covered at intervals upon it. Of this there are the following kinds :

1. Sitting (sessilis), when all the flowers sit close to the stem, without foot-stalk, as in the field mint. Mentha arvensis.

2. With a foot-stalk (pedunculatus), when the flowers are furnished with short foot-stalks.

3. Headed (capitatus), when the flowers stand so thick that they take the figure of a half sphere as; Phlomis tuberosa.

4. Half (dimidiatus), when the flowers surround only the half of the stalk; as in balm, Melissa officinalis.

5. Close (confertus), when one whirl stands close above another.

6. Distant (distans), when the whirls stand at a distance one from another.

7. Leafy (foliosus), when there are leaves at the base of the whirl.

8. Leafless (aphyllus), when there are no leaves above the whirl.

9. Bracteate (bracteatus), when there are floral leaves, or bractea, at the whirl.

10. Ebracteate (ebracteatus), when there are no bracteæ at the whirl.

11. Naked (nudus), when no leaves or bracteæ stand near the whirl.

12. Six, eight, ten, or many flowered (sex, octo, decem, or multiflorus), when the whirl consists of many flowers.

209. The head (capitulum), is a number of flowers standing thick upon one stalk, so as to form a round head. The flowers have either footstalks, or sit close. The following are varieties of this:

1. Spherical (globosum, or sphæricum), when the flowers have a perfectly round form; as in the Gomphrena globosa.

2. Roundish (subglobosum), when the head of flowers is nearly round, but where the length exceeds the breadth; as in clover; Gomphrena globosa.

3. Conical (conicum), when the head is long, drawing towards a point; as in Trifolium mon

tanum.

4. Hemispherical (dimidiatum, or hemisphericum), when the head is round on one side and flat on the other.

5. Leafy (foliosum), when the head is surrounded with leaves.

6. Tufted (comosum), having leaves at the point; as Bromelia ananas.

7. Naked (nudum), when it is devoid of leaves. 8. Standing on the point (terminale), when it stands on the top of the stem.

9. Axillary (axillare), standing on the angles of the leaves, that is, where the base of the leaf, or of the leaf-stalk, is placed.

10. Alar (alaris), sitting on the axillæ of the

branches.

210. The ear (spicula or locusta), is either named from the flowers of the grasses enclosed in the glume; or we understand by it also, the flowers of the gramineous plants, such as cyperus, scirpus sylvaticus, &c., which stand closely pressed together on a filiform flower-stalk, It is denominated according to the number of the flowers and their figures.-The following are the kinds of it :

1. One flowered (uniflora), that contains but one flower; as Agrostis.

2. Two flowered (biflora), having two flowers; as in Aira.

3. Three-flowered (triflora), &c.

4. Many-flowered (multiflora), that contains many flowers.

5. Round (teres), when the flowers in the spicula are so placed that their horizontal section is round; as Glyceria fluitans, &c.

6. Two ranked (disticha), when the flowers in the spicula are placed in two opposite rows on the same level; as in Cyperus.

7. Ovate (ovata), when the outline of the spicula resembles the figure of an egg; as Bromus secalinus.

8. Oblong (oblonga), when the outline of the spicula exhibits an ellipsis more or less perfect. 9. Linear (linearis), when the spicula is long and small, but of equal breadth throughout.

211. The spike (spica) is that sort of inflorescence when many flowers, without any foot-stalk, sit on a simple filiform principal flower-stalk. If there be a foot-stalk, it must be much shorter than the flower. The kinds are,

1. Glomerate (glomerata), when the spike consists of a spherical selection of flowers.

2. Interrupted (interrupta), when the flowers upon the spike are interrupted by naked interstices.

3. Verticillated (verticillata), when the flowers, leaving naked interstices on the spike, appear on that account to be placed in whirls.

4. Imbricated (imbricata), when the flowers stand so thick together that one lies upon another.

5. Distichous (disticha), when the flowers are arranged on the spike in two rows.

6. One-rowed (secunda), when the flowers are all arranged on one side of the spike, so that the other side is naked.

7. Cylindrical (cylindrica), when the spike is equally covered with flowers both above and below.

8. Linear (linearis), that is very slender, and of equal thickness.

9. Ovate (ovata), that is thick above, more slender below, and appears of an oval form. 10. Ventricose (ventricosa), thick in the middle, and slender at both extremities.

11. Leafy (foliosa), having leaves between the flowers.

12. Comose (comosa), having leaves at the apex.

13. Fringed (ciliata), having hairs between the flowers.

14. Simple (simplex), without branches.

15. Branched or compound (ramosa, or composita), when several spikes stand on one branched or divided stalk.

16. Conjugate (conjugata), when two spikes standing on one stalk unite at the base.

17. Bundled (fasciculata), when several spikes standing on one foot-stalk unite at the base. 18. Terminal (terminalis), standing on the apex of the stalk or branch.

19. Axillary (axillaris), standing in the angles at the origin of the leaves.

20. Lateral (lateralis), standing on the wood

are the bractea, of which the spatha, and the

involucrum are varieties.

222. The bractea are small leaves, placed above the articulation of the inflorescence, near or between the flowers, and in general are of a different shape and color from the other leaves. They are subject to many variations of figure, duration, &c.; the terms to express which are the same as are applied to leaves under similar circumstances.

223. The spatha and the involucrum differ from bracteæ in being situated immediately below the articulation of the inflorescence with the plant. They are both subject to several variations of form, which are designated by particular

names.

224. The spatha is,

1. Univalve (univalvis) when it consists but of one leaf; as in Arum maculatum.

2. Bivalve (bivalvis) when two leaves stand opposite each other, as in Stratiotes.

3. Halved (dimidiata) when the flowers are covered on one side only.

4. Permanent (persistens) when it remains unchanged till the fruit appears.

225. The involucrum consists of several leaves, surrounding one or several flowers. It is chiefly known in umbelliferous plants, and in compound flowers. In the former the terms employed do not differ from those used for other parts of a plant; in the latter it is altogether of another kind, and requires a particular description.

226. The common calyx, common perianthium, or anthodium, as it is sometimes called, is an involucrum, which contains a great number of flowers, in such a manner as that these flowers appear to form but one; as in the dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum), blue bottle (Centaurea cyanus), sun flower (Helianthus annuus), &c. The kinds are,

1. One leaved (monophyllum), that consists but of one leaf, united at the base, but divided at top.

2. Many leaved (polyphyllum), that is compounded of several leaves.

3. Simple (simplex), when the flowers are surrounded with a single row of leaves.

4. Equal (æquale), when in a simple perianth the leaves are of equal length.

5. Scaly or imbricated (squamosum or imbricatum), when the common perianth consists of closely imbricated foliola.

6. Squamose (squamosum), when the foliola are bent back at the point.

7. Scariose (scariosum), when the foliola are hard and dry; this is found in Centaurea glastifolia.

8. Fringed (ciliatum), when the margins of the foliola are beset with short bristles of equal length.

9. Muricated (muricatum), when the margins of the foliola are set with short stiff prickles.

10. Thorny (spinosum), when each leafet is provided with a thorn: these are either simple thorns (spinæ simplices), or branched (ramosa). 11. Turbinated (turbinatum), when the perianth has quite the figure of a top.

12. Spherical (globosum), when it has the form of a perfect sphere.

13. Hemispherical (hemisphæricum), when it is round below and flat above.

14. Cylindrical (cylindricum), when the perianth is round and long, as thick above as below.

15. Flat (planum), when the foliola of the perianth are spread out quite flat.

16. Doubled or calyculated (auctum or calyculaturn), when at the base of the common perianth there is another row of foliola, that appear to form another involucrum; as in dandelion, Leontodon Taraxacum.

227. The FLOWER is the part immediately terminating the twigs or branches of the inflorescence, and containing the commencement of the fruit. Its parts are the Calyx, the Corolla, the Stamens, and the Pistillum; besides which must be noticed the Discus.

228. When the calyx and corolla are so confounded as not to be capable of being distinguished they are called perianthium; as in Bu

tomus.

229. The calyx immediately encloses the flower.

It is,

1. Abiding (persistens), remaining after the flower falls off; as in the henbane, Hyoscyamus niger.

2. Deciduous (deciduus), that falls off at the same time with the flower; as in the lime tree, Tilia Europæa.

3. Withering (marcescens), that withers after the flower, but still remains for some time, and at last drops off; as in the apricot, Prunus Armeniaca.

4. Caducous (caducus), that falls off before the flower; as in the poppy, Papaver somniferum.

5. Simple (simplex).

6. Double (duplex), when a double calyx encloses the flower; as the strawberry, Fragaria vesca; mallow, Malva rotundifolia.

7. One leafed (monophyllus), when the calyx consists of one leaf, that is, it may be divided into equal or unequal lacinia, but all of them are connected at the base.

8. Two, three, four, five-leaved, di-tu-ri-tetrapenta-&c. phyllus, many leaved (polyphyllus), when it consists of two or more foliola.

9. Dentated (dentatus), when it has at the 10argin short segments or indentations, but which are not deeper at most than the fourth part of the whole calyx. According to the number of these segments the calyx is, bi, tri, quadri, quinque, &c. or multidentatus, with two, three, four, five, or many segments.

10. Cleft (fissus), when the calyx is divided into laciniae, but which reach only to the middle. It is often bi-tri-quadri-multifidus.

11. Parted (partitus), when it is divided down to the base. These divisions are also named according to their number, as bi-tri-quadri-&c. multipartitus.

12. Labiated or bilabiated (labiatus or bilabiatus), when it is deeply divided into two laciniæ, both of which are dentated; as in garden sage, Salvia officinalis.

13. Entire (integer), when a monophyllus ca

lyx is short, round at the base, and entire on the margin.

14. Urceolated (urceolatus), when a monophyllous calyx is short, round at the base, and entire on the margin.

15. Shut (clausus), when a polyphyllous, or divided calyx, applies itself closely to the corolla.

16. Tubular (tubulosus), when a divided, cleft, or indented calyx, at its origin is cylindrical, and forms a tube.

17. Spreading (patens), when, in a monophyllous or polyphyllous calyx, the foliola or laciniae, stand quite open.

18. Reflected (reflexus), when either the segments, or laciniae in monophyllous calyxes, or the foliola in polyphyllous, are bent back.

19. Inflated (inflatus), when the calyx is hollow, and bellies out.

20. Abbreviated (abbreviatus), when the calyx is much shorter than the corolla.

21. Colored (coloratus), when the calyx is of another color than green.

230. The corolla is the envelope, or small leaves enclosed by the calyx, surrounding the interior parts of the flower, of a more delicate structure than the calyx, and of another color than green. It consists either of one piece or of several; the first called a monopetalous corolla (corolla monopetala), the last polypetalous (corolla polypetala). The pieces it consists of are called petals (petala).

231. The monopetalous corolla is that which consists but of one piece, which, however, may be divided into segments, but which must always be entire at the base. The following are varieties of this corolla :

1. Tubular (tubulosa), that consists of a single piece, hollow and of equal thickness. The small corolla or floret, which is found included in a common perianthium, is also called tubular, although it sometimes departs from this form.

2. Club-shaped (clavata), which forms a tube, growing gradually wider upwards, and narrower at the aperture.

3. Spherical (globosa), which is narrow above and below, and wide in the middle.

4. Bell-shaped (campanulata), that grows gradually wider to the mouth, so that it has nearly the appearance of a bell.

5. Cup-shaped (cyathiformis), when a cylindrical tube grows gradually wider from below upwards, but the margin is upright, and not bent back or contracted.

6. Urceolated (urceolata), when a short cylindrical tube extends itself into a wide surface, the margin of which is erect.

7. Funnel-shaped (infundibuliformis), when the tube of the corolla grows gradually wide, above that is obversely conical, but the rim pretty flat and turned outwards.

8. Salver-shaped (hypocrateriformis), when the tube of the corolla is perfectly cylindrical, but very long, and the rim forms a broad expansion; as in Phlox.

9. Wheel-shaped (rotata), when a cylindrical tube is very short, nearly shorter than the calyx, sometimes hardly perceptible, and its margin is quite flat. It is almost the same with the fore

going, only the tube is very short; as in shepherd's club, Verbascum.

10. Tongue-shaped (ligulata), when the tube is not long, suddenly ceases, and ends in an oblong expansion; as in the Aristolochia clematitis, and in some flowers that are contained in a common perianthium.

11. Difform (difformis), when the tube gradually becomes wider above, and is divided into unequal lobes; as in some corollas that are included in a common perianthium, e. g. the blue bottle, Centaurea cyanus.

12. Ringent (ringens), when the margin of a tubular corolla is divided into two parts, of which the upper part is arched, the under oblong, and has some resemblance to the open mouth of an animal; as in sage, Salvia officinalis.

13. Masked (personata), when both segments of the ringent flower are closely pressed together; as in snap-dragon, Antirrhinum majus.

14. Bilabiate (bilabiata), when the corolla has two segments or lips, which lie over against each other, and which are themselves often laciniated or cleft.

15. One-lipped (unilabiata), when in a ringent, personate, &c. corolla, the upper or under lip is wanting, as in Teucrium.

232. The kinds of the many-petalled corolla (corolla polypetala) are,

1. Rose-like (rosacea), when petals which are pretty round, and at their base have no unguis, form a corolla.

2. Mallow-like (malvacea), when five petals, which at the base are considerably attenuated, so unite below that they appear to be monopetalous.

3. Cross-like (cruciata), when four petals, which are very much produced at their base, stand opposite to one another; as in Sinapis alba, Brassica oleracea, viridis, &c.

4. Pink (caryophyllacea), when five petals at their base are much elongated, and stand in a monophyllous calyx; as in Dianthus caryophyllus, &c.

5. Lily-like (liliacea), wher there are six petals, but no calyx. In some there are only three, in others they form a tube at the bottom. This makes the idea somewhat indefinite, but it ought to be remarked that this kind of corolla never has a calyx, and that it is only proper to

the lilies.

6. Two, three, four, five, many petalled (ditri-tetra-penta-&c. polypetala), thus the corolla is denominated, according to the number of the petals.

7. Papilionaceous (papilionacea), when four petals differing in figure stand together; to these petals the following names have been given (for instances, examine the flowers of the common pea, pisum sativum, or vetch, vicia sativa) :

a. The standard (vexillum) is the uppermost petal, which is commonly the largest, and is somewhat concave.

b. The two wings (alæ) are the two petals, which stand under the vexillum, and opposite to

each other on each side.

c. The keel (carina) is the undermost petal; it is hollow, and stands under the vexillum, and opposite to it, and contains the ovary, with the stamina and pistillum.

8. Orchideous (orchidea), is a corolla, composed of five petals, of which the undermost is long, and sometimes cleft; the other four are arched, and bent towards one another.

9. Irregular (irregularis), consisting of four or inore petals, which are of different lengths and inclination, so that they do not come under the description of the other kinds.

233. A single division of the corolla, as we have observed, is called a petal (petalum); when this is plain the upper part is called lamina, the under part unguis.

234. The particular parts of the corolla have besides appropriate names. The following are those of the monopetalous corolla :1. The tube (tubus) of a monopetalous corolla is the under part, which is hollow, and in general of equal thickness. All flowers with this kind of corolla have a tube, except the bellshaped, and sometimes the wheel-shaped.

2. The border (limbus), is the opening of the corolla, especially when it is bent back. The limbus is often dentated or deeply divided, and the divisions are called

3. Segments or lobes (lacinia or lobi), and they are denominated according to their figure, number, and situation.

4. The helmet (galea) is the upper arched lacinia of a ringent or masked corolla, which is further denominated according to its situation, figure, and segments or lacinia.

5. The gape (rictus) is, in ringent flowers, the space between the two extremities of the helmet and the under lip.

6. The throat (faux), in a monopetalous and ringent corolla, is the opening of the tube.

7. The palate (palatum), in a personate corolla, is the arch of the under lip, which is so elevated as to close the faux.

8. The labellum is the under lip of a ringent and personate corolla.

9. The lips (labia), in the bilabiate and unilabiate flowers, are two divisions, the one called the upper lip (labium superius), and the other the under lip (labium inferius). The galea and labellum are likewise by some botanists called lips.

235. The stamens are the male organs of the plant, and are seated between the corolla and the ovarium. Their parts are three; the filament, the anther, and the pollen.

236. The filament (filamentum) is a longish body, that is destined for the support and elevation of the anther. In its figure it is very various.

1. Capillary (capillare), that is all of equal thickness, and as fine as a hair.

2. Filiform (filiforme), like the former, only thicker.

3. Awl-shaped (subulatum), which is thicker below than above.

4. Dilated (dilatatum), that is so compressed on the sides as to appear broad and leaf-like.

5. Heart-shaped (cordatum), the same with the foregoing, but with a margin above and pointed below; as in Mahernia.

6. Wedge-shaped (cuneiforme), a dilated filament, that is pointed below, but cleft above; as in Lotus tetragonolobus.

7. Loose (liberum), that is not attached to any other filament.

8. Connate (connatum), when several grow together, forming a cylinder; as in the mallow, Malva.

9. Bifid (bifidum), when a filament is divided into two parts.

10. Multifid, or branched (multifidum or ram osum), when it is divided into many branches; as in Carolinea princeps.

11. Jointed (articulatum), when the filament has a moveable joint; as in sage, Salvia officinalis. 12. Connivent (connivens), when several filaments bend towards one another at their points.

13. Incurved (incurvum), that has a bend like a bow.

14. Declined (declinatum), when several filaments do not stand erect, but by degrees, without describing a large curve, bend towards the upper or under part of the flower; as in Pyrola.

15. Hairy (pilosum), set with fine hairs. 16. Equal (æquale), that are all of equal length.

17. Unequal (inæquale), when some are long and some short.

237. The anther (anthera), is a hollow cellular body, that contains a quantity of pollen. Its kinds are the following:

1. Oblong (oblonga), which is long and pointed at both ends.

2. Linear (linearis), that is long and flat, but all of equal breadth.

3. Spherical (globosa), when perfectly round. 4. Kidney-shaped (reniformis), that is spherical on one side, but concave on the other; as in ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea, fox-glove, Digitalis purpurea, &c.

5. Doubled (didyma), when two seem to be joined together.

6. Arrow-shaped (sagittata), that has a long point, and is cleft at the base into two parts. 7. Bifid (bifida), that is linear, but cleft above and below, as in the grasses.

8. Peltated (peltata), that is circular, flat on both sides, and attached by the middle to the filament; as in the yew, Taxus baccata.

9. Dentated (dentata), that on the margin has dents or indentations; as in the yew, Taxus baccata.

10. Hairy (pilosa), that is covered with hair; as in the dead nettle, Lamium album.

11. Two-horned (bicornis), which has at its apex two subulate prolongations, as in Pyrola, Arbutus, Erica, &c.

12. Awned (aristata), that at the base has two bristle-shaped appendages, as in Erica.

13. Crested (cristata), when two cartilaginous points are set on the sides or on the base; as in some heaths, Erica.

14. Awnless (mutica), when it has neither awn nor crest. It is the opposite of No. 12, 13. 15. Angulated (angulata), that has several deep furrows that form four or more angles.

16. Bilocular (bilocularis), when the anther is divided by a partition into two parts or cells. 17. Unilocular (unilocularis), when there is but one cell or cavity in the anther.

18. Bursting at the side (latere dehiscens.)