bearing a number of leaves from which comes a new plant; as Ajuga reptans, Hieracium pilosella. 198. The FOLIAGE consists of the leaves, and their several parts, with the tendrils or other appendages connected therewith. The leaves are the organs in which the juices of the plant are elaborated, and rendered fit for being returned into the system, through the descending vessels of the bark, and the radiating vessels of the wood. They begin where the primordial scales at the base of the plant, if any, terminate; and they cease to be considered leaves as soon as the inflorescence (inflorescentia) commences; if situated among the inflorescence they are denominated bracteæ. 199. The leaf is divided into three distinct parts: the stipula, the petiole, the lamina. 200. The stipula are minute scale-like appendages, seated at the base of the common or partial petiole; occasionally they are foliaceous; their position is liable to slight variation, being sometimes at the base of the petiole, sometimes adnate with its margin, and occasionally placed on the side of the stem opposite to the petiole. The stipulæ are to the leaf, what the bractea are to the flowers. 201. The petiole is the foot-stalk of the leaf, and is subject to nearly the same variations in form as the stem; the terms applied to which, are equally applicable to the petiole. 202. The lamina is a term used to express the leaf itself, considered without reference to the petiole or stipulæ. Leaves are said to be simple when they consist of one lamina only; and to be compound, when they are formed by the union of more laminæ than one. The following are the terms employed in speaking of leaves. A. SIMPLE LEAVES. In respect of the apex. A leaf is said to be: 1. Acute (acutum), when the leaf ends in a point. 2. Acuminated (acuminatum), when the point is lengthened out. 3. Pointed (cuspidatum), when the lengthenedout point ends in a small bristle. 4. Obtuse (obtusum), when the end of the leaf is blunt or round. 5. Mucronate (mucronatum), when there is a bristle-shaped aculeus, situated on the round end of a leaf; as in the Amaranthus blitum. 6. Bitten (præmorsum), when the leaf is as it were bitten off at the point, forming a curved line; as in the Pavonia præmorsa. 7. Truncated (truncatum), when the point of the leaf is cut across by a straight line; as in the Liriodendron tulipifera. 8. Wedge-shaped (cuneiforme), when a truncated leaf is pointed on both sides at the base. 9. Dedaleous (dædaleum), when the point has a large circuit, but is truncated and ragged. 10. Emarginated (emarginatum), when an obtuse pointed leaf has a part as it were taken out of the apex. 11. Retuse (retusum), when an obtuse leaf is somewhat emarginated, but in a small degree. 12. Cleft (fissum), when there is a cleft at the point, extending half way down the leaf. When there is but one cleft at the point, the leaf is called bifid (folium bifidum); if there are two clefts, it is called trifid (trifidum); if there are more clefts, the leaf is called quadrifidum, quinquefidum, &c. multifidum, with many clefts. 13. Fan-shaped (flabelliforme), when a truncated cuneiform leaf is at the point once or oftener cleft. 14. Tridentated (tridentatum), when the point is truncated, and has three indentations. In respect of the base. 15. Heart-shaped (cordatum), when the base is divided into two round lobes, the anterior part of the leaf being ovate. 16. Kidney-shaped (reniforme), when the base is divided into two round separate lobes, and the anterior part of the leaf is round. 17. Moon-shaped (lunatum), when both lobes at the base have either a straight or somewhat arched line, and the anterior part of the leaf is round. 18. Unequal (inæquale), when one side of the leaf is more produced than the other. 19. Arrow-shaped (sagittatum), when the base is divided into two projected pointed lobes, and the anterior part of the leaf is likewise pointed. 20. Spear-shaped (hastatum), when the two pointed lobes of the base are bent outwards. 21. Ear-shaped (auriculatum), when there are at the base two small round lobes bent outwards. It is nearly the hastate leaf, only the lobes are smaller and round. In respect of circumference. 22. Orbicular (orbiculatum), when the diameter of the leaf on all sides is equal. 23. Roundish (subrotundum), differs little from the foregoing, only that the diameter is longer, either from the base to the apex, or from side to side. 24. Ovate (ovatum), a leaf which is longer than it is broad; the base is round and broadest, the apex narrowest. 25. Oval or elliptical (ovale or ellipticum) a leaf whose length is greater than its breadth, but round both at base and apex. 26. Oblong (oblongum), when the breadth to the length is as one to three, or the breadth always least; but the apex and base vary, that is, they are sometimes obtuse, sometimes pointed. 27. Parabolic (parabolicum), a leaf is so called which is round at the base, then forms a small bend, and grows less towards the point. 28. Spatulate (spatulatum), when the fore part of a leaf is circular, growing smaller toward the base, as in the cucubalus otites. 29. Rhombic (rhombeum), when the sides of the leaf run out into an angle, so that the leaf represents a square. 30. Oblique (subdimidiatum), is that leaf which has one side broader than the other. Of this leaf there are several varieties: as datum) a heart-shaped leaf, which is at the same time oblique, as in the Begonia nitida. b. Trapeziform (trapeziforme), a rhombic leaf, with one side smaller than the other, &c. 31. Panduræform (panduræforme), when an oblong leaf has a deep curve on both sides. 32. Sword-shaped (ensiforme), an oblong leaf, growing gradually narrower towards the apex, which is pointed, the sides are flat, and have more or less of an arch-like form; as in the sword flag, Iris. 33. Lanceolate (lanceolatum), an oblong leaf which grows gradually narrower from the base to the point. 34. Linear (lineare), when both sides of a leaf run parallel to each other, so that it is equally broad at the base and the apex. 35. Capillary (capillare), when a leaf has scarcely any breadth, and is as fine as a thread or hair. 36. Awl-shaped (subulatum), a linear leaf, which is sharply pointed. 37. Needle-shaped (acerosum), a linear leaf that is rigid, and generally endures through the winter; as in the pine tribe, Pinus. 38. Triangular (triangulare), when the circumference represents a triangle, the apex of which makes the point of the leaf; as in the birch, Betula alba. 39. Quadrangular, quinquangular (quadrangulare, quinquangulare), when the circumference of the leaf has four or five angles; as in the Menispermum Canadense. 40. Intire (integrum, indivisum), which is not at all cleft or divided. 41. Lobed (lobatum), when a leaf is deeply divided, nearly half its length, into lobes. According to the number of lobes it is denominated bi-lobed (bi-lobum), as in Bauhinia; tri-lobed (tri-lobum), quinquelobed (quinquelobum), as in the hop, Humulus lupulus, &c. 42. Palmated (palmatum), when there are five or seven very long lobes, that is, when the segments are more than half way divided. 43. Divided (partitum), when in a roundish leaf the division extends to the base; Ranunculus aquatilis. 44. Two-ranked (dichotomum), the last leaf, whose linear sections are divided or subdivided into twos. 45. Torn (laciniatum), when an oblong leaf has several irregular clefts. 46. Sinuated (sinuatum), when on the sides of an oblong leaf there are round incisures, as in the oak, Quercus robur. 47. Pinnatifid (pinnatifidum), when there are regular incisures, to go almost to the middle rib. 48. Lyre-shaped (lyratum), nearly the foregoing leaf, whose outer segment is very large and round. 49. Runcinate (runcinatum), when the incisures of a pinnatifid leaf are pointed, and form a curve behind, as in the dandelion, Leontodon taraxacum. 50. Squarroso-laciniate (squarroso-laciniatum), when the leaf is cut almost into the middle rib, and the incisures run in every direction; as in the thistle, Carduus lanceolatus. N. the contour of the leaves from No. 41 to 43 is round. From 44 to 49 it is oblong. In respect of the margin. margin is without either notch or indentation. 51. Quite entire (integerrimum); when the N. this, No. 50 and No. 40, are often confounded. An entire leaf is merely the opposite of the be either dentated or serrated. A quite entire numbers from 40 and 41 to 49. It may often leaf may, indeed, be formed like numbers from 41 to 47, but it can have no indentations or serratures, as in the following leaves: 52. Cartilagineous (cartilagineum), when the margin consists of a border of a harder substance than the disk. 57. Duplicato-dentate (duplicato-dentatum), when each small tooth of the margin is again dentated; as in the elm, Ulmus campestris. 58. Dentato-crenate (dentato-crenatum), when each tooth is set with small and round denticuli. 59. Serrated (serratum), when the teeth on the margin are very sharp pointed, and stand so close that one seems to lie on the back of another. 60. Gnawed (erosum), when the margin is unequally sinuated, as if it had been gnawed; as in some species of sage, Salvia. 61. Spiny (spinosum), when the margin is set with spines; as in the thistle, Carduus. 62. Fringed (ciliatum), when the margin is set round with strong hairs, of equal length, and at a considerable distance from one another. In respect of their surface. 63. Aculeated (aculeatum), when the surface is covered with spines. 64. Hollow (concavum), when there is a hollow in the middle of the leaf. 65. Channelled (canaliculatum), when the middle rib of a long and narrow leaf is furrowed. 66. Wrinkled (rugosum), when the surface is raised between the veins of the leaf, and thus forms wrinkles; as in sage, Salvia. . Bullate (bullatum), when the parts raised between the veins on the surface appear like blisters. 68. Pitted (lacunosum), when the raised places between the veins are on the under surface, so that the upper surface appears pitted. 69. Curled (crispum), when the leaf is fuller on the margin than in the middle, so that it must lie in regular folds. 70. Folded (plicatum), when the leaf lies in regular straight folds from the base. 71. Veined (venosum), when the vessels of a leaf rise out of the middle rib. This is the case in most plants. 72. Netwise-veined (reticulato-venosum), when the veins which rise from the middle rib again subdivide into hranches, that form a sort of net-work. 73. Ribbed (costatum), when the veins arise out of the middle, and proceed in a straight line towards the margin in considerable numbers, and close together; as in the Calophyllum inophyllum, Canna, Musa, &c. 74. Nerved (nervosum), when the vessels rising out of the petiolus run from the base to the apex. 75. Three-nerved (trinervium), when three nerves take their origin from the base. Thus we likewise say, quinquenervium, septemnervi um, &c. 76. Triple-nerved (triplinervium), when out of the side of the middle rib, above the base, there arises a nerve running towards the point; as in Laurus, Cinnamomum, and Camphora. 77. Quintuple-nerved (quintuplinervium), when out of the middle rib, above the base, there arise on each side two nerves running towards the point. 78. Septuple-nerved (septuplinervium), when on each side of the middle rib, above the base, three nerves arise, and proceed to the apex. 79. Venose-nerved (venoso-nervosum), when, in a leaf having nerves, the vessels run into branches, or in a veined leaf; as in the Indian cress, Tropæolum majus. 80. Streaked (lineatum), when the whole leaf is full of smooth parallel vessels, that run from the base to the apex, 81. Nerveless (enervium), when no nerves rise from the base. 82. Veinless (avenium), where there are no veins. 83. Dotted (punctatum), when, instead of ribs and veins, there are dots or points; as in the Vaccinium vitis idaea. 84. Colored (coloratum), a leaf of some other color than green. 85. Cowled (cucullatum), when in a heartshaped leaf the lobes are bent towards each other, so as to have the appearance of a cowl. 86. Convex (convexum), when the middle of the leaf is thicker than the rim, raised on the upper surface and hollowed on the under. 87. Keel-shaped (carinatum), when on the under surface of a linear-lanceolate, or oblong leaf, the place of the middle rib is formed like the keel of a ship. 88. Quadruply-keeled (quadricarinatum), when the middle rib, by means of a thin leaf above and below, projects, and the margin is incrassated, so that a horizontal section has the appearance of a cross; as Ixia cruciata. B. Compound Leaves. 89. Compound (compositum), when several leaves are supported by ore foot-stalk To this term belong Nos. 89, 92, 95, 96, 97. But when the leaf agrees with the above definition, although it should not come under any of the following kinds, it is still to be considered a compound leaf. 90. Fingered (digitatum) when the base of several leaves rests on the point of one foot-stalk; as in the horse-chestnut, Aesculus Hippocastanum. 91. Binate (binatum), when two leaves stand by their base on the top of one foot-stalk; but if the two foliola of a binate leaf bend back in a horizontal direction, it is called, a conjugate leaf, folium conjugatum. 92. Bigeminate (bigeminatum, bigeminum), when a divided leaf-stalk at each point bears two leaves; as in some species of Mimosa. 93. Trigeminate (trigeminatum or tergeminum), when a divided leaf-stalk on each point bears two leaves, and on the principal stalk, where it divides, there is a leaf at each side; as in the Mimosa tergemina. 94. Ternate (ternatum), when three leaves are supported by one foot-stalk; as in the clover, Trifolium pratense. Strawberry, fragaria vesca. 95. Biternate (biternatum, or duplicato-ternatum), when a foot-stalk, which separates into three, at each point bears three leaves. 96. Triternate (triternatum, or triplicato-ternatum), when a foot-stalk, which separates into three, is again divide at each point into three, and on each of these nine points bears three leaves. 97. Quadrinate (quadrinatum), when four leaves stand on the point of a leaf-stalk; as Hedysarum tetraphylium. 98. Quinate (quinatum), when five leaves are supported by one foot-stalk: this, it is true, has some affinity with No. 89, but varies on account of the number five, as in the other there are generally more leaves. 99. Umbellate (umbellatum), when at the point of a leaf-stalk there stand a number of leaves, closely set, and forming the figure of a parasol; as Aralia sciodaphyllum, Panax chrysophyllum. 100. Pedate (pedatum, ramosum), when a leaf-stalk is divided, and in the middle, where it divides, there is a leafet, at both ends there is likewise a leafet, and on each side, between the one in the middle and that at the end, another or two, or even three leaves. Such a leaf therefore consists of five, seven, or nine leafets, that are all inserted on one side; as in the Helleborus viridis, fœtidus, and niger. 101. Pinnated (pinnatum), where on an undivided leaf-stalk there is a series of leafets on each. side, and on the same plane; of this there are the following kinds: a. Abruptly-pinnated (pari pinnatum, or abrupte pinnatum), when at the apex of a pinnated leaf there is no leafet. B. Pinnate with an odd one (impari-pinnatum, or pinnatum cum impari), when at the apex of a pinnated leaf there is a leafet. y. Oppositely pinnate (opposite pinnatum), when the leafets on a pinnated leaf stand opposite to one another. d. Alternately pinnate (alternatim pirnatum), when the leafets on a pinnated leaf stand alternately. . Interruptedly pinnate (interruptè pinnatum), when in a pinnated leaf each pair of alternate-leafets is smaller. . Jointedly pinnate (articulatè pinnatum), when between cach pair of opposite pinnæ, or leafets, the stem is furnished with a jointed edge. n. Decursively pinnate (decursive pinnatum), when from each particular pinnula a foliaceous appendage runs down to the following one. 9. Decreasingly pinnate (pinnatum foliolis decrescentibus), when the successive foliola on a pinnated leaf grow gradually smaller to the point; as in the Vicia sepium 102. Conjugately pinnated (conjugato-pin natum), when a leaf-stalk divides, and each part makes a pinnated leaf. 103. Ternato-pinnate (ternato-pinnatum) when at the point of a principal leaf-stalk there stand three pinnated leaves; as Hoffmanseggia. 104. Digitato-pinnate (digitato-pinnatum), when several simply pinnated leaves, from four to five, stand on the point of one stalk; as in Mimosa pudica. 105. Doubly pinnate (bipinnatum, duplicatopinnatum), when a leaf-stalk bears, on one plane on both sides, a number of leaf-stalks, of which each is a pinnated leaf. 106. Trebly pinnate (triplicato-pinnatum, or tripinnatum), when several doubly pinnated leaves are attached to the sides of a foot-stalk on one plane. 107. Doubly compound (decompositum) when a divided leaf-stalk connects several leaves; of this kind are Nos. 90, 91, 93, 98, 99, 100. But the term decompositum is only used when the division of the leaf-stalk of the pinnulæ is ir regular. 108. Super-decompound (supra-decompositum), when a leaf-stalk, which is often divided, sustains several leaves; to this belong Nos. 94, 101. But then the term is used only when the divisions of the leafets are either more numerous or not so regular. C. In respect of the place. 109. Radical (radicale), when a leaf springs from the root, as in the violet, Viola odorata. Sagittaria sagittifolia. 110. Seminal (seminale), when a leaf grows out of the parts of the seed, as in the hemp; where, as soon as it springs, there appear two white bodies, which are the two halves of the seed that change into leaves. 111. Cauline (caulinum), which is attached to the principal stem. The root leaves and stem leaves of a plant are often very different 112. Rameous (rameum), when a leaf rises from the branches. 113. Axillary (axillare or subalare), which stands at the origin of the branch. 114. Floral (florale), which stands close by the flower. D. In respect of substance. 115. Membranaceous (membranaceum), when both membranes of a leaf lie close upon one another, without any pulpy substance between them; as in the leaves of most trees and plants. 116. Fleshy (carnosum), when between the membranes there is much soft and pulpy substance; as in houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum. 117. Hollow (tubulosum), when a somewhat fleshy and long leaf, as in the onion, Allium Сера. 118. Bilocular (biloculare), when in a linear leaf, internally hollow, the cavity is divided by a longitudinal partition into two. Lobelia dortmanna. 119. Articulate (articulatum, or loculosum), when a cylindrical hollow leaf has its cavities divided by horizontal partitions; as Juncus articulatus. 120. Cylindrical (teres), when it is formed like a cylinder. 121. Compressed (compressum), when a thick leaf is flat on both sides. 122. Two-edged (anceps), when a compressed leaf is sharp on both edges. 123. Depressed (depressum), when the upper surface of a fleshy leaf is pressed down, or, as it were, hollowed out. 124 Flat (planum), when the upper surface of a thick leaf forms an even plane. 125. Gibbous (gibbosum, or gibbum), when both surfaces are convex. 126. Scimitar-shaped (acinaciforme); a twoedged thick leaf, on one side sharp and arched, on the other straight and broad. 127. Axe-shaped (dolabriforme), when a fleshy leaf is compressed, circular on the upper part, convex on the one side, sharp edged on the other, and cylindrical at the base. 128. Tongue-shaped (linguiforme), when a long compressed leaf ends in a round point. 129. Three-sided (triquetrum), when the leaf is bounded by three narrow sides, and is at the same time long. 130. Deltoid (deltoideum), when a thick leaf is bounded by three broad surfaces, and is at the same time short. 131. Four-cornered (tetragonum), when a leaf, long in proportion, is bounded by four narrow surfaces; as in the Pinus nigra. 132. Warty (verrucosum), when short fleshy leaves are truncated, and stand in thick heaps; as in some Euphorbiæ. 133. Hook-shaped (uncinatum), when a fleshy leaf is flat above, compressed at the sides, and bent back at the point. E. In respect of situation and position. 134. Opposite (folia opposita), when the bases of the leaves are next each other, on opposite sides of a stem. 135. Dissimilar (disparia), when of two leaves, placed opposite, the one is quite differe; :ly formed from the other; as some species of Melastoma. 136. Alternate (alterna), see No. 11. 137. Scattered (sparsa), when the leaves stand thick on the stem, without any order. 138. Crowded (conferta, or approximata), when the leaves stand so close together that the stem cannot be seen. 139. Remote (remota), when the leaves are separated on the stem by certain interstices. 140. Three-together (terna), when three leaves stand round the stem: there are sometimes four, five, six, seven, eight, &c., quaterna, quina, sena, septena, octona, &c. 141. Star-like (stellata, or verticillata), when several leaves stand round the stem at certain distances; as in ladies-bedstraw, Galium, &c. 142. Tufted (fasciculata), when a number of leaves stand on one point; as in the larch, Pinus larix, Celastrus buxifolius. 143. Two-rowed (disticha), when leaves are so placed on the stem that they stand on one plane; as in the pitch fir, Pinus picea, Lonicera symphoricarpus. 144. Decussated (decussata), when the stem, in its whole length, is set round with four rows of leaves at each branch, and when one looks perpendicularly down upon it, the leaves seem to form a cross; as in Veronica decussata. :45. Imbricated (imbricata), when one leaf lies over another, as the tiles upon a roof. Of this there are the following kinds : a. Bifariously imbricated (bifariam imbricata), when the leaves are so laid upon one another that they form but two rows longitudinally on the stem. B. Trifariam imbricata, three rows. 7. Quadrifariam imbricata, &c. four rows, &c. F. In respect of insertion. 146. Petiolated (petiolatum), when a leaf is furnished with a foot-stalk. 147. Palaceous (palaceum), when the footstalk is attached to the margin. 148. Peltated (peltatum), when the foot-stalk is inserted into the middle of the leaf. 149. Sessile (sessile), when the leaf is attached to the stem without any foot-stalk. 150. Loose (solutum, or basi solutum), a succulent cylindrical or subulate leaf, which seems to have no connexion with the stalk on which it rests, but seems to hang the more loosely; as Sedum album. 151. Riding (equitans), a sword-shaped or linear leaf, that forms at its base a sharp and deep furrow, whose surfaces lie on one another, and embrace the stalk; Dracaena ensifolia, Sisyrinchium striatum, &c. 152. Decurrent (decurrens), when the foliaceous substance of a sessile leaf runs down along the stem. 153. Embracing (amplexicaule), when a sessile leaf is heart-shaped at the base, and with both lobes embraces the stem. 154. Connate (connatum), when opposite and sessile leaves are joined at their base. N. A perfoliated leaf (folium perfoliatum), is already described in No. 59. F. In respect of direction. 155. Appressed (adpressum), when the leaf turns up, and lays its upper surface to the stem. 156. Erect (erectum, or semiverticale), when the leaf is directed upwards, and makes with the stem a very acute angle. 157. Vertical (verticale), which stands quite upright, and thus makes with the horizon a right angle. 158. Bent sideways (adversum), when the margin of a vertical leaf is turned towards the stem. 159. Spreading (patens), which goes off from the stem in an acute angle. 160. Bent in (inflexum, or incurvum), when an upright leaf is bent in at its point towards the stem. 166. Rooting (radicans), when the leaf strikes root. 167. Swimming (natans), when the leaf swims on the surface of water; as in Nymphæa alba. 168. Immersed (demersum), when the leaves are found under water. 169. Emerging (emersum), when the leaf of an aquatic plant raises itself out of the water. 203. Besides the petiole, the stipulæ, and the lamina, which have now been described, there are two appendages which properly belong to the foliage, and still remain to be noticed; these are the ramentum, and the cirrhus, or tendril. tiole; 204. The rament (ramentum), is a small, and more or less of a brown color; sometimes often bristle-shaped, leafet, that is oblong, thin, placed, like the stipula, in the angles of the pebut sometimes, likewise, without any order on the stem. It appears on all trees when their buds open, and falls soon after. On the oak it stands like the stipula, on the Scotch fir, Pinus sylvestris, it is soon dispersed. When the stem of a plant is covered with fine dry scales, that have the appearance of the Ramentum, it is properly called a stem, caulis ramentaceus. ramentaceous which serves for attaching plants to some support. 205. The tendril (cirrhus), is a filiform body, the plant; for instance, in the vine, of a leaf, It is always an alteration of some other part of and in the Artabotrys, of a part of the infloresClimbing plants are furnished with tendrils. They are in general spiral. The species cence. are as follows: 1. Axillary (axillaris), when rising from the axillæ of the leaves. 2. Foliar (foliaris), when springing from the points of the leaves. 3. Petiolar (petiolaris), when standing on the point of the common foot-stalk of a compound leaf. 4. Peduncular (peduncularis), when rising from the foot-stalk of a flower. 5. Simple (simplex), when not divided. 6. Convolute (convolutus), when winding regularly round a prop. 7. Revolute (revolutus), when winding irregularly, sometimes to this side, sometimes to that. 206. To the inflorescence are to be referred all those parts which are placed above the articulation, which unites the flower with the plant strictly speaking, the term denotes the mode i which the flowers are arranged upon their stalk or rachis. We will first describe the different manners in which this is effected, and then explain the nature and modifications of the accessory leaves. 207. The inflorescence in many plants is an important character, and the following kinds have been described, viz.: The whirl (verticillus), the head (capitulum), the ear (spicula), the spike (spica), the raceme (racemus), the fascicle (fasciculus), the umbel (umbella), the cyme (cyma), the corymb (corymbus), the panicle (panicula), the thyrse (thyrsus), the spadix (spadix), and finally, the catkin (amentum). 208. A whirl (verticillus), consists of several flowers that encircle the stem, and stand un2 D |