It is

BOTANY BAY. See SOUTH WALES, NEW. BOTANY-BAY RESIN, a gum which exudes spontaneously from the trunk, or wounded bark, of the acarois resinifera of New Holland. produced in such quantity that a man may collect thirty or forty pounds in a few hours. It pulverises without caking; and has a slightly sweet astringent taste. It melts at a moderate heat, and when kindled emits a white fragrant smoke. It imparts to water the flavor of storax. Out of nine parts six are soluble in water, and astringent to the taste; and two are woody fibre. In cases depending on a sluggishness, a debility, or flaccidity of the system, this medicine, assisted by proper exercise and diet, has, by removing the symptoms of dyspepsia, and by restoring the tone and action of the muscular fibres, been found

very serviceable.

BOTARGO, in the culinary art, is a kind of sausage. The best kind comes from Tunis in Barbary: it must be chosen dry and reddish. The inhabitants of Provence use a great deal of it. The common way of eating it is with olive oil and lemon juice. There is also a great consumption of it throughout the Levant. BOTCH, v. & n. Bozza, pronounced BOTCH ER, botza, Ital., or from the BOTCH'Y, Dutch boetsen, to bodge, BOTCH'EDLY. or botche; to patch together clumsily; unsuitably; unskilfully; to mend any thing awkwardly with pieces of a different quality or color: and thus irregularities in the skin, disfiguring spots, tumors, or eruptions have received the appellation of botches, as well as any adventitious parts, clumsily added, whether sentences or words, in composition; whether aberrations from nature, or bungling attempts of art; whatever is unsightly: an offence to the eye is a botch.

A comma ne'er could claim

A place in any British name;
Yet, making here a perfect botch,

Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch. Swift. Young Hylas, botched with stains too foul to name, In cradle here renews his youthful frame. Garth. It proves far more incommodious, which, if it were propelled in boils, botches, or ulcers, as in the scurvy, would rather conduce to health. Harvey.

BOTEREIUS (Rodolph), advocate in the grand council of Paris, was author of the History of Henry IV. in Latin, from 1594 to 1610, in 3

vols.

BOTETOURT, a large mountainous county in Virginia, bounded on the north by the Flucounties; on the north-west by Green-briar; vanna, which separates it from Rock and Bath and on the east by Bedford; south by Franklin, the chief town. It abounds with chalk, and is and south west by Montgomery. Fincastle is forty-four miles long and forty broad.

BOTH', adj. & conj., Sax. barua, barpa, the two; as well the one as the other. Fr. Et l'un et l'autre. It is used only of two. The conjunction is used as well: it has the conjunction and to correspond with it.

A great multitude both of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed. Acts.

The sommer passeth; and the nightes long Encreasen, double wise, the peines strong, Both of the lover [rover] and of the prisoner; I n'ot which hath the wofuller misterc.

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

My lord (quod I) this lady here,
Whom I esteeme aboue the rest,
Doth knowe my guilte if any were;
Wherefore hir doome shall please me best:
Let hir bee judge and jurour boathe,
To try me guiltless by myne oathe.

Gascoigne.

So he my love away with me hath borne, And left me here both his and mine owne love to

VOL. JV

2 E

q. d. a pouder; to raise a dust, as a horse running with speed; to perplex; to puzzle; to confound.

With every lady of the land

Soft Strephon kept a pother; One year he languished for one hand, And next year for another. Swift. With the din of which tube my head you so bother, That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from t'other. Id.

BOTHNIA, an extensive province of northern Europe, part of the ancient Scandinavia, and divided by the gulf of that name into East and West Bothnia. East Bothnia has the gulf on the west, and the range of mountains which separates it from the governments of Archangel and Olonetz on the east. It is bounded by Finland on the south, and Lapland on the north, and was in the year 1809 ceded by Sweden to Russia. It is included in the government of Finland, being in extreme length about 300 miles, its breadth varies from sixty to upwards of 200 miles. The population is estimated at 70,000. Near the western shore it is low and marshy, but good pasturage is found inland, and in favorable seasons the progress of vegetation is rapid; at other times it is often wholly destroyed by the frost. Eastward forests of excellent timber are found, and the lakes and rivers yield a copious supply of salmon. The inhabitants are chiefly Finns, who are occupied in fishing, hunting, and attending their cattle. The timber and some few mineral productions are the only articles of commerce. The principal rivers, most of which are near the coast, are Ulea, Cafana, Brahestad, Carleby, Jacobstadt, Mana, and Wasa.

West Bothnia, extending from the borders of Angermanland to the river Tornea, about 400 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, still belongs to the crown of Sweden. It forms part of the province of Nordland. The population is estimated at about 50,000. It abounds with forests of pine, mingled with juniper and birch trees Von Buch says, that, in the vicinity of Tornea, the last rise above the Spanish and Scotch firs. West Bothnia is subdivided into the districts of Umea, Pitea, Lulea, and Tornea, having each a chief town of its own name. Umea is the capital of the whole. Corn and good pasturage are yielded here, sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants; who in their occupations and manners resemble the East Bothnians, They carry on a small trade in pitch, tar, timber, fish, and skins. Dr. Clarke bears the following high testimony to their character: The natives of Westro-Bothnia, beyond all their countrymen, rank the foremost in pious and loyal disposition, and in simplicity and honesty. A foreigner who leaves his open truck in their inn-yards and stables, amidst all the haste and confusion which must sometimes take place in travelling day and night, and amidst the inability to attend to them, occasioned by pain or sickness, or weariness and want of rest, will have nothing with which to reproach the inhabitants.' Here, also, are some few iron and copper mines.

BOTHNIA, GULF OF, is that northern part of the Baltic which separates Sweden from Finland, and takes its name from the above province. It

is generally regarded as beginning at the island of Aland, and extending 360 miles in length, and 135 in extreme breadth, to Tornea, between lat. 60° 20′ and 65° 50' N. It is often so completely frozen as to afford a safe and short passage between the countries. In common with the rest of the Baltic, its water, from the small evaporation, possesses a peculiar degree of freshness, and contains only one-third of the proportion of salt found in other sea water. It abounds in seals, from whose flesh the inhabitants of the shores obtain great quantities of train oil, and in salmon. The waters are said to be rapidly diminishing

BOTHRIAS, or BOTHRION, Boeptov, in surgery; 1. The alveolus or socket of a tooth; 2, a small, narrow, but deepish, ulcer of the cornea of the eye, resembling a round puncture.

BOTHWELL (James Hepburn, Earl), a nobleman memorable in the Scottish history, as the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. After the murder of Darnley he seized upon her person, and carried her prisoner to Dunbar, where he prevailed on her to marry him; but a powerful confederacy having been formed against him, he was obliged to flee to the Orkneys, where he died in 1547.

BOTHWELL BRIDGE, an ancient bridge of four arches over the Clyde, in Bothwell parish, Lanark, Scotland, memorable for an engagement fought on the south side of it in 1679, between the royalists under Monmouth and the Whigs, wherein the latter were defeated with the loss of 400 slain and 1200 taken prisoners.

BOTHWELL CASTLE, an ancient and magnificent structure, now in ruins, adjacent to Bothwell, originally built of polished stones of a red color. The ruins lately occupied a space of 234 feet by 99; and one of the towers was an immense height above the Clyde. Bothwell castle once made a figure in Scottish history.

BOTOL TABACOSIMA, or BOTAL TOBAGOSIMA, an island in the Chinese sea, south of Formosa, and north of the Bashee islands. It is of such a height, that in clear weather it is visible at the distance of fifteen leagues; but being enveloped in fogs, it generally appears to be of much smaller size. The summit seems crowned with large trees. Some fruits also appear to be cultivated, and villages may be seen here at intervals, but no navigator has described the interior. About a mile off is an uninhabited rocky islet. Long. 117° 12′ E., lat. 21° 57' N.

BOTOTOE, in natural history, a name giver. by the people of the Philippine islands to a very beautiful bird of the parrot kind. It is somewhat smaller than the common parrot, and all over of a fine deep blue color.

BOTRIA, in botany, a genus of plants. Class, pentandria monogynia, General character: CAL bell-shaped perianth, five-toothed: COR. petals, fleshy, recurved at the point: STAM. filaments, five: PIST. germ. superior : STIG. concave: PER. a berry, with one seed. Species, only one; climbing shrub, with heart-shaped, villose leaves; and small reddish flowers on axillary peduncles. A native of Africa.

BOTRYCHIUM, in botany,a genus of the class cryptogamia, order filices. Capsules globular.

clustered in a racemelike spike, one-celled, opening from the top to the base. Species, five; B. lunaria, is a native of our own country. BOTRYITES, in natural history, the grapestone, from Bopruç, a grape, a stone of the gem kind, resembling a branch of young grapes. BOTRYITES, OF BOTRITES, a sort of burnt cadmia, found somewhat in the form of a bunch of grapes adhering to the upper parts of furnaces, where the mineral is calcined. It differs from the placites, which is gathered on the lower part of the furnace; though Schroeder gives a different distinction, viz. into botrites, found in the middle of the furnace, placites in the upper, and ostracites in the lowest part.

BOTRYLLUS, in zoology, a name of a genus of the class ascidia, order tethydes, family tethyæ, well described by Savigny. The family includes two divisions, simplices and composita; to the second of which this genus belongs. Generic character: the common substance gelatinous or cartilaginous, encrusting other bodies, and composed of systems round or elliptical, raised above the common surface, and annular. Animals disposed either in a single series, or in several which are regular and concentratic. Branchial orifice simply circular, and without rays; intestinal orifice small, elongated to a point, and inveloped in the border of the central cavity of the system. Several species found on our coasts, of which B. conglomeratus, is alcyonium conglomeratum of the Syst. Nat.

BOTRYOCEPHALUS, in zoology, a genus of intestinal worms. The body is soft, elongated, flat, jointed; the suckers consisting of two longitudinal depressions opposite to each other. BOTRYOID, adj. Borovoeing, having the form of a bunch of grapes.

The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescencies, or small knobs, yellow, bluish, and purple; all of a shining metallick hue. Woodward.

BOTRYOLITE, a brittle and moderately hard mineral, which occurs in maxillary concretions. Color, pearly or grayish yellow. It is composed of 36 silica, 39-5 boracic acid, 13-5 lime, 1 oxide of iron, 6.5 water. It fuses before the blow-pipe into a white glass. It is found in Norway.

BOTRYS, BOTRUS, or BOSTEA, in ancient geography, a town of Phoenicia, on the Mediterranean, built by Saturn, twelve miles north of of Byblus, and twenty south of Tripolis. It is now almost in ruins, and called Boteron or Botern.

4

BOTS. See ВOTTS. BOTT,

among the dissenters; but he took orders in the church of England in 1725; and was successively presented to the rectories of Reymerston, Spixworth and Edgefield, in Norfolk. He died at Norwich in 1754, aged sixty-six. He wrote, 1. The Peace and Happiness of this World the Immediate Design of Christianity; 2. A Defence of this; 3. A Refutation of the Religion of Nature Delineated; An Answer to Vol. I. of Warburton's Divine Legation of Moses; and several sermons.

BOTTARI (John), a celebrated cardinal, was born at Florence in 1689. He was the patron of learning, and himself contributed to her stores, 1. Vita di Francesco Sacchetti, 8vo. 2. Sculture et Pitture sacre estratte, &c. 3 vols. fol. 3. Vocabularia della Crusca, 6 vols. 4. De Museo Capitolino, 3 vols. fol. 5. Dialoghi sopra tre Arti del Disegno, 4to. He died in 1775.

BOTTICELLI (Alexander), was born at Florence in 1437, and learned the rudiments of painting under Philip Lippi. He executed several pictures for pope Sixtus IV. and the city of Florence; for which he received large sums; yet died at last in great distress, aged seventy-eight. He was a man of letters. The famous edition of Dante's poem of Hell, printed at Florence by Magna, A. D. 1481, and to which Botticelli undertook to write notes, was intended to have been ornamented with prints, one for each canto; a few of which were designed, if not engraved, by Botticelli. The two first plates only were printed upon the leaves of the book, and for want of a blank space at the head of the first canto, the plate belonging to it is placed at the bottom of the page. Blank spaces are left for all the rest; that as many of them as were finished might be pasted on.

Shakspeare.

BOTT, among bone-lace weavers, a round cushion of light matter placed on the knee, whereon they weave their lace with bobbins,

&c.

BOTT (Thomas), a learned divine born at Derby in 1688. His grandfather was a major during the republic, and Thomas was educated

I put repentaunce for things past and gou.
Yet is the bottle leake and bag so torne,
That all which I put in fals out anon,
And is behinde me troden down of Scorne
Who mocketh all my paine, and laughs the more I
Spenser.

mourn.

Shakspeare.

The shepherd's homely curds, His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle, Is far beyond a prince's delicates. Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay; good hay, sweet hay, hath no fellow. Id

Sir, you shall stay, and take the other bottle. Spectator.

King.

Then if thy ale in glass thou wouldst confine, Let thy clean bottle be entirely dry. He threw into the enemy's ships earthen bottles filled with serpents, which put the crew into disorder. Arbuthnot on Coins. In the bottle discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for courage, and bashfulness for confidence. Johnson.

BOTTLES, among the ancient Jews, were cags made of goats or other wild beasts' skin, with the hair on the inside, well sewed and pitched together; an aperture in one of the animal's paws serving for the mouth of the vessel.

BOTTLES are now chiefly made of thick coarse glass though there are likewise bottles of boiled leather made and sold by the case-makers. Fine glass bottles covered with straw or wicker, are called flasks or bettees. The quality of the glass has been found to affect the liquor in the bottle. Glass bottles are better for cyder than those of stone. Foul glass bottles are cleansed by sand or small shot; musty bottles, by boiling them. See GLASS. Dr. Perceval cautions against the practice of cleansing wine bottles with leaden shot. It frequently happens, he thinks, through inattention, that some of the little pellets are left behind; and when wine or beer is again poured into the bottles, this mineral poison dissolves, and impregnates those liquors with its deleterious qualities. The sweetness which is sometimes perceived in red port wine may arise from this cause, when such an adulteration is neither designed nor suspected. Potash is recommended for cleansing bottles; a small quantity in the water will clean two gross.

BOTTLING, the operation of putting up liquors in corked bottles, to keep, ripen, and improve. The writers on economy give rules concerning the bottling of beer, cyder, &c. Mineral waters are sometimes taken to distant places, well bottled and corked, otherwise they lose both their taste and smell. To preserve them, it is necessary that the bottles be filled up to the mouth, to exclude the air. The cork is also further secured by a cement. Some endeavour to improve their bottled beer, by putting crystals of tartar and wine, or malt spirits; and others, by putting sugar, boiled up with the essence of some herb, and cloves, into each bottle. Cyder requires special precautions in the bottling; being more apt to fly and burst the bottle, than other liquors. The best way is to have the liquor thoroughly fine before it be bottled. For want of this some leave the bottles open a while, or open them after two or three days bottling, to give them vent. If one bottle break through fermentation, it is best to give them all vent, and cork them up again. Mean cyder is apter to break the bottles than rich. Some soak the corks in

scalding water, to render them more pliant and serviceable. Another particular to be observed is, to lay the bottles so as that the liquor may always keep the cork wet and swelled. Something also

depends on the place where the bottles are set, which ought be such as exposes them as little as possible to the alterations and impressions of the air: the ground is better for this purpose than a frame; sand better than the bare ground, and a running water, or a spring often changed, best of all. To hasten the ripening of bottled liquors they are sometimes set in a warm place, or even exposed to the sun, when a few days will bring them to maturity. A machine has recently been invented for corking bottles, by which much labor is abridged, and time saved. BOTTOM, v. & n. Dutch, bodem; Germ. BOTTOMED, boten; Swed. botn. The lowest part of anything;

BOTTOMLESS.

the ground under the water; the foundation; the groundwork; a dale; a valley; a low ground; the part most remote from the view; the deepest part; bound; limit; sometimes used for a ship; metaphorically, the extent of capacity; concealed, or out of sight. To venture on the same bottom is to run the same risk as those who have ventured to embark themselves or property in the same ship's bottom: to bottom is to rest, place, or stand upon; to fix, found, or establish.

With that water that ran so clere,
My face I washe; tho saw I wele
The botome ipaved everidele
With gravell, full of stones shene.

Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose.
For if a man woulde in a bote
(Whiche is without botome) rowe,
He must nedes overthrowe.
From Holland, Zealand, and from Flanders won,

Gower.

By weekly pay, three score twelve bottoms came,
From fifty upward to five hundred ton,
For every use a mariner could name.

Drayton.

In the purlieus stands a sheep-cote, West of this place; down in the neighbour bottom. Shakspear.

Id.

Is not my sorrow deep, having no bottom? Then be my passions bottomless with them. I will fetch off these justices: I do see the botton of Justice Shallow: how subject we old men are to lying!

Therefore, as you unwind your love for him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on mc.

Id.

Id.

There being prepared a number of flat-bottomed boats to transport the land-forces, under the wing and protection of the great navy. Bacon.

Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless pit, into which it is easier to keep one's self from falling, than being fallen, to give one's self any stay from falling infinitely. Sidney.

On a sudden open fly,
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound,
The' infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook

Of Erebus.

Hurled headlong flaming from the etherial sky
Him the Almighty Power
To bottomless perdition.

Milton.

Id.

He puts to sea upon his own bottom; holds the stern himself; and now, if ever, we may expect new discoveries. Norris.

He spreads his canvas, with his pole he steers, The freights of flitting ghosts in his thin bottom bears. Dryden.

Shallow brooks that flowed so clear, The bottom did the top appear.

Id.

They may have something of obscurity, as being Sottomed upon, and fetched from, the true nature of the things. Hale. Pride has a very strong foundation in the mind; it is bottomed upon self love. Collier.

The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoning, are but a part; something is left out, which should go into the reckoning. Locke. His proposals and arguments should with freedom be examined to the bottom, that, if there be any mistake in them, nobody may be misled by his reputaId.

tion.

Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle. Atterbury. On this supposition my reasonings proceed, and cannot be affected by objections which are far from being built on the same bottom. Id.

He wrote many things which are not published in his name; and was at the bottom of many excellent

counsels, in which he did not appear.

Addison.

On both the shores of that fruitful bottom are still to be seen the marks of ancient edifices. Id. on Italy. Aye-when the red swollen stream comes roaring

down

Full many a glorious flower and stately tree
Floats on the ruthless tide, whose unfelt sway
Moves not the mire that stagnates at the bottom.

Maturin's Bertram. BOTTOMRY, bottomree, fænus nauticum, in law and commerce, is generally where a person lends money to a merchant, who wants it to traffic, and is to be paid a greater sum at the return of a certain ship, standing to the hazard of the voyage; in this case, though the interest be greater than that allowed by law, it is a species of insurance and not usury. See INSURANCE. BOTTONY. A cross bottony, in heraldry, terminates at each end in three buds, knots, or buttons, resembling, in some measure, the three-leaved grass; on which account Segoin, in his Tresor Heraldique, terms it croix treffle. It is the badge of the order of St. Maurice.

BOTTRIGARI (Hercules), a person eminently skilled in music, though not a musician, was a man of rank in Bologna, and had the title of Count. He published several controversial pieces on music. He entertained strong prejudices in favor of the ancient music; and attempted to introduce the chromatic genus into practice, but with no better success than Vincentius and others had done. He corrected Gogavino's Latin version of Ptolemy in many instances, to so good purpose, that Dr. Wallis has in general conformed to him, in his translation of it. He also translated into Italian Boetius de Musica, with as much of Plutarch and Macrobius as relates to music; and made annotations upon Aristoxenus, Franchinus, Spataro, Vicentino, Zarlino, Galilei, and almost every musical treatise he could lay his hands on; as appears by the copies which were once his, and are now deposited in many libraries in Italy. His works contain greater proofs of his learning and skill in music, than of his abilities as a writer, his style being remarkably inelegant; nevertheless, he affected the character of a poet; and there is extant a collection of poems by him, in 8vo. printed in 1577. He died in 1609.

BOTTS, or Bors, in zoology, a species of short worms, said to be produced and nourished only in the intestines of the horse, the larva of the oestrus. See OESTRUS and FARRIERY.

BOTZEN, a town and district of Austria in the Tyrol, situate on the Eisach, at the influx of the Talfer. It is noted for its wines, and the beauty of its environs. Here are four great fairs, much frequented by Germans and Swiss, a castle, a court of justice, and considerable silk manufactures. The town is the residence of the Austrian governor of the Etschland, or Adige district. The quarter, of which it is the capital, contains 462 square miles, and 27,800 inhabitants. The town itself about 8000. Eighteen miles southwest of Brixen,,and twenty-seven north of Trent. Botzen was taken by the French under Buonapartein March 1797, and retaken in April, by the Austrians under general Laudon.

BOTZENBURG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg. It had a castle, which was destroyed by the Danes in 1202. It is seated on the Elbe, and the vessels that pass by are obliged to pay a considerable toll,

BOVA, a considerable town of Calabria Ultra, Italy, situated at the southern extremity of the Appennines, and near the sea. It is said to have been founded by the emigrant Albanians, who quitted their country on the death of George Castriotti, generally known by the name of Scanderbeg. Their descendants in this part of Italy still amount to the number of 100,000, and speak the Albanian language. Bova has the title of a county, and a population of about 2300 individuals. It is the see of a bishop, who is suffragan of the archbishop of Reggio, from which it is distant south-east about twenty miles.

BOUATI, in botany, a genus of plants, class hexandria, order digynia. Its generic characters are, CAL. Small three parted perianth: COR. three, pointed, concave petals, longer than the calyx: STAM. Six: PIST. germ superior, compressed, dimpled at its summit: STIG. two, sessile: PER. capsule, heart-shaped, sharp edged, dimpled at its summit, bilocular: SEED, one in each cell. It is a small tree, a native of the East Indies.

BOVATA TERRÆ, in ancient law writers signifies an oxgate of land, or so much as may be ploughed in a year with one ox; by some reckoned at twenty-five acres, by others at eighteen or twenty; and valued from 13s. to 20s. yearly rent.

BOUCHAIN, a fortified town of France, in the department of the North, and ci-devant province of Hainault. It is divided into two parts by the river Scheldt. It was taken by the French in 1676 and by the allies under the duke of Marlborough in 1711, which was the last military achievement of that great general; but the following year it was retaken by the French. It had also its share of suffering in the late war, being only nine miles west of Valenciennes.

BOUCHARDON (Edme), an eminent French sculptor, was born in 1698 at Chaumont. His father was a sculptor and architect, and designing that his son should follow the same profession, sent him to Paris to the school of Coustou the younger. Here he made such progress that he was elected king's pensioner, and sent to Rome