27. Viscid (viscidus), when the surface is covered with a viscid juice, which is resinous or greasy. Cerastium viscosum.

28. Striated (striatus), when the surface is firely streaked. Aira caespitosa.

29. Furrowed (sulcatus), when the streaks form small furrows. Umbellæ.

186. The following are the principal colors, which are distinguished by name: this part of the subject is extremely imperfect; and perhaps from its nature will always, like all distinctions de pending upon so uncertain a power as that of dis criminating between the delicate gradations o so unmanageable an agent as of light, remain in an imperfect state. The Latin names are ne cessarily employed from the want of equivalent expressions in the English language

1. Cyaneus; dark blue, like Prussian blue. 2. Cæruleus; sky blue, like the flowers of Veronica Chamædrys.

3. Azureus; nearly the same as No. 2, but bright like ultramarine.

4. Casius; pale blue, verging towards gray. 5. Atrovirens; dark green, bordering upon

dark blue.

15. Ferrugineus; brown, verging towards yellow.

16. Brunneus; the darkest pure brown. 17. Fuscus; brown, running into gray. 18. Badius; Hepaticus; chestnut or liver brown, bordering on dark red.

19. Aurantiacus; orange, or a mixture of yellow and red.

20. Miniatus, or Cinnabarinus; deep red, like red lead.

21. Lateritius; brick color, like the former, but duller and verging towards yellow.

22. Coccineus, or Phoeniceus; cinnabar coor, with a slight tinge of blue.

23. Carneus; flesh color, something between white and red.

24. Croceus; saffron color, dark orange. 25. Puniceus; fine bright red, like carmine. 26. Sanguineus, or purpureus; pure red, but duller than the foregoing.

27. Roseus; rose color, a pale blood red. 28. Atropurpureus; very dark red, almost approaching to black.

29. Violaceus; violet color, a mixture of

blue and red.

30. Lilacinus; lilac, the former color; but duller, and verging towards red.

31. Ater; the purest and deepest black. 32. Niger; black, with a tinge of gray.

33. Cinereus; ash color, blackish gray. 34. Griseus; lively light gray.

35. Canus; hoary, with more white than gray.

36. Lividus; dark gray, running into violet. 37. Lacteus, or Candidus; shining white. 38. Albus; dull white.

39. Albidus; dirty dull white.

40. Hyalinus; transparent, like pure glass. 187. The Roor is divided by botanists into four principal forms, viz. the Rhizoma, or Roststock, by which is meant the thick fleshy part of a biennial or perennial root; the Fibre, or those parts of the root which have the appearance of threads; the Tuber, which is a solid fleshy root, furnished with buds on its surface, and being in fact a thickened subterraneous stem; and the Bulb, which consists only of fleshy imbricated scales, as in the onion. Each of these is subject to a great variety of appearances.

1. The Rhizoma is,

1. Woody (lignosum), composed of a woody substance and numerous woody fibres; such as that of trees and shrubs.

2. Fleshy (carnosum), consisting of a fleshy substance more or less firm; as Daucus Carota, Pastinaca Sativa.

3. Hollow (cavum), that is always hollow in the middle, as Fumaria Bulbosa.

4. Partitioned (loculosum), an oblong root, internally furnished with separated cavities; as Cicuta Virosa.

5. Entire (integrum), never naturally internally hol.ow, and thus the opposite of the two last mentioned.

6. Cylindrical (cylindraceum), that comes nearest to a cylindrical figure, and is thick; as Dictamnus albus.

7. Spindle-shaped (fusiforme) cylindrical above, and tapering to a point as it descends; as in Daucus carota, Pastinaca sativa.

8. Bitten (præmorsum), where the principal root seems as if it were bitten off, as Scabiosa succisa, Plantago major.

9. Worm-like (vermicularis), thick and almost cylindrical, but bent in different places; Polygonum Bistorta.

10. Turnip shaped (napiforme), bellying out above, but below ending in a long taper point, Brassica Napa.

11. Roundish (subrotundum, or globosum), that is almost spherical, as Raphanus sativus, Bunium Bulbocastanum.

12. Flat (placentiforme), a thick round root, which above and below is compressed, so that it almost resembles a plate; Cyclamen.

13. Jointed (geniculatum), divided into members, from which the root-fibres proceed; Gratiola officinalis.

14. Scaly (samosum), covered with more or fewer fleshy scales; Lathræa squamaria.

15. Toothed (dentatus), a fleshy branched root, having teeth-like prolongations; Corallorhiza innata.

16. Tufted (comosum), having as it were tufts of hair at its points, which are the fragments of the petioles, divided like fibres; Aethusa Meum.

17. Many headed (multiceps), divided at top

into numerous branches, from which new shoots spring; as Astragalus, Geranium macrorhizon.

18. Simple (simplex), having no branches. 19. Branching (ramosum), dividing into branches, as all trees, shrubs, and many plants. 20. Perpendicular (perpendicularis), going straight down into the earth; Capsella bursa pastoris.

21. Horizontal (horizontale), running horizontally under ground into the earth, but obliquely, as Aethusa meum.

22. Oblique (obliquum), going neither perpendicularly nor horizontally into the earth, but obliquely; as Aethusa meum.

23. Creeping (repens), lying horizontally under the earth, and extending itself in that direction by means of side-branches; as Rumex Acetosella.

24. Ringed (annulatum), furnished on its upper surface with alternately raised and depressed bands.

25. Knobbed (tuberculatum), furnished on its upper surface, with protuberances; as Aethusa meum, Bunium bulbocastanum.

26. Scarred (cicatrisatum), which, upon the perishing of the stem, has depressions or chinks on its upper surface; as Polypodium vulgare.

27. Chaffy (paleaceum), covered with membranaceous scales; as many of the filices.

41. Articulated (articulatum), when one knob grows out of another, so that the whole seems to consist of connected members.

42. Necklace-like (moniliforme), when many knobs hang together by a fibrous root, in rows as if they were strung on; as Pelargonium triste. 4. The Bulb is,

43. Imbricated (imbricatus, squamosus), when the bulb consists of leaves lying over one another, like the tiles of a house; as Lilium bulbiferum.

44. Coated (tunicatus), when the bulb is composed of concentric layers; as in Allium.

45. Net-like, (reticulatus), when the bulb is entirely composed of reticulated membranes; as Allium Victorialis.

46. Half-net-like (semireticulatus), when the bulb consists of a firm mass, but the outer membrane is net-like; as Gladiolus communis.

47. Solid (solidus), when the bulk consists of a firm substance throughout; as Colchicum autumnale.

48. Nestling (nidulans), when small bulbs appear under the external membrane, and the bulb seems to be entirely composed of them; as in Ornithogalum spathaceum.

49. Aggregated (compositus, aggregatus), when several bulbs stand close together, having a con

35. Testiculated (testiculatum), when two, rarely three, longish depressed knobs hang from the point from which a shoot rises; as in Orchis.

36. Palmated (palmatum), when two, rarely three, longish depressed knobs, which are divided at the point, hang together; as in the last, Orchis.

37. Fingered (digitatum), when a single fleshy knob is compressed and divided at the point like fingers; Dioscorea alternifolia.

38. Bundled (fasciculatum), when many cylindrical or longish roots hang together from the point, so as to resemble a bundle; Ranunculus Ficaria, Epipactis Nidus avis.

39. Globulated (conglobatum), when several round knobs sit upon one another; as Helianthus tuberosus.

40. Depending (pendulum), when several knobs hang together from fibrous roots; as Solanum tuberosum, Spiræa Filipendula.

50. Two-fold (geminatus), when two bulbs are connected by their base; as Fritillaria pyrenaica, Erythronium dens canis.

51. Doubled (duplicatus), when one bulb stands above another, and grows out of it; as Allium sphaerocephalon.

52. Supported (suffultus), when the body of the root stands at a distance, equalling it in size, and distinctly separated from it; as Ixia punicea, erecta.

53. Single (solitarius), when neither from the side nor from the base proceeds another bulb. 54. Central (centralis), when the shoot proceeds from the middle, as Galanthus nivalis.

55. Lateral (lateralis), when the shoot issues from the side; as in Ixia virgata.

Besides the above there are a few roots which being referable to none of the foregoing, are called nothous, or

Anomalous.

56. Divided (divisa), that branches out above stones or other bodies, but does not penetrate into the earth; as Fucus digitatus.

57. Bysus-like (byssacea), that is divided like wool, and has the appearance of a filamentary byssus; as many species of Agaricus.

58. Warty (papillosa), consisting of short wart-like small dots, by which the plant attaches itself to wood or stones, in Lichen.

59. Shield-like (scutiformis), when the base of the ascending stem spreads itself into a thin surface, by which the plant is attached to wood or stones; as Usnea florida, Ceramium filum.

60. Fading (evanescens), when the descending stem penetrates into wood and therein gradually disappears; as Viscum album.

188. The STEM is the prolongation of the plant above the soil, or above the part which serves for its support. It is subject to great

diversity of forms, and the number of terms used to distinguish their varieties are numerous.

The stock (cormus), is that part of the plant which serves for the support of the whole, and bears the inflorescence, the leaves, the frond, the flowers and fruit, from it are evolved in most cases all these parts. The following kinds have been distinguished: viz. the stem (caudex), the trunk (truncus), the stalk (caulis), the straw (culmus), the scape (scapus), the stipe (stipes), the shoot (surculus), the sarment (sarmentum), and the sucker (stolo).

189. The stem (caudex), is a simple perennial shoot, with leaves at its extremity, and is peculiar only to the palms and arboreous filices, having no bark, but set round with the remains of the leaf-stalks. Of this there are the follow ing kinds.

1. Ringed (annulatus), when the remains of the leaves at regular distances resemble annular elevations; as Corypha rotundifolia.

2. Scaly (squamosus), when the remains of the leaves surround the stem irregularly; as in Phoenix dactylifera, Chamærops humilis.

3. Tessellated (tessellatus), when the leaf or the base of the stipe does not remain behind, but leaves a scar, by which the stem puts on a tessellated appearance; as Polypodium ar

boreum.

4. Aculeated (aculeatus), when the remains of the leaf are set with prickles; as in Cocos aculeatus, Polypodium asperum.

5. Smooth (inermis), the opposite of the last, when the remains of the leaf leave no prickles, as Phoenix dactylifera, Polypodium arboreum.

190. The trunk (truncus), is peculiar to trees and shrubs, and is perennial. The principal stem in these plants has obtained the following denominations its principal divisions are called branches (rami), and its subdivisions twigs (ramuli).

1. Tree-like (arboreus); this is simple, and forms at top a crowd or crown of branches (cacumen); it is peculiar to trees.

2. Shrubby (fruticosus), divided below into a number of branches, like all shrubs.

191. The stalk (caulis), is herbaceous, seldom woody, and lasts but one or two years; hence it is proper only to herbaceous plants, however, the term is sometimes applied both to

trees and shrubs. The divisions of this are also called branches (rami). The kinds are,

With respect to division.

1. Very simple (simplicissimus), that has no branches, nor is its flower-stalk divided, consequently it can have but one flower or spike, and no flowers in the axille of the branches.

2. Simple (simplex), having no branches, but whose flower-stalk may be divided.

3. Somewhat branched (subramosus), sometimes without branches, sometimes with one or

two.

4. Branched (ramosus), which is always furnished with branches.

5. Much branched (ramosissimus), where all the branches are not only divided but subdivided. 6. Disappearing (deliquescens), branched, but se divided that the principal stem is no longer to be observed, but is lost in the ramification.

7. Entire (integer), which is branched, but where the principal stem can be traced to the point.

8. Verticillated (verticillatus), when a number of branches are formed at the extremity, from the centre of which the principal stem proceeds, so that the branches, at certain distances, surround the stem in a circular manner; as in Pinus sylvestris.

9. Proliferous (prolifer), where the stem is divided into a number of branches, and these again likewise divide, but the principal stem does not proceed from the centre of them; as Ledum palustre.

10. Dichotomous (dichotomus), when the stem, even to the smallest branches, divides itself into two; as Viscum album.

In respect of the branches.

11. Alternate branches (rami alterni), the branches are so placed that between two on the one side there rises but one on the opposite side.

12. Opposite branches (rami oppositi), when one branch stands on the opposite side to another, and the bases of each nearly meet together.

13. Distichous (distichus), when the branches, being opposite to each other, stand on the same plane.

14. Scattered (sparsus), when the branches stand without order on the stem.

15. Close (confertus), when the branches stand so thick and without order that no space remains between them.

branches stand at right angles to each other, or 16. Brachiate (brachiatus) when opposite cross-ways.

17. Rod-like (virgatus), when the branches are very long, weak, and thin.

18. Panicled (paniculatus), when a stem at its point is divided into numerous leaves and flower-bearing branches; as, Rumex acetosella.

19. Fastigiate (fastigiatus), when all the branches from bottom to top are of such different lengths that they are of equal height.

20. Compact (coarctatus), where the tips of the branches are bent inwards towards the stem. 21. Spreading (patens), when the branches stand nearly at right angles with the stem.

22. Diverging (divergens), where the branches form a right angle.

23. Divaricated (divaricatus), where the branches are so situated that they form an obtuse angle above, and an acute angle below.

24. Deflected (deflexus), the branches hang down forming an arch.

25. Reflected (reflexus), where the branches hang so much down that they almost run parallel with the stem.

26. Retroflected (retroflexus), where the branches are bent towards every side.

In respect of strength.

27. Stiff (rigidus), that will not bend without breaking.

28. Brittle (fragilis), that breaks with the smallest force.

29. Flexible (flexilis), that can be bent in any direction without breaking.

30. Tough (tenax) that can be bent without breaking, and can be with difficulty torn.

31. Lax (laxus), that is firm, but moves with the smallest breath of wind.

32. Parasitical (parasiticus), that fixes itself by its root on the root or wood of other plants; as Viscum, Monotropa.

33. Erect (erectus), when the stem stands nearly perpendicular.

34. Straight (strictus), where the stem is perpendicular, and quite straight.

35. Weak (debilis), when the stem is too slender to maintain itself perfectly upright.

36. Bent upwards (adscendens), when the stem lies on the ground, but the extremity of it stands erect.

37. Bent downwards (declinatus), when the stem is so bent downwards to the earth that it forms an arch.

38. Supported (fulcratus), that from above sends roots down into the earth, which after wards change into real stems; as in the Rhizophora.

39. Stooping (cernuus), when the point in an upright stem takes a horizontal direction.

40. Nodding (nutans), when the point is bent down towards the horizon.

41. Pendulous (pendulus), when a parasitical plant (No. 32) has its base turned towards the zenith, and its top towards the earth.

42. Procumbent (procumbens, prostratus, humifusus), when the stem lies flat on the ground. 43. Decumbent (decumbens), when the stem is upright below, but above is bent down towards the ground, so that the greater part of it is bent.

44. Creeping (repens), when the stem lies along, and sends out roots from below.

45. Sarmentose (sarmentosus), when the stem lies along, but sends out roots only at certain in

tervals.

46. Rooting (radicans), when the stem stands upright and climbs, everywhere sending forth small roots, by which it holds itself fast; as in the ivy. Hedera Helix..

47. Swimming (natans), lying on the surface of water; as Polygonum amphibium.

48. Sunk (demersum), that lies below the surface; as Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia. 49. Flexuose (flexuosus), where the upright stem bends itself in a zig-zag manner, so as to form a number of obtuse angles.

50, Climbing (scandens), a weak stem that fastens itself to some other body for support; as the passion-flower, Passiflora cærulea.

51. Twining (volubilis), a weak stem that twines in a serpentine form round other plants; it is of two kinds.

4. Turning from the right (dextrorsum), when the stem twines from the right to the left round a supporting body; as in the bind-weed, Convolvulus.

b. Twining from the left (sinistrorsum), when the stem twines from the left to the right round a supporting body; as in the hop, Humulus Lupulus.

In respect of clothing.

52. Naked (nudus), having no leaves, scales, or the like.

53. Leafless (aphyllous), without leaves only.

54. Scaly (squamosus), covered with scales. 55. Ramentaceous (ramentaceus), that is covered with dry membranous scales; as Erica ramentacea.

56. Stipulate (stipulatus), furnished with stipulæ in the axilla of the leaves; as Vicia sativa. 57. Exstipulate (exstipulatus), without stipulæ.

58 Leafy (foliosus), having leaves. 59. Perfoliate (perfoliatus), where the stem goes through a leaf; as Bupleurum.

60. Winged (alatus), when a leaf-like membrane runs along the stem.

61. Bulb-bearing (bulbifer), having bulbs or tubercles in the axillæ of the leaves; as Lilium bulbiferum, Dentaria bulbifera.

62. Prickly (aculeatus), when along the stem there are pointed protuberances coming off with the rind.

63. Spiny (spinosus), when there are pointed protuberances on the stem which do not come off with the rind

64. Smooth (inermis), having neither prickles nor spines.

65. Barren (sterilis), bearing no flowers. 66. Fruitful (fructificans), bearing flowers or fruit.

In respect of figure.

67. Round (teres), that is, quite cylindrical. 68. Half-round (semiteres), that is, round on the one side and flat on the other.

69. Compressed (compressus), when the stem is flat on both sides.

70. Two-edged (anceps), when a compressed stem is sharp on both edges.

71. Angled (angulatus), when a stem has several angles, but the sides are grooved. Of this there are several kinds, viz.

a. Obtuse-angled (obtuse angulatus).
B. Acute-angled (acute angulatus).
7. Three-angled (triangularis).

8. Four-angled (quadrangularis, &c.) . Many-angled (multangularis). 72. Three-sided, (triqueter), where there are three sharp corners, and the sides quite flat.

73. Three-cornered (trigonus), when there are three round or obtuse edges, but the sides appear flat. Of this too there are several kinds : 7. Four-cornered (tetragonus). 3. Five-cornered (pentagonus). 7. Six-cornered (hexagonus). 8. Many-cornered (polygonus).

74. Membranaceous (membranaceus), when the stem is compressed and thin like a leaf. 75. Knotted (nodosus), when the stem is divided by knobs.

76. Knotless (enodis), when it has neither knobs nor joints.

77. Articulated (articulatus), when the stem has regular knobs at the joints; as in Cactus.

78. Jointed (geniculatus), when a stem has regular knobs, not seated on the joints.

In respect of substance.

79. Woody (lignosus), that consists of firm wood.

80. Fibrous (fibrosus), that consists of woody fibres, that can be easily separated.

81. Herbaceous (herbaceus), that is weak and can be easily cut.

82. Fleshy (carnosus), that is nearly as juicy and soft as the flesh of an apple.

83. Firm (solidus), internally hard.

84. Empty (inanis), filled internally with a soft pith.

85. Hollow (fistulosus), without any pith within and quite hollow.

36. With separations (septatus), where either the pith or the hollow space is divided by thin partitions.

87. Cork-like (suberosus), when the outer rind is soft and spungy: as in the ulmis sube

rosa.

88. Rifted (rimosus), when there are in the rind thin clefts or chinks.

89. Scarred (cicatrizatus), having scars formed by the falling off of the leaves.

192. The straw (culmus) is proper only to the grasses. The kinds of it are nearly the same with those of the stem. The following, however, may be distinguished in addition.

1. Knotted (nodosus), furnished with enlarged joints, as most of the grasses.

2. Knotless (enodis), without any such enlarged joints. Juncus, Carex, Scirpus.

3. Simple (simplex), having no branches. 4. Branched (ramosus), furnished

branches.

with

5. Leafy (frondosus), furnished with irregular branches, and particularly with small leaves; as Restio.

6. Sheathed (vaginatus), that is covered with a foliaceous vagina.

7. Naked (nudus), having neither a foliaceous vagina nor any leaves.

8. Erect (erectus), standing quite upright. 9. Geniculated (geniculatus or infractus), when the first and undermost joint lies prostrate, and the rest stand upright, so that by this flexure nearly a right angle is formed; as in Alopecurus geniculatus.

10. Oblique (obliquus), having such a direction as to be intermediate between perpendicular and horizontal; as Poa annua.

193. The scape (scapus) is an herbaceous stem that bears flowers, but not leaves, and proceeds from the descending, or intermediate, but never from the ascending stem.

It is proper to the lilies, and is sometimes found in other plants; but in this last case it ought to bear more than one flower, for had it but one flower it would be called pedunculus radicalis. It is only when this single flower sits on a flowerstalk proceeding immediately from the ground that it is called scape.

194. The stipe (stipes). This term is applied only to Filices, Fungi, and Palms. The following are the kinds of it.

In Filices.

1. Chaffy (paleaceous), when it is covered with dry membranaceous scales.

2. Scaly (squamosus), when it is covered with foliaceous scales.

3. Naked (nudus), without any covering. 4. Prickly (aculeatus), having prickles. 5. Smooth (inermis), without prickles.

In Fungi.

6. Fleshy (carnosus), of a fleshy substance. 7. Leathery (coriaceous), consisting of a tough leather-like substance, as boletus perennis.

8. Firm (solidus), consisting within of a solid

mass.

9, Hollow (fistulosus), forming throughout a hollow cylinder.

10. Pitted (lacunosus), having depressions on the outside; as Helvella sulcata.

11. Scaly (squamosus), covered with firmly

attached scales.

12. Squarrose (squarrosus), covered with scales which are turned back at the points.

13. Raised (peronatus), that from the bottom to the middle is laid thick over, with a woolly substance ending in a sort of meal.

14. Bellying (ventricosus), thicker in the middle than at either end.

15. Bulb-like (bulbosus), that is thick immediately above the root.

195. The shoot (surculus), is a term applied to the stem which bears the leaves of the mosses. Of this there are the following varieties.

1. Simple (simplex), having no branches; as in the Polytrichum commune.

2. Branched (ramosus), dividing into branches; as in Mnium androgynum.

3. With hanging branches (ramis deflexis), when the stem is branched but all the branches hang down; as in Sphagnum palustre.

4. Irregular (vagus), branched, but the branches set on without order.

5. Intricate (intricatus), branched, and the numerous protuberant branches running into one another.

6. Tree-like (dendroides), standing erect, and at the point a crowd of thick branches like the top of a tree.

7. Pinnated (pinnatus) having at two opposite sides simple branches, of nearly the same length, at equal angles with the stalk.

8. Doubly pinnated (bipinnatus), having the habit of the last, only that its branches are again divided like those of the principal stem; as Hypnum parietinum.

9. Trebly-pinnated (triplicatio pinnatus), like the last, but the secondary branches are also pinnated; as Hypnum recognitum.

10. Proliferous (prolifer), when, in either of the two last kinds, there shoots forth a new stem out of the old; as in Hypnum proliferum.

11. Erect (erectus), which rises perpendicularly; as in Polytrichem commune.

12. Prostrate (procumbens), lying along. 13. Creeping (repens), the same with the last, but the branches constantly lengthening and putting forth small roots.

14. Floating (fluitans), swimming under water in a perpendicular direction, and attached to some fixed body; as Fontinalis antipyretica.

196. The sarment or runner (sarmentum), is a filiform stem, springing from the root and shooting from the point, so sending forth roots and producing a new plant of the same kind; as Saxifraga sarmentosa, Fragaria.

197. The sucker (stolo), is a foliaceous creeping stem, springing from the root, covered on its under surface with small roots, but at the point