NOTE. If these questions are repeated, the inflection is changed, according to the principle stated under the exception to Rule II; as,

Where did you say he had gone'?
When did he go' ?

Questions. What is the first rule for the use of the falling inflection? Give an example. When this occurs at the close of a sentence, what is it called? What is said about the manner of closing a sentence? What is the best guide on this point? Where else may the sense be complete? What inflection must be used in this case? Give an example. What is the first exception to the first rule? Give an example. What is antithesis? What is the substance of the second exception? Explain the example. Repeat the second rule. What is the first particular under this rule? Give an example. Repeat the remark under this head. What is the second particular? Give an example. What is the third head under this rule? Give examples. State the fourth head, and give examples. What is a series? What is a commencing series? What is a concluding series? Give examples. Repeat the note, and give the examples under it. Repeat the exception. Give the examples. What is the reason of the exception? Repeat the third rule for the use of the falling inflection. If these questions are repeated, what inflection is used? and why?

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3. Rising Inflection.

As the completeness of the sense, forms the first rule for the use of the falling inflection, so the converse of that principle forms a guide for the use of the rising inflection, and may be expressed thus:

RULE IV.- Where a pause is rendered proper by the meaning, and the sense is incomplete, the rising inflection is generally required; as,

To endure slander and abuse with meekness', requires no ordinary degree of self-command'.

Night coming on', both armies retired from the field of battle'.

As a dog returneth to his vomit', so a fool returneth to his folly'.
The nominative addressed comes under this head; as,
Fathers'! we once again are met in council.

My Lords'! and Gentlemen'! we have arrived at an awful crisis.
Age'! thou art shamed.

Rome'! thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods.

Exception. Where a word, which, according to this rule, requires the rising inflection, becomes emphatic either from contrast, or any other cause, it generally must have the falling inflection, according to Rule II; as,

When we aim at a high standard, if we do not attain it, we shall secure a high degree of excellence.

Those who mingle with the vicious, if they do not become depraved, will lose all delicacy of feeling.

So also, when a child addresses his father, he first says, Father'! but if he repeats it emphatically, he changes the inflection and says, Father'! Father'!

RULE V. Harmony of sound generally requires, that when a sentence closes with the falling inflection, the rising inflection should be used at the last pause before the close; as, Charles was extravagant', and by this means' became poor'.

He was a great statesman', and he was an amiable man'.

The mountains will be dissolved', and the earth will vanish', but God will never cease to exist.

For exception, see exception to the last Rule.

RULE VI. Negative sentences, or members of sentences, generally end with the rising inflection; as,

My Lord, we could not have had such designs'.

It shields not only the dust of the humble'.

I did not mean to complain'.

You need not be alarmed', or offended'.

You are not left alone', to climb the steep ascent.

Do not slight him because of his humility'.

EXCEPTIONS. 1. Emphasis; as, "We repeat it, we do not desire to produce discord; we do not wish to kindle the flames

of a civil war."

2. General propositions, when not emphatic; as, “God is

RULE VII.

not the author of sin."

"Thou shalt not kill."

Questions which may be answered by yes or no, generally require the rising, and their answers, the falling inflection; as,

Does the law condemn him'? It does not'.

Exception. If these questions are repeated emphatically, they take the falling inflection according to Rule II; as,

Has he arrived'?
Will he return'?

NOTE.-When a word or sentence is repeated as a kind of interrogatory exclamation, the rising inflection is used, according to the principle of this Rule; as,

You ask, who would venture' in such a cause? Who would venture' ! Rather say, who would not' venture all things for such an object?

He is called the friend' of virtue. The friend'! ay! the enthusiastic lover', the devoted protector', rather.

So also when one receives unexpected information, he exclaims, ah'! indeed'!

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In the above examples, the words "venture," "friend," "ah!" &c. may be considered as interrogatory exclamations, because if the sense were carried out, it would be in the form of question; as, "Do you ask who would venture' ?" "Do you say that he is the friend' of virtue?" "Is it possible'?" and thus, they would receive the rising inflection according to this rule.

Questions. Repeat Rule IV. Of what rule is this the converse or opposite? Give some of the examples under this rule. What inflection has the nominative addressed? Give examples. Give the exception to Rule IV. and examples. Repeat Rule V. Give examples. Repeat Rule VI. Give examples. What are the exceptions? Repeat Rule VII. Give examples and exception. Repeat the note and illustrate it by examples.

4. Both Inflections.

RULE VIII.-The different members of a sentence expressing comparison, or contrast, or negation and affirmation, or where the parts are united by or used disjunctively, require different inflections; generally the rising inflection in the first member, and the falling inflection in the second member. This order is, however, sometimes inverted.

1. Comparison and contrast. This is also called antithesis. Examples. By all things approving ourselves the ministers of God; by honor', and dishonor'; by evil' report, and good report; as deceivers', and yet true'; as unknown', and yet well known; as dying', and behold we live'; as chastened', and not killed'; as sorrowful', yet always rejoicing'; as poor', yet making many rich'; as having nothing', and yet possessing all' things.

Europe was one great battle field, where the weak struggled for freedom', and the strong for dominion'. The king was without power', and the nobles, without principle'. They were tyrants at home', and robbers abroad'.

2. Negation and affirmation.

Examples. He desired not to injure' his friend, but to protect' him.

We desire not your money', but yourselves'.

I did not say a better' soldier, but an elder`.

If the affirmative clause comes first, the order of the inflec tions is inverted; as,

He desired to protect' his friend, not to injure' him.

We desire yourselves', not your money'.

I said an elder' soldier, not a better'.

The affirmative clause is sometimes understood; as,

We desire not your money'.

I did not say a better soldier.

'The region beyond the grave, is not a solitary land.

If such sentences are repeated emphatically, they take the falling inflection according to Rule II; as,

We do not desire your money.

I did not say a better soldier.

3. Or used disjunctively.

Examples. Did he behave properly', or improperly'?
Are they living,' or dead'?

Is he rich', or poor'?

Does God, having made his creatures, take no further' care of them, or does he preserve, and guide' them?

NOTE

not apply; as,

Where or is used conjunctively, this rule does

Will the law of kindness' or of justice' justify such conduct'? Questions. What is the eighth Rule? What is the first head under this Rule? Give an example. What is the second head? Give examples. If the affirmative clause comes first, in what order are the inflections used? Give examples. Is either clause ever omitted? Give examples. If sentences requiring the rising inflection are repeated emphatically, what inflections are used? What is the third head under this rule? Give examples. Repeat the note.

5. Circumflex.

THE circumflex is a union of the rising and falling inflections upon the same sound. Of these there are two, the one called the rising circumflex, (~) in which the voice slides down and then up; and the other, (~) the falling circumflex, in which the voice slides upward and then downward on the same vowel. The circumflex is used chiefly to indicate the emphasis of irony, or of contrast, or of hypothesis.

Examples. Queen. Hamlet, you have your father much offended. Hamlet. Madam, yôu have my father much offended. This is the emphasis of contrast. The queen had poisoned her husband, of which she incorrectly supposed her son ignorant, and she blames him for treating his father-in-law with disrespect. In his reply, Hamlet contrasts her deep crime with his own slight offence, and the circumflex upon you, becomes proper.

They offer us their protection. Yes', such protection as vultures give to lămbs, covering and devŏuring them.

Here the emphasis is ironical. The Spaniards pretended, that they would protect the Peruvians, if they would submit to them, whereas, it was evident, that they merely desired to plunder and destroy them. Thus their protection is ironically called such protection as vultures give to lambs, &c.

I knew when seven justices could not make up a quarrel; but when the parties met themselves, one of them thought but of an if; as, if you said so, then I said sô; O ho! did you say so? So they shook hands and were sworn brothers.

In this example, the word "so" is used hypothetically, that is, it implies a condition or supposition. It will be observed that the rising circumflex is used in the first "so," and the falling, in the second, because the first " SO "must end with the rising inflection, and the second, with the falling inflection, according to previous rules.

Questions. What inflections are united to form the circumflex? Explain the two kinds of circumflex. What does the circumflex indicate? Give an example in which it is used to indicate the emphasis of contrast, and explain it. Explain the one, in which the emphasis of irony is illustrated. Give the last example and explain it.

6. Monotone.

WHEN no word in a sentence receives an inflection, it is said to be read in a monotone; that is, in nearly the same tone throughout. This uniformity of tone is occasionally adopted, and is fitted to express solemnity or sublimity of idea, and sometimes intensity of feeling. It is used, also, when the whole sentence or phrase is emphatic. In books of elocution, when it is marked at all, it is generally marked thus, (—), as in the following examples.