in length, by twenty to thirty in breadth. It is high and woody, abounding in fruits and vegetables, and on the whole not ill cultivated. Buffaloes are found wild in large herds; and in the woods there are deer and wild boars. The inhabitants are of tawny complexion, short stature, and very ugly. On the coast they speak the Malay language, and are Mahommedans. The Island is well peopled, but little known internally; its peace is constantly disturbed by the invasion of pirates; who however are frequently captured by the natives, and sold as slaves. It is said to be governed by a sultan, whose dominion extends over the neighbouring island Pangesani, and some others. His residence is at the town of Bouton, in a stone fort. This town is at the top of a steep declivity near the entrance of the straits, on the north-west coast, and is surrounded with thick walls. The streets are straight and narrow; and the houses built of bamboo, covered with palm leaves, consist but of one story. The inhabitants manufacture a quantity of cotton cloth; of very fine texture, and bearing a good price. They barter for hardware and cutlery, but prefer money. The Dutch formerly had a factory, together with a detachment and an officer, here; but after these had been massacred, about a century ago, they were not replaced. Forts are built throughout the country, on the most inaccessible heights. The town of Bouton is in long. 122° 30 E., lat. 5° 28′ S.

BOUTONNE, a river of France in the department of the Lower Charente, which rises in the cidevant province of Poitou, becomes navigable at St. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charente. BOW', v. & n. Bow is the past tense and BOW'ING, past participle of the Ang.BOW BACK, Sax. bygan. To bend; to BOW HAND, curve; to crook; to arch; to BOW BENT, incline; to decline. In Bow'MAN, every application of this word, however its modes of BOW'SHOT, signification may be affectBow'YER, ed by its connexion, it BOW'STRING. always means one and the same thing, viz. bended or curved. The verb is used, to give way; to yield; to submit; to slip aside; to avoid danger, by bending or shrinking.

Bow'ER,

Bow with a load

Of borrowed sins; and swim

In woes that were not made for him. Crashaw's Sancta Maria Dolorum. Ye gods of love that pitie lovers paine, (If any gods the paine of lovers pitie), Looke from above, where you in joys remaine, And bow your eares unto my doleful dittie. Spenser. Perdie with love thou diddest fight; I know him by a token. For once I heard How he him caught upon a day, (Whereof he will be wroken,) Entangled in a fowling net, Which he for carrion crows had set, That in our pear-tree haunted;

my

father say,

He said he was a winged lad,

But bowe and shaftes as then none had, Els had he sore been daunted. Cupid and my Campaspe played At cards for kisses, Cupid paid; He stakes his quiver, bow, and arrows, His mother's doves, and team of sparrows; Loses them too, then down he throws The coral of his lip, the rose Growing on's cheek (but none knows how), With these the crystal of his brow, And then the dimple of his chin, All these did my Campaspe win. At last he set her both his eyes, She won, and Cupid blind did rise. O Love has she done this to thee, What shall, alas! become of me!

Id.

Stoop to the block, than these knees bow to any, Save to the God of heaven, and to my king. Id. Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand, and very far from the mark. Spenser's Ireland. This is the great idol to which the world bows; to this we pay our devoutest homage. Decay of Piety. The white faith of history cannot show That e'er the musket yet could beat the bow. Alleyne's Henry VII. A sybil old, bow-bent with crooked age, That far events full wisely could presage. To bow and sue for grace, With suppliant knee, and deify his power, Who from the terror of this arm so late Doubted his empire; that were low indeed; That were an ignominy and shame beneath This downfall.

Milton.

Milton's Paradise Lost,

guard and defence of this kingdom, and the dread and terror of its enemies.' 33 Hen. VIII. cap. 6. The art of using bows is called archery, and those practised therein, archers, or bowmen. The strength of a bow may be calculated on this principle, that its spring i. e. the power whereby it restores itself to its natural position, is always proportionate to the distance of space it is removed therefrom. See ARTILLERY, ANCIENT. Bow, for taking the sun's altitude, consisted of a large arch of 90° graduated, a shank or staff, a side vane, a sight vane, and an horizon vane. It is now out of use.

Bow, in music, a small machine, which, being drawn over the strings of a musical instrument, makes it resound. It is composed of a small stick, to which are fastened eighty or a hundred horse-hairs, and a screw which serves to give these hairs a proper tension. In order that the bow may touch the strings briskly, it is usual to rub the hairs with resin. The ancients do not appear to have been acquainted with bows of hair; in lieu of which they touched their instruments with a plectrum; over which our bows have great advantage, for giving long and short sounds, and other modifications which a plectrum cannot produce.

Bow, in navigation, an arch of the horizon comprehended between some distant object and that point of the compass which is right a-head, or to which the ship's stern is directed. The phrase on the bow' is equally applicable when the object is beheld from the ship, or discovered by trigonometrical calculation: As, we saw a fleet at day-break bearing three points on the starboard-bow; that is, three points from that part of the horizon which is right a-head, towards the right-hand. See BEARING.

Bow, in ship-building, the rounding part of a ship's side forward, beginning at the place where the planks arch inwards; and terminating where they close, at the stem or prow. It is proved by a variety of experiments that a ship with a narrow bow is much better calculated for sailing swiftly than one with a broad bow; but is not so well fitted for a high sea, into which she always pitches or plunges her fore-part very deep, for want of sufficient breadth to repel the volume of water which she so easily divides in her fall. The former of these is called by seamen a lean, and the other a bluff bow. The bow which meets with the least resistance in a direct course, not only meets with least resistance in oblique courses but has the additional property of driving the least to leeward; which is a double advantage gained by forming the bow so as to give it that figure which will be least resisted in moving through any medium.' Bouguer Traite de

Navire.

Bow, or DRILL-Bow, among artificers, an instrument so called from its figure; used by goldsmiths, gunsmiths, locksmiths, watchmakers, &c. for making a drill go. Among turners it is the name of a pole fixed to the cieling, to which they fasten the cord that whirls round the piece to be turned.

Bow, CROSS, or ARBALEST, Consists of a steel bow, set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger; and is bent with a piece of

iron fitted for that purpose. It serves to throw bullets, large arrows, darts, &c. The ancients had large machines for throwing many arrows at once, called balista. See ARTILLERY.

BOW OF A SADDLE, the fore bow which sustains the pommel, is composed of the withers, the breasts, the points or toes, and the corking. The hind bow bears the trosequin or quilted roll. The bows are covered with sinews to make them strong, and strengthened with bands of iron to keep them tight; and on the lower side are nailed the saddle straps, with which they make fast the girths.

Bow DYE, a kind of scarlet red, superior to madder; but inferior to the true scarlet grain for fixedness and duration. It was brought into England, and first practised at the village of Bow, near London, by Kephler, a Dutchman, in 1643.

BOWDICH (Thomas Edward), an enterprising modern traveller, was born at Bristol, in 1793, and received his education partly in his native city and partly at Corsham, in Wilts. He went for a short time, to Oxford, and was soon matriculated; and, marrying early, commenced business at Bristol. In 1814 he went to Cape Coast castle as a writer in the service of the African Company, the governor of that place being his uncle. The following year he was appointed second in an embassy to the king of Ashantee, which trust he discharged so satisfactorily as to be promoted to the head of the mission. Returning to England, in 1816, he prepared an Account of the Ashantees, and a detail of the mission, in one quarto volume, embellished with curious plates. After the publication of this work in 1819, Mr. Bowdich went to France, where he translated a Treatise on Taxidermy, and Mollien's Travels to the Sources of the Senegal and Gambia. He also wrote, An Essay on the Geography of North-west Africa, accompanied by a map of his own drawing. To this performance succeeded An Essay on the Superstitions, Customs, and Arts, common to the ancient Egyptians, Abyssinians, and Ashantees; and a piece entitled The Contradictions in Park's Last Journal Explained. This was followed by A Mathematical Investigation, with Original Formulæ for Ascertaining the Longitude at Sea by Eclipses of the Moon. Mr. Bowdich sailed for Lisbon, in August 1822, accompanied by his wife, where he collected information respecting the Portuguese discoveries in Angola and Mozambique, the result of which has been since published. His destination was for the river Gambia, where he undertook a survey of its course, in the execution of which he caught a fever, and died Jan. 10th, 1824. Mrs. Bowdich, since his death, has prepared for the press, A Description of the Island of Madeira, with a Narrative of her husband's last Voyage, Remarks on the Cape de Verd Islands, and a Description of the English Settlements on the Gambia. Mr. Bowdich is said to have been a good classic, and to have been sufficiently versed in the physical and mathematical sciences to have rendered him a traveller of great

eminence.

BOWDLER (John and Thomas), were the sons of a banker in London, the former was born March 18th, 1746. He was placed, at an early

fence; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turned to his own hurtless bowels. Burton. Anat. of Me.

with whom he continued till his entrance at the Temple in 1765; but, being of a feeble constitution, and possessing a good fortune, he never followed the law as a profession. In 1778 he married the daughter of Mr. Hanbury, vice consul of the English factory at Hamburgh, by whom he had a numerous family. In this lady he had the happiness to find a woman of unusually strong judgment, enriched with knowledge; yet adorned with a meek and quiet spirit. The family was prolific in talent. Mr. Bowdler's eldest sister had a peculiar facility in acquiring languages; and her ardent piety, and genius are exhibited in a volume of poems and essays, published after her death, in 1784, for the benefit of the Bath hospital. The following year Mr. Bowdler's father died, on which he removed to Seven Oaks, in Kent, next to Hayes, and afterwards to Eltham; where he exerted himself in a variety of good works. Here he published Reform or Ruin, Take Your Choice; a tract on Religious Education; and some other useful works. He died June 29th 1823.

Thomas Bowdler, Esq. F. R. S. and S. A. died at Rhyddings in the parish of Swansea, in 1824, at the age of seventy, and published The Family Shakspeare; in which the offensive passages of the poet have been removed with considerable taste and judgment. He performed the same work of expurgation on Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He was, also, the author of a volume of travels; a memoir of Lieutenant General Vilettes; and other works. BOW'EL, v. & n.~ Fr. boyau, boyaux. JuBow'ELS, nius thinks that the EngBow'ELLESS, lish word is taken from Bow ELPRIER. bow, to bend; to wind; to twist; on account of the folds and convolutions of the bowels within us: intestines, the vessels and organs within the body; the inner part of any thing; tenderness; compassion; the seat of pity or kindness.

His bowels did yearn upon him.

Genesis.

He had no other consideration of money, than for the support of his lustre; and whilst he could do that,

of running in debt, or borrowing all he could.

Clarendon, Miserable men commiserate not themselves; bowelless unto others, and merciless unto their own bowels.

Browne.

Nay you, yourselves, do sometimes find the paines Of sicknesse in your bowels and your veines; The harbingers of death, sometime begin To take up your whole bodie for their inne.

George Wither.

by following the veins, he has made himself two or As he saw drops of water distilling from the rock, three fountains in the bowels of the mountain. Addison. Behold at hand,

With three months training on his head,
An instrument whom I have bred,
Born of these bowels far from sight
Of virtue's false but glaring light;
My youngest born, my dearest joy,
Most like myself, my darling boy.

Churchill's Duellist. They threw him [Edward II.] on a bed; held him down violently with a table, which they flung over him; thrust into his fundament a red-hot iron, which

they inserted through a horn; and though the outward marks of violence upon his person were prevented by this expedient, the horrid deed was discovered to all the guards and attendants by the screams with which the agonizing king filled the castle while his bowels were consuming. This horrid murder was perpetrated 21st of September, 1327.

BOWELS. See ANATOMY.

Hume. Hist. England.

BOWER (Archibald), a writer of some celebrity, but principally remarkable for his religious vacillations was born near Dundee, of Catholic parents, in 1686. He received his education at the Scots College in Douay, after which he went to Rome, and became a member of the order of the Jesuits. In 1726 he settled at Macerata, where he enjoyed, as he states, the place of counsellor to the Inquisition, but quitted it in 1726, and fled to England, professing himself a convert to Protestantism. Here he was engaged as a tutor in a nobleman's family, and, for a while, conducted the Historia Literaria, a monthly review of books. He also wrote part of the Universal have given, or lent, money to the society of the History, in sixty vols. 8vo. He is now said to Jesuits, and to have purchased his re-admission among them about the year 1744. In 1748 he published, by subscription, the first volume of a History of the Popes, and the same year, through the interest of the honorable George Lyttleton, was appointed keeper of the queen's library. His history displayed such violent zeal against popery, as exposed him to the animadversions of Mr. Alban Butler, a learned Catholic; while its literary merits were at the same time severely canvassed by Dr. Douglas, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. His money transactions with the Jesuits coming, also, to light, he was now generally believed to be destitute of all moral or religious principle, and died, almost friendless, in 1766. Lord Lyttleton is said, however, always to have been his patron.

What Alison! heres thou not Absolon, That chanteth thus under our boures wal?

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Full sooty was her boures, and eke her hallo; In which she ete many a slender mele;

Full many a maide, bright in bour,
They mourned for him, par amour,
Whan hem were bet to slepe,

But he was chaste and no lechour,
And swete as is the bramble flour,
That beareth the red hepe.

Id. Rime of Sire Thopas.
And though they faulty were, yet well he wayde,
That God to us forgiveth every howre
Much more than that why they in bands were layd;
And he that harrowed hell with heavy stowre,
The faulty soules from thence brought to his heavenly
Spenser.

bowre.

From a close bower this dainty musique flowed-
A bower apparel'd round with divers roses,
Both red and white, which by their liveries showed
Their mistris faire, that there herselfe reposes;
Seemed that would strive with those rare musique
closes,

By spreading their faire bosomes to the light,
Which the distracted sense should most delight;
That raps the melted eare, this both the smel and
sight.
Id. Brittain's Ida.
Thou didst bower the spirit
In mortal Paradise of such sweet flesh. Shakspeare.
Alone they passed

On to their blissful bower,—it was a place
Chosen by the sovran planter, when he framed
All things to man's delightful use; the roof,
Of thickest covert, was inwoven shade,
Laurel and myrtle, and what higher grew
Of firm and fragrant leaf; on either side
Acanthus and each odorous bushy shrub
Fenced up the verdant wall; each beauteous flower,
Iris, all hues, roses and jessamin

Reared high their flourished heads between and wrought

Mosaic; underfoot the violet,

Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich inlay

Broidered the ground, more coloured than with store Of costliest emblem.

Milton.

Distracted wanders; now the bowery walk
of covert close, where scarce a speck of day
Falls on the lengthened gloom, protracted sweeps.
Thomson.

Let not the fervent tongue,

Gain on your purposed will: nor in the bower,
Where woodbines flaunt and roses weave a couch,
While Evening draws her crimson curtains round,
Trust your soft minutes to betraying man. Id. Spring.
Dear lovely bowers of innocence and ease,
Seats of my youth, where every sport could please;
How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
Where humble happiness endeared each scene.
Goldsmith's Deserted Village

And, as in beauty's bower he pensive sate,
Poured forth this unpremeditated lay,

To charms as fair as those that soothed his happier Byron's Childe Harolde.

day.

BOWER, in gardening, differing only from an arbor, as being round or square, and made with a kind of dome or ceiling at top; whereas the arbor is always built long and arched. This, as well as the harbor, is generally formed of timber lattice work, sometimes of woven rods, or wicker work, and occasionally of wire. It may be shaded with fruit trees, or with climbing or herbaceous shrubs.

BOWERS, in the sea language, are generally two, called first and second, great and little, or best and small bowers. See ANCHOR.

Bow ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, near the eastern extremity of the Society Isles. It was discovered by captain Cook on the 5th of April 1769, during his first voyage. It is about ten or twelve leagues in compass, lies low, and is of a very extraordinary figure, being shaped like a bow. The arch and cord are land, the space betwen them water. The cord is a flat beach, three or four leagues long, but not above 200 yards broad to appearance. It is entirely destitute of vegetation, exhibiting nothing but heaps of sea-weed, lying in ridges, as they are left by the tide, but most of the arch was seen covered by trees of different heights, and smoke was seen rising from different parts of the island. No bottom was found half-way along the beach, with a line of 130 fathoms. Long. 141° 12′ W., lat. 18° 23′ S.

BOWL', v. & n. BOWL'ER, BOWL'ING,

The hollow of a cup; a wooden ball; a round mass: Goth. dau; and BOWL'ING-GREEN. Sax. bolla; Armoric, beol: the Gothic word signified rotundity, either concave or convex. To bowl is to play with bowls; to roll any thing along; bowling-green, a smooth shaven sward, prepared as the place for playing at bowls.

Bring, eke, with you a bolle, or elles a panno, Ful of water and ye shul wcl see, thanne, How that our businesse shal thrive and preve. Chaucer. Cant. Tales

And who can counsell a thirstie soule With patience to forbeare the offered bowle. Spenser.