BOUKA, or Lord Anson's Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, separated from Bougainville's Island by a narrow strait. It rises inland to a considerable altitude, and is covered with wood; but has near the sea extensive plantations of cocoa trees. The expedition in search of La Perouse visited this island, and the natives are described as being of a middle stature, strong and active; their color nearly black, their hair on their heads thick and curled, but carefully removed from every other part of the body. Their heads large; forehead, face, and nose, flat, and chin prominent. Their ears were loaded and greatly extended with large rings made of shells. Some had their bodies streaked, and all had a cord or bandage tied round the waist several times. Bracelets formed of the fibres of the cocoa-nut were common. But little clothing was seen on any of them. They were very fond of brisk and noisy music. Their canoes were ingeniously formed, and capable of carrying forty or fifty men each, and they were armed with bows and arrows, which they used with great skill. They also seemed well acquainted with barter, and most valued nails and scarlet cloth. The northern point of this island is situated in about five degrees of south latitude, and in the 155th degree of east longitude. BOULAINVILLIERS (Henry de), Lord of St. Saire, and an eminent French writer, was descended from a very ancient and noble family, and born at St. Saire in 1658. His education was among the fathers of the oratory; where he manifested from his infancy those uncommon abilities for which he was afterwards distinguished. He applied himself principally to history; in which his performances are numerous and considerable. He was author of a History of the Arabians; Fourteen Letters upon the Ancient Parliaments of France; a History of France to the Reign of Charles VIII.; the State of France, with Historical Memoirs concerning the Ancient Government of that Monarchy to the time of Hugh Capet; written,' says M. Montesquieu, with a simplicity and honest freedom worthy of that ancient family from which their author was descended.' He died at Paris in 1722; and after his death was published his Life of Mahomet. BOULANGER (John), a French engraver, who flourished towards the end of the seventeenth century. He adopted a manner, which, though not original, he greatly improved: He finished the faces, hauds, and all the naked parts of his figures, very neatly with dots instead of strokes, or strokes and dots. The effect is by no means unpleasing. This style of engraving has been since carried to its greatest perfection in England. His draperies are heavy, and the folds not well marked. However, his best prints possess much merit, and are deservedly held in esteem. BOULANGER (Nicholas Anthony), a very singular Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1722, and died there in 1759, aged only thirty-seven. He is said to have come out of the college of Beauvais almost as ignorant as he had entered into it; but struggling hard against his unaptness to learn, he at last overcame it. At seventeen he began to study mathematics and architecture; and, in three or four years, made such progress as to accompany the baron of Thiers to the army in quality of engineer. Afterwards he had the supervision of the highways and bridges; and he executed several public works in Champagne, Burgundy, and Lorraine. His works are: 1. Recherches sur L'origine du Despotisme Oriental, 2 vols. 12mo.; a very bold work; but not so bold and licentious as, 2., L'Antiquité devoilée, 3 vols. 12mo. This was posthumous. 3. He furnished to the Encyclopædia the articles Deluge, Corvée, Societé, and Guebres, Hebrew Language, and Political Economy. BOULAY, or BULEUS (Cæsar Egasse du), was born at St. Ellier in France, and became professor of humanity at the college of Navarre, rector, and historiographer of the University of Paris. He died in 1768, after having published several works. The principal of them are: A History of the University of Paris, in Latin, 6 vols. folio; and the Treasure of Roman Antiquities, in 1 vol. folio. BOULETTE, in the menage, an epithet of a horse, when the fetlock bends forward out of its natural position, through violent riding, or by being too short jointed. BOULLONGNE (Bon de), a painter of eminence, born at Paris in 1649. From his father he learned the first principles of the art; but went to Rome to perfect himself from the works of the best masters. He abode in Italy five years. He excelled in history and portrait. His talents for copying the pictures of the great Italian painters were very extraordinary, so that he frequently deceived the best judges. He died at Paris in 1717, aged sixty-eight. BOULLONGNE (Lewis de), was born at Paris in 1654, was the younger brother of Bon, and, like him, learned from his father the first principles of painting, and afterwards went to Rome to complete his studies. His works, on his return, were so much esteemed, that Louis XIV. made him knight of St. Michael, appointed him his principal painter, allowed him several pensions, and raised him to the rank of nobility. He embellished the church of the Invalids, the chapel of Versailles, &c. He chiefly excelled in history and allegory. He died at Paris in 1734, aged eighty. BOULOGNE, a sea-port of France, in the department of the Pas de Calais, Picardy. It was the capital of the ci-devant government of Boulounais, and is divided into two parts, the Upper and Lower; the latter being frequently called Boulogne-sur-Mer, as lying near the shore. The former is situated on an eminence. The Lower town is the larger and more populous; but the harbour has been of late nearly choked up with sand; and, though considerable exertions have been made to improve it, only small vessels can enter. Ships of war either anchor in the road, or off the port of St. Jean, a few miles further north. The trade, however, is considerable in fresh and salt fish, espesially herrings and mackarel; also in coal, salt, fresh and salted butter, soap, and earthenware; as well as in linen and woollen stuffs manufactured in the town. Great part of our Champagne and Burgundy sent to England passes through this port. Boulogne was the see of a bishop before the revolution, including 277 parishes; but has since been joined to that of Arras. A late French account states the number of inhabitants at 12,700; among which it is estimated that about 3000 English are included. It is about 154 miles from Paris, thirty from New Romney in Kent, and twenty-two south of Calais. It is generally preferred to the former port, for the return passage across the channel to Dover. In the neighbourhood is a chalybeate spring called the Fontaine de Fer. BOULTER (Hugh), D.D., was born in or near London, of reputable and wealthy parents. Before the Revolution he was admitted a commoner of Christ Church in Oxford. Some time after he was chosen a demy of Magdalen college, at the same election with Mr. Addison and Dr. Wilcox. From the merit and learning of the persons elected, this was commonly called by Dr. Hough, president of the college, the golden election. He was invited to London by Sir Charles Hodges, principal secretary of state in 1700, who made him his chaplain, and recommended him to Dr. Tenison, archbishop of Canterbury. By the influence of the earl of Sunderland he was promoted to the parsonage of St. Olave in Southwark, and the archdeaconry of Surrey; where he continued discharging faithfully his pastoral office, till he was recommended to attend king George I. as his chaplain, when he went to Hanover in 1719. He taught prince Frederick the English language, and by his conduct so won the king's favor that he promoted him to be dean of Christ Church, and bishop of Bristol. Five years afterwards he received a letter from the secretary of state, acquainting him that the king had nominated him archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland. This honor he would gladly have declined; and desired the secretary to use his good offices with his majesty to excuse him from accepting it. Ireland happened to be at this juncture in a great flame, occasioned by Wood's ruinous project; and the ministry thought that the bishop would greatly contribute to quench it by his judgment, moderation, and address. The king therefore laid his absolute commands upon him; to which he at last submitted. When he had taken possession of the primacy, he began to consider that country, in which his lot was cast for life, as his own; and to promote its true interest with the greatest zeal and assiduity. Accordingly, in innumerable instances, he exerted himself in the noblest acts of beneficence and public spirit. In seasons of the greatest scarcity he was more than once instrumental in preventing a famine. On one of these occasions he distributed vast quantities of corn throughout the kingdom, for which the House of Commons passed a vote of public thanks; and at another time 2500 persons were fed at the poor-house in Dublin every morning, and as many every evening, for a considerable time together, mostly at the primate's expense. When schemes were proposed for the advantage of the country, he encouraged and promoted them not only with his counsel but his purse. He had great compassion for the poor clergy of his diocese, who were disabled from giving their children a proper education; and he maintained several of the children of such in the university. He erected four houses at Drogheda for the reception of clergymen's widows, and purchased an estate for the endowinent of them His charities for augmenting small livings and buying glebes amounted to upwards of £30,000, besides what he devised by will for the like purposes in England. In short, the instances he gave of his generosity, benevolence, virtue, piety, and wisdom, are almost innumerable; and the history of his life is his noblest panegyric. This excellent prelate died at London, on the 2d of June 1742, and was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a beautiful monument is erected to his memory. BOULTINE, in architecture, a convex moulding, of one fourth of a circle; placed below the plinth in the Tuscan and Doric capital. BOULTON (Matthew), the celebrated manufacturer and engineer of Soho, near Birmingham, was born at the latter place the 14th of September 1728, and educated at the neighbouring grammar school of Deritend. He was early called into life upon the death of his father, which took place in 1745. Inheriting an ample fortune, he devoted it throughout his career of business to the most liberal and scientific modes of accomplishing the various manufactures in which he engaged. He first attempted a new mode of inlaying steel; and soon obtained such a demand for the products of his manufactory, which were principally exported, that his articles of this kind were not uncommonly re-imported for domestic use. In 1762 he purchased the then barren heath of Soho, and transferred thither his establishment at an expense of £10,000. At about the same time he engaged in a new method of copying oil paintings, and accomplished them with such great accuracy, by means of a mechanical process invented by a Mr. Egginton, that connoisseurs would frequently mistake the copy for an original. He was also now employed in the imitation of ormoulu. In 1762 he first erected a steam-engine, upon the imperfect construction of Savary; but quickly requiring a more powerful first mover, gladly adopted the improvements of Mr. Watt of Glasgow, who had obtained a patent for them in 1769, the privileges of which were extended in 1775, by an act of parliament, to a term of twenty-five years. Mr. Boulton soon induced that gentleman to remove to Birmingham, and commenced a partnership with him in business, for the manufactory of steamengines. Their execution of them, it is well known, kept pace so well with the advances of science, and the public demand, that the Soho engines were in full request after the expiration of the term of the legal privilege. Principally for the purpose of carrying on this manufactory with greater convenience, the proprietors established an iron-foundry of their own at Smethwick. Mr. Boulton, in 1785, was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. Three years after, he turned his attention to the improvement of our public coinage, and erected very extensive and complete machinery for the purpose: the coins, it is said, could not be imitated by any single artist for their nominal value; each of the stamps coining, with the attendance of a little boy only about eighty pieces in a minute. The preparatory operation of laminating and cutting out the metal, was performed in an adjoining room; and all personal communication between the workmen employed rendered unnecessary, by the conveyance of the work by machinery, from one part of the establishment to another. At this mint, a coinage of silver was executed for the Sierra Leone Company, and another of copper for the East Indies, besides the pence and halfpence at present in circulation throughout England, together with a large quantity of money of all kinds for Russia. The emperor Paul, in acknowledgment of his skill with regard to the last of these undertakings, presented him with a valuable collection of medals and minerals. In 1797 Mr. Boulton made some ingenious improvements in the application of what has been called Montgolfier's hydraulic ram. Daniel Bernouilli had demonstrated, in the beginning of the last century, that water flowing through a pipe, and arriving at a part in which the pipe is suddenly contracted, would have its velocity at first very greatly increased; and Mr. Whitehurst, in 1792, had set up at Oulton, in Cheshire, an air-vessel, communicating with a waterpipe by a valve, which was forced open by the pressure or rather impulse of he water, its passage through the pipe being suddenly stopped by turning a cock, as in the ordinary course of domestic economy; and although the pipe through which the water was forced up, was of moderate height, the air-vessel, which was at first made of lead, was soon burst by the momentous force. Boulton now added to it a number of modifications, which the reader will find in the ninth volume of the Repertory of Arts, p. 145. This ingenious and worthy man having long been at the head of that important class of scientific manufacturers, among whom he was born, died, after a protracted illness, at Handsworth, near Soho, 24th August, 1809, and was attended to his grave by 600 workmen, each of whom had a silver medal presented to him on the mournful occasion. He left an only son as his successor. BOULUKE, in the military orders of the Turks, a body of the janissaries, with an officer in the place of a colonel at their head, sent upon some particular enterprise. They are selected out of the body, and, as soon as the business is over, are received again into their former companies. BOUM, in ancient geography, a town in Ethiopia, beyond Egypt, on the west side of the Nile. BOUM SOLIS STABULA, in ancient geography, the territory of Mylæ, a peninsula on the east coast of Sicily, north of Syracuse; remarkable for its fertility and rich pastures: whence arose the fable of the oxen of the sun feeding there. Pliny and Seneca say, that something like dung is thrown out on the coast of Myla and Messina, which gave rise to the fable of the oxen of the sun being stalled there; and the inhabitants still affirm the same thing. BOUNCE', v.& n. BOUNCING, BOUNC'ER. A word formed from the sound, says Skinner. Perhaps from bound, to fly back, to be struck back, as a ball; a quick sound; a rapid motion, with noise returning like an echo upon the ear; to fly against any thing with great force so as to rebound; to make a sudden leap or explosion; to be bold; to boast, to bully. A bouncer is a boaster beyond the truth. They snuf, they snort, they bounce, they rage, they rore, That all the sea, disturbed with their traine, Yet still he bet and bounst upon the dore, What cannoneer begot this lusty blood? He speaks plain cannon fire, and smoke, and bounce; He gives the bastinado with his tongue. Shakspeare. The fright awakened Arcite with a start, Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden. High nonsense is like beer in a bottle, which has, in reality, no strength and spirit, but frets and flies, and bounces, and imitates the passions of a much nobler liquor. Addison. Just as I was putting out my light, another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift. Gay. Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame, And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name; This with the loudest bounce me sore amazed, That in a flame of brightest colour blazed. BOUND', v. & n. From the Fr. bondir. BOUND'ING STONE. To be struck back; to bound; to rebound; to leap; jump; to rise suddenly and swiftly upwards; to rise by concussion; repercussion. } BOUND'LESS, Young's Revenge, To bound is formed upon the past tense and past participle of the verb to bind; to limit; to terminate; to restrict; to circum BOUND LESSNESS. Three hundred foxes toke Sampson, for ire, And as these heavens still by degrees arise a present from an alms. Spenser. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, There thou them placest in a paridize Of Venus' darlings through her bountie blest. Spenser. Formerly grounded, and fast settled On firm foundation of true bountihead. Faerie Queene. And now thy alms is given, Id. Dunne. And thy poor starveling bountifully fed. It is affirmed, that it never raineth in Egypt; the river bountifully requíting it in its inundation. Brown's Vulgar Errours. We do not so far magnify her exceeding bounty, as to affirm, that she bringeth into the world the sons of men, adorned with gorgeous attire. Hooker. If you knew to whom you show this honor, I know you would be prouder of the work, Than customary bounty can enforce you. Shakspeare. Every one, According to the gift which bounteous nature Without dimension; where length, breadth, and Hath in him closed. Id. Such moderation with thy bounty join, That thou mayest nothing give that is not thine. Denham Though in heaven the trees Of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines Milton. South. Dryden. Those godlike men, to wanting virtue kind, Bounty well placed, preferred, and well designed, To all their titles. Dryden. He bounteously bestowed unenvied good On me. Think not the good, The gentle deeds of mercy thou hast done, Shall die forgotten all; the poor, the prisoner, about 400 miles east of Madagascar. It was Id. discovered by the Portuguese in 1545, and at first called Mascarenhas. The French, however, first settled upon it, in 1642. For some years it was used as a place of banishment for offenders; but in 1649 M. de Flacourt, governor of Madagascar, formed an establishment on a large scale, and gave it the name of Bourbon, in honor of the French royal family. During the revolution it was called Reunion. The fatherless, the friendless, and the widow, The gods in bounty work up storms about us, BOURBON (Nicholas), a famous Latin poet in the sixteenth century, was a native of Vandeuvre near Langres, and the son of a wealthy smith. Margaret de Valois appointed him preceptor to her daughter Jane d'Albret of Navarre, the mother of king Henry IV. At length he retired to Condé, where he had a benefice, and died about 1550. He wrote eight books of Epigrams; and a poem on the forge, entitled Ferraria. He had great knowledge of antiquity and of the Greek language. Erasmus praises his epigrams. . BOURBON (Nicholas), a celebrated Greek and Latin poet, was nephew of the preceding. He taught rhetoric in several colleges of Paris; and cardinal Perron got him appointed professor of Eloquence in the Royal College: he was also canon of Langres, and one of the forty of the French Academy. He died in 1644, aged seventy. He is esteemed one of the greatest Latin poets France has produced. His poems were printed at Paris in 1630. BOURBON, a small county of the United States, in Kentucky, bounded on the south-east by Clarke county; on the south-west by Fayette; north by Harrison, and north-west by Scott county. Bourbon-town is the chief town. BOURBON, a river of North America, in Labrador, which issues from Lake Christianaux, passes through Lake Assinipofls, and falls into Hudson's Bay at York factory. BOURBON, an island in the Indian Ocean about forty-eight miles long, and thirty-six broad, The island is composed of two volcanic mountains; in the smallest of which one considerable crater throws up continually, with terrific noise, flame, smoke, and ashes; and it makes lateral openings, through which the lava rolls down the sides of the mountain in a sort of fiery cascade. The light is seen far out at sea, and serves as a species of pharos. The present crater is said to have been formed during an eruption of the volcano in 1791. A burning vapor appeared rising from the summit in the beginning of June; then the side of the mountain opened, and a vast torrent of lava rushed into the sea. On the seventeenth of the following month a subterranean noise, like the discharge of cannon, was heard throughout the island; after which there rose from the top of the mountain an enormous column of deep black smoke, interspersed with white spots. Soon after the column fell down, and formed a species of arch over the volcano. The falling in of the interior, undermined by the previous discharge, is supposed to have been the cause of the tremendous sound, and of the opening of the crater at this time. This is said to be the most active volcano known in history. Ætna, since the Christian era, has counted but twenty-seven eruptions; and Vesuvius twenty-four. A resident at Bourbon told M. Bory, that from 1785 to 1802, the mountain had vomited flames at least twice every year, and eight of the streams had entered the sea. In the northern mountain, though no eruptions have been observed, the rapid rivers, bordered by perpendicular walls, hillocks thrown into the valleys and obstructing the bed of the torrents, and basaltic prisms disposed in regular colonnades, attest the ancient and terrible revolutions that have taken place. The soil around is a deep black, hard and brittle, and full of holes and crevices. In other parts the island is fertile, the air pure, and the climate delicious. The violence, however, of the mountain torrents during the rainy season, has in many places washed away the earth, and reduced the fields to sterility. A line of about four miles parallel to the coast is the only part cleared. Coffee has long been the staple product. The plants were first brought from Mocha in 1718, and throve to such a degree, that the coffee of Bourbon was long considered as only second to that of Arabia. But during the revolution, the demand became irregular, and attention being no longer paid to its culture, the quality deteriorated. The tobacco is of good quality. Iron is found in the mountains and the forests, with which a great part of the island is covered, containing wood fit for shipbuilding; also aloes, ebony, palm, with a variety of odoriferous gum-trees, particularly benzoin. It produces corn, rice, and maize, more than suf |