ficient for its own consumption, exporting the surplus to Mauritius. The sugar-cane has been cultivated with some success, and a species of fermented liquor extracted from its juice. Horned cattle, hogs and goats, are also abundant. The coasts and rivers are well stocked with fine turtle, and ambergris, coral, and very beautiful shells, are found on the shores. The only noxious animals are rats and mice; and the chief inconvenience, the very violent hurricanes that occur. They take place from the middle of December to the beginning of April.

The following is a recent account of the total produce of the island on an average of several years:

540,000

60,000

The population of Bourbon has been taken so high as 65,000; but Bory St. Vincent, a recent traveller, assures us he found it to contain only 400 white inhabitants and 15,000 slaves. The darker and fairer complexions of mankind are sometimes singularly mixed here. A French writer assures us that he saw in a church one family, consisting of six generations, of all complexions. The eldest was a female, 108 years of age, of brown black, like the Indians of Madagascar; her daughter a mulatto; her granddaughter, a mestizo; her great grand-daughter, of a dusky yellow; her daughter, again, of an olive color; and the daughter of this last, as fair as any English girl of the same age. It has nine parishes, but not a single good harbour, and along the whole coast sunken rocks abound.

BOURBON LANCY, a town of France, in the department of the Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy. It is remarkable for its castle and hot mineral waters; and has a large marble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans. It is thirty-five miles south-east of Autun, and contains 2300 inhabitants.

BOURBON L'ARCHAMBAUD, a town of France, in the department of the Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois. It is situated in a valley, near the river, and is remarkable for its hot baths, and for giving name to the family of the late unfortunate king of France. It is fourteen miles west of Moulins, and 362 south of Paris. Popu

lation about 2800.

BOURBON-VENDEE, a small town of France, in Lower Poitou, and the department of Vendée, of which it is the capital. It was called Napoleon during the reign of Buonaparte. In the vicinity of this town the royalists experienced a signal defeat, on the 28th of December, 1795. In 1807 the inhabitants were under 1000 in number, but have since increased considerably. BOURBONNE-LES-BAINS, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Mane, and late province of Champagne, famous for its hot baths.

BOURBOURG, a town of France, in the department of the North, seated on a canal that goes to Dunkirk.

BOURCHIER (John), lord Berners, grandson and heir of a lord of the same name, was created a knight of the Bath, at the marriage of the duke of York, second son of Edward IV. and was first known by quelling an insurrection in Cornwall and Devonshire, raised by Michael Joseph, a blacksmith, in 1495, which recommended him to the favor of Henry VII. He was captain of the pioneers at the siege of Therounne, under Henry VIII. by whom he was made chancellor of the exchequer for life, lieutenant of Calais and Marches, appointed to conduct the lady Mary, the king's sister, into France, on her marriage with Louis XII. and had the extraordinary good fortune to continue in favor with that fickle tyrant for eighteen years. He died at Calais in 1532, aged sixty-three. He translated Froissart's Chronicle, printed in 1513, by Richard Pinson, the fifth on the list of English printers. His other works were a whimsical medley of translations, from French, Spanish, and Italian novels; viz. the Life of Sir Arthur, an Armorican Knight; the Famous Exploits of Sir Hugh of Bourdeaux; Marcus Aurelius; the Castle of Love. He wrote also a book of the duties of the inhabitants of Calais; and a comedy, entitled Ite in Vineam, which is mentioned in none of our catalogues of English plays. Wood says it was usually acted at Calais after Vespers.

and

BOURCHIER, BowSCHYRE, or BowCER (Thomas), archbishop of Canterbury, in the successive reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII., son of William Bourchier, earl of Eure, in Normandy. He was made chancellor of Oxford in 1433, and at the same time promoted to the see of Worcester. In 1443 he was translated to the bishopric of Ely, and in 1434 was elected archbishop of Canterbury. He was the principal promoter of the introduction of printing to this country.

BOURDALOUE (Louis), a celebrated preacher among the Jesuits, and one of the greatest orators France has produced, was born at Bourges, on the 20th of August, 1632. After having preached at Provence, he, in 1669, went to Paris; and there met with such applause, that the king resolved to hear him; on which he was sent for to

court, and frequently preached before Louis XIV. He assisted the sick, visited the prisoners and hospitals, and was liberal in giving alms. He died at Paris on the 13th of May, 1704. The first edition of his sermons in sixteen volumes is the best.

BOURDEAUX, an ancient and large commercial town of France, in the department of the Gironde, and ci-devant province of Guienne. It has an university, which was founded in 1441, and which has a valuable library, and an academy of arts and sciences. Before the revolution it was the capital of the Bordelois, and of the whole of Guienne. It is built in the form of a bow, of which the Garonne is the string. This river is bordered by a noble quay, and, the water rising four yards at full tide, the largest vessels can come up to it very readily. A castle, called the Trumpet, improved by Vauban, was seated at the entrance of the quay, and the river went round its walls, but it has been long destroyed. Most of the great streets lead to the quay. The town has twelve gates, opening towards the river; and near another castle are beautiful walks. Though considerable in point of size, it was anciently ill built, badly paved, and without police. But is said to have entirely changed its appearance within the last forty years. The remarkable public edifices are the exchange, the palace, founded by Buonaparte in 1810, an old palace of the dukes of Guienne, and an elegant theatre. The cathedral and some other churches are also admired. The streets newly built are regular and handsome. The beauty of the Garonne, and the fertility of the adjoining country, were probably the causes which induced the Romans to lay the foundation of this city. It was called by them Burdigala. The ruins of a large amphitheatre remain, which was constructed under the emperor Gallienus. During the irruptions of the barbarous nations, Bourdeaux was ravaged, burnt, and almost entirely destroyed. It only began to recover itself under our Henry II. who having united it to the English crown, by his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, rebuilt the city, and endeavoured to restore it to its ancient lustre. Edward the Black Prince, received Guienne, Gascony, and many inferior provinces, in full sovereignty from his father, Edward III. In 1356 he brought his royal captive, John, king of France, to this city, after the battle of Poictiers; and held his court and residence here during eleven years. His exalted character, his uninterrupted series of good fortune, his modesty, his affability, and his munificence, drew strangers to Bourdeaux from every part of Europe. His son, Richard II. was born in it. In 1453 Charles VII. king of France, re-entered the city, and subjected the whole province of Guienne, which had been near three centuries under the English government. Conscious of the importance of such a. conquest, he ordered the Chateau Trompette to be built to defend the passage of the river. In 1548 an insurrection arose on account of an oppressive salt-tax, and among the excesses committed, was the murder of De Morems, the governor. For this the town was severely punished by the constable Montmorency. BourVOL. IV.

deaux contains upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, and has a flourishing trade in wine and brandy; 100,000 pipes of the former are sometimes exported in a year. There are fourteen sugar refineries, glass-houses, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, earthenware, and lace. The rivers Garonne and Dordogne give it access to a vast range of country, and the maritime commerce of the city is only second to that of Marseilles. Its prosperity has great influence on the whole south-west of France. Raisins, vinegar, plums, chestnuts, walnuts, wood, turpentine, cork, honey, and hams, are other objects of exportation. The principal imports are; from England, woollen stuffs, tin, lead, coal, herrings, salted flesh, leather, dye stuffs, and different kinds of provisions; from Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, staves, deals, timber for ship-building, hemp, pitch, copper and cheese. The Bourdeaux merchants take a part in the whale and cod fisheries, through the medium of the ports of Bayonne, St. Jean de Luz, and St. Malo. The intercourse with the United States is greatly on the increase. The course of exchange comprises London, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Hamburgh and Paris, besides the principal trading towns in France. Two yearly markets, for the wine trade, a fortnight each, are held in March and October. Bourdeaux, during the late revolution, having attached itself to the Girondists, became the open enemy of the convention, and received a treatment similar to that of Lyons and Marseilles. The most opulent and respectable inhabitants were banished or guillotined, and their property confiscated. After the re-establishment of order under Buonaparte, the town was beginning to recover from its sufferings, when the war of 1803 broke out, and dissipated for a time its fair prospects of extensive trade with England. In 1814 Bourdeaux was the first place which declared for the Bourbons.

The Bordelois, or district of Bourdeaux, is twenty-eight miles long and ten broad. The soil is well cultivated, and produces great quantities of the wine so well known as the vin de Bourdeaux, or claret. It now forms the greater part of the arrondissement. Fifty-five miles. south of Saintes, ninety south of La Rochelle, 280 W. S. W. of Lyons and 325 south-west of Paris.

BOURDELOT (John), a learned French critic, who lived at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. He distinguished himself by writing notes on Lucian, Petronius, and Heliodorus; by an Universal History; Commentaries on Juvenal; a Treatise on the Etymology of French words; and some other works never published.

BOURDELOT (Peter), sister's son to John, changed his name from Michon to oblige his uncle. He had the title of Abbé, and was a celebrated physician at Paris, and gained great reputation by a Treatise on the Viper, and other works. He died in 1685.

BOURDIN, a name given by Bellonius to a genus of univalve shell-fish, commonly known among authors by the name of auris marina.

BOURDON (Sebastian), a famous_painter,

2 F

BOURGOING (Jean François de), a traveller, was born of a good family, at Nevers, November 20th, 1748. He was brought up in the military school at Paris; and at the age of seventeen sent to Strasburg, where he studied the law. He received a commission, at the end of three years, in the regiment of Auvergne; and, when scarcely twenty, he was appointed secretary of legation at the Diet of Ratisbon. In 1777 he went as first secretary to M. de Montmorin, in the embassy in Spain; and eight years afterwards became charge d'affaires at Madrid. In 1787 he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to Hamburgh; and in 1791 revisited Spain in the same capacity. Here he remained until 1793. In 1801 he was appointed by Buonaparte, then first consul, on a mission to the court of Denmark, and afterwards to Stockholm. In 1808 he went as minister plenipotentiary to the court of Dresden, where he contracted a disorder which terminated his life at Carlsbad, July 29th, 1811. His works are: 1. Nouveau Voyage en Espagne, ou Tableau de l'Etat actuel de cette Monarchie, 3 vols 8vo. 1789, but afterwards republished with the title of Tableau de l'Espagne Moderne. 2. Memoires Historiques et Philosophiques, sur Pie VI. et sur son Pontificat, vols. 8vo. 1798. 3. Histoire des Flibustiers, traduite de l'Allemand de M. d'Archenholz, 8vo. 1804. 4. Histoire de l'Empereur Charlemagne, traduction libre de l'Allemand du Prof. Hegewisch, 8vo. 1805. 5. Correspondence d'un jeune Militaire, ou Memoires du Marquis de Lusigny et d'Hortense de St. Just, 2 vols. 12mo. 1778. He was also the editor of Voltaire's Correspondence with Bernis, and some other books.

BOURGUIGNONS, or BURGUNDIANS, one of the northern nations who over-ran the Roman empire, and settled in Gaul. They were of a great stature, and very warlike; for which reason the emperor Valentinian the Great engaged them in his service against the Germans. They lived in tents close to each other, that they might the more readily unite on any unforeseen attack. These conjunctions of tents were called burghs; and they served them for towns. Sidonius Apollinaris tells us, that they wore long hair, took great pleasure in singing, and were fond of praise for their vocal talents. He adds, that they ate great quantities; and anointed their hair with butter, deeming that unction very ornamental. Their crown was at first elective, and the authority of their kings depended on their success. They were not only accountable for their own misconduct, but likewise for the calamities of nature and fortune. They were deposed if they lost a battle; if they succeeded ill in any enterprise; or if, in short, any great event had not corresponded with the hopes of the people. They were not more favorably treated in case of a bad harvest or vintage, or if any epidemical distemper ravaged the state. At first they were governed by many kings, and Hendin was the title of the royal dignity. But in later times they were subjected to one sovereign; and on the introduction of Christianity, they grew humane and civilised. Before that epoch, their religion was much the same with that of the other northern nations. They had many

priests, the chief of whom was entitled sinistrus. He was perpetual, and they paid him great respec.. BOURIGNON (Antonietta), a famous enthusiastic preacher, and pretended prophetess, born at Lisle, in 1616. At her birth she was so deformed, that it was debated some days in the family whether it was not proper to stifle her as a monster; but her deformity diminished, and she was spared; and afterwards obtained such a degree of beauty, that she had her admirers. From her childhood to her old age, she had an extraordinary turn of mind. She set up for a reformer, and published a great number of books filled with very singular notions; the principal of which are entitled, The Light of the World; The Testimony of Truth; and, The Renovation of the Gospel Spirit. She was an enemy to reason, which she maintained ought to give place to the illumination of divine faith; and asserted, that whenever any one was born again by embracing her doctrine, she felt the pains and throes of a woman in labor. With regard to the jarring doctrines of predestination and free-will, which philosophers, divines, and metaphysicians, in all ages, have puzzled themselves in vain to reconcile, she cut the Gordian knot at once; by asserting, that although God can foresee every future event, yet his power being equal to his wisdom, he withholds from himself the foreknowledge of the actions of those to whom he has given free-will, and thus leaves them entirely free to act as they please; without which, she affirms, he could not be just in punishing their sins. She dressed like a hermit, and travelled to France, Holland, England, and Scotland. In the last she made a strong party, and some thousand converts, and died at Franeker, in Friesland, October 30th, 1680. Her works have been printed in eighteen vols. 8vo. An Apology for her life and opinions was written by professor Garden, of Aberdeen.

BOURIGNONISTS, a name given to the followers of Antonietta Bourignon, who set up a kind of quietism, pretending to be guided by immediate revelation.

BOURN', Ang.-Sax. byrna, burn; Dutch, born; Germ. born, brunn; Swed. brunna, fron rinnan, berinnan brinnan, to run.

Diverse bournes sodainly brake out of the hollowe places of the earth, and overflowed a great part of Canterbury cittie, the streame whereof run so swift and violent, that it bare down buildings and houses, and drowned manie people. Stow. Ann. 1271.

Ne swelling Neptune, ne loud thundering Jove, Can change my cheer, or make me ever mourn : My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn.

place of the great Lord Burleigh and the unfortunate Dr. Dodd. King Edmund was crowned in it. It has a good corn market, and three fairs. It is seventeen miles north of Peterborough, thirty-five south of Lincoln, and ninety-seven north of London.

BOURNE (Vincent), a modern Latin poet, was educated at Westminster school, whence he removed to Trinity College, Cambridge, and took the degree of M. A. in 1721. He afterwards occupied for some years the situation of under-master at Westminster, and died in this situation in 1747. His character was respectable, but his habits and manners so contrary to those of common life, as to expose him frequently to the pleasantry of his pupils. His poems, consisting of originals and translations, have been often printed. I love the memory of Vinny Bourne,' says the amiable Cowper to his friend Unwin. 'I think him a better Latin poet than Tibullus, Propertius, Ausonius, or any of the writers in his way, except Ovid, and not at all inferior to him. It is not common to meet with an author who is always entertaining and yet always harmless, and who though always elegant and classical, to a degree not always found in the classics themselves, charms more by the simplicity and playfulness of his ideas, than by the neatness and purity of his verse. Yet such was poor Vinny.' Vide Hayley's Life of Cowper.

BOURNONITE, in mineralogy, an ore found in Cornwall containing copper, lead, and antimony, mineralised by sulphur, it is named after its discoverer the Comte de Bournon.

BOURO, one of the Molucca Islands in the East Indian ocean, the largest next to Ceram. It is well cultivated, and subject to the Dutch, who have built a fortress in it, near the only town of the Island, called Cajeli. It is about seventy-five miles in length by forty broad. Some of its mountains are exceedingly high, and the sea on each side is uncommonly deep. Here is also an internal lake, said to increase periodically; and to have an island in the middle which appears and disappears at particular seasons. The inhabitants consist of two races, besides the Dutch settlers; the aborigines, or Alforese, and, the Moors, or Mahommedans. The former are a savage pagan tribe, of whom, living in the interior, little is known, they seem to be under some imperfect control from their chiefs, and are apparently of the same race that formerly inhabited Amboyna, and Borneo. The Moors acknowledge the authority of the Dutch, and have also chiefs who are generally at the seat of the Dutch government. They are not a warlike race, and are in great dread of the Papuas: are said to be ignorant of the value of money; and readily exchange provisions and cayooputi oil, for red and white China handkerchiefs. Cayeli Road is on the north-east coast, a spacious secure harbour, much frequented by English whalers. Here is a river called Aer-Bessar, or the Great Water, by the natives the Dutch fort, and a small garrison. Rice and Sago flour are produced here in large quantities, oranges, lemons, citrons, and pepper. The cayooputi tree, or melaleuca catigolia is very plentiful, the natives obtain much cayooputi oil by distilling the leaves.

Fine hard timber also, including many kinds of beautiful wood for inlaying, is also found, and is in great request among the Chinese; besides black and white ebony, teak, &c. Fish is not plentiful, but turtle may be obtained, and the shores are covered with beautiful shells. Wild boars, snakes of all sizes, goats, and deer, inhabit the woods, among the latter is the babirusa, or true hog deer. Buffaloes are kept by the Dutch. The river Abbo likewise affords shelter to immense alligators, which are said in some cases to attack people in boats. Bouro was once subject to the king of Ternati; but the Dutch influence has been long predominant; they principally value it as yielding rice and sago for Amboyna, from which it is distant fifty-five miles west. Their fort stands in long. 12° 4' E., lat. 3° 24′ S.

BOURTANG, a town and fortress of Groningen, in the Netherlands, surrounded by an extensive morass of the same name, which extends to Lower Munster. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1593; besieged unsuccessfully by the bishop of Munster in 1672, and taken by the French in 1795. It is twelve miles S. S. W. of Winschoten. Dutch, buysen. According to

BOUS Kilian, the buyse is a cup with

two handles, which, on account of its size, is taken up and set down with both hands: hence to drink lavishly; to tope.

As he rode, he somewhat still did eat, And in his hand did bear a bousing can, Of which he sipt.

Faerie Queene.

With a long legend of romantick things, Which in his cups the bousy poet sings.

The guests upon the day appointed came, Each bousy farmer with his simpering dame.

Dryden.

King.