of lead four inches in length and three inches and one-eighth in breadth, and impressed upon it was a representation of the sacred eye. This being removed, the body was found to be filled with the dust of woods having an aromatic odour, and the viscera were folded up in four several portions, in each of which the representation of a deity four inches and one-eighth in length, and one inch and one-eighth in breadth, was contained. These were made of earth, and covered with wax, similar to some I have in my possession, which were taken from a Greek Mummy, and said by Signor Passalacqua to be peculiar to the embalming of that period. I had, previously to this examination, ventured to suggest that the deities represented upon the four Canopic vases frequently discovered alongside the Mummies, and reported to contain the viscera, would be found. to be specially appropriated to particular parts. Neither Herodotus nor Diodorus Siculus give any information as to what is done with the viscera after their extraction from the body. Porphyry has handed down to us a prayer, said to have been uttered by the embalmers in the name of the deceased, entreating the divine powers to receive the soul into the region of the good, and casting into the river Nile the organs which he supposes may have offended the gods and done injury to the soul, by eating or drinking unworthily. This account receives something like confirmation from Plutarch; but it cannot be admitted to be even probable, for it is inconsistent with all that has been observed in the preparation of the Mummies, in which the chief object of the Egyptians appears uniformly to have been to preserve every part of the body, and in as entire a state as possible, upon the success of which we may presume the likelihood of its being re-occupied by its former spirit, or soul, would be promoted. We have so little precise information as to the Mummies furnished with Canopic vases, and the latter have ever been so much sought after and so eagerly removed, that it is impossible to say whether they contained the embalmed viscera of the body, by the side of which they have been placed, or not; they have often been found to hold the viscera, and there is therefore reasonable grounds for presuming that to be the case. I have in some instances found the viscera embalmed and placed among the bandages; it was the case in the Mummy of Kannop, at University College. They were within the body in the greater number of Mummies I have unrolled, and always in four portions. This would seem to correspond with the arrangement of the four Ca

nopic vases, and it is remarkable that in the Jersey Mummy each of the four portions had inclosed within it one of the deities represented on these vases. They are the genii of the Amenti, or Amunti, which in Coptic exactly corresponds with Hades in Greek. It signifies both the receiver and giver. Mr. Wilkinson, therefore, says it was a temporary abode, and it will be remarked that this agrees with the idea of the Egyptians returning again to the earth, They may be arranged thus:

after a stated period.

1. Kebhusnof or Netsonof, with the hawk's head.

2. Smof, or Smautf, with the jackal's head.

3. Hapée, with the head of the cynocephalus.

4. Amset, with the human head. (See fig. 3, Pl. XXI.)

The portion of bandage in which Kebhnsnofb was found contained the liver and gall bladder; that with Smof, the lungs and heart; that with Hapée held the small intestines; and that with Amset the stomach and large intestines. The kidneys, with their ureters entire, were loose among the wood dust, and had no bandage whatever. The Egyptians divided the human body into thirty-six parts, each of which they believed to be under the particular government of one of the decans or aërial demons, who presided over the triple divisions of the twelve signs; and Origen says, that when any part of the body was diseased, a cure was obtained by invoking the demon to whose province it belonged. A kind of theological anatomy has thus been made out by the late M. Champollion from the Great Funereal Ritual, or Book of the Manifestations. This is expressed on various Mummy cases in hieroglyphical characters; and may we not in this trace the first attempt to assign the different parts of the human body to the several planets, which has been continued down to the present day in the favoured and favourite astrological almanack of "Francis Moore, Physician"?e

b Snof signifies" blood."

c Mr. Birch, of the British Museum, whose attainments in hieroglyphical literature are by no means inconsiderable, and whose zeal in the research is correspondent to his ability, has kindly shown me an ancient sycamore case, shaped in the human form, upon which several of the parts of the body are appropriated to particular deities:-these in a great measure accord with what has been drawn by Champollion from the Papyrus MSS. The subject is deserving of further investigation.

To return to the Mummy: The limbs were separately bandaged; but the rollers were not applied to each finger or toe separately, the whole of the hand or foot was inclosed within the bandage. The nails were altogether perfect, long, and of a filberd shape. They were stained of a dark colour. The whole body was greatly emaciated, and the lungs carried evidences of a tuberculated condition, so that it is extremely probable the individual died of phthisis. From the appearance of the diplöe of the skull, the teeth, &c. it would appear to be a person of about the middle period of life.

The erasure of the hieroglyphics composing the name of the individual upon the cases was performed at a time when that language was generally understood-it must have been done by the Egyptians. The priests, there is little reason to question, made a traffic of the tombs. Mr. Wilkinson found the tomb of Ramesses VII. had undergone many changes; the stucco, on which its present representations are figured, is placed over sculptures of a much earlier period, and he has suggested the probability that, when a family became extinct, so that no one remained to pay the customary claims for the liturgies and other services by which the revenue of the priests was maintained, the tomb was re-sold to another occupant to indemnify them; and this exchange does not appear to have been confined to the walls of the tomb, but extended even to the sarcophagi and wooden coffins contained within them, for the name of the first inmate has been found to be obliterated, and a second substituted in its place. The names on the walls are constantly found to be erased, and the spaces for names often left in a blank condition, the sale of the building not having been yet effected. I thought I could observe in one part of the outer case of the Jersey Mummy something like an attempt to figure some hieroglyphical letters over the place where the name was formerly introduced; the hieroglyphics were of a different character, they were written in plain red upon a white ground, whilst the original in the same line of inscription had colours invariably intermixed with them. The new hieroglyphics were, however, not sufficiently distinct to be decyphered. It appears, therefore, that some circumstances, of the nature of which, at this distant period, it is difficult to offer any probable conjecture, had occurred to occasion the obliteration of the name of a priestess of great rank in the early times of Amunoph III. and placed within her case or coffin, is the Mummy of PET-MAUT-IOH-MES, "man, deceased," as the hiero

glyphics on the scarabæus taken from his breast demonstrates. The period at which this exchange took place it is not easy to determine; but, judging from the mode of embalment, I should be very much disposed to place it in the Greek period, probably in the time of the Ptolemies, for (excepting the process adopted in the extraction of the brain, and the substitution of earthy matter within the skull, which I observed before, and of which there is no record whatever to be found,) the mode of its embalment corresponds to those in which the names have been decidedly of a Greek character, and upon the cases of which various circumstances would seem to connect the Mummy with that people.

FURTHER EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

This Plate represents the painting at the bottom of the inner coffin: at the upper part are two figures of the snake-headed god, the guardian of the Gates of Amenti. Beneath these a figure typical of the heavens, followed by the winged snake and disk denoting HOR-HAT, or Agathodæmon. Succeeding these, above and on the sides of the large centre figure, are, on the right, a winged animal with a human face, which is not represented in profile, as ordinarily occurs, and around this figure hieroglyphics, the purport of which is, "The great God, Lord of the West; " on the opposite side the hawk, as HORUS. On the right, beneath the winged animal with the human face, is another snake-headed god, and opposite to it a different kind of snake-headed deity, furnished with large wings, having a disk over its head, and representing probably EILETHYA or LUCINA. At the right shoulder of the large figure is a deity having emblems of Osiris, and beneath this is an unusual representation of a vulture furnished with an asp's head, being one of the deities of Amenti. Opposite to these figures are representations of ANUBIS as a jackal, and ANUBIS seated holding Osirian emblems, and before him stands the snake-headed deity beside a table furnished with offerings. At the lower part of the large figure, on the left, is a deity of Amenti, with a helmet of Lower Egypt, and holding Osirian emblems; and at the feet of the figure, in a kneeling position, is placed the deity NETPE The large figure in the centre appears to be the representation of a king deified, or under the form of OSIRIS. It is furnished with a royal head-dress, and has the beard of a deity pointed and turned up at the extremity; not square at the end, as is the case in the beards of sovereigns. This seems to be the King AMUNOPH under the form and figure of OSIRIS. Beneath the pedestal on which he stands, and in what may be called the third compartment of the picture, is a cartouche, bearing in hieroglyphics the name of Amunoph; and on each side of this is a figure of HAPEE, one of the four genii of the Amenti. The lower division of the representation gives NETPE, the mother of the gods, on the right, and NEPHTHYS, the sister goddess, on the left; each furnished with tables of offerings of fruits, cakes, and wine.

274

XIX. On the Measures taken for the Apprehension of Sir Thomas de Gournay, one of the Murderers of King Edward the Second, and on their final Issue: in a Letter to HUDSON GURNEY, Esq. FR.S., V.P. from the Rev. JOSEPH HUNTER, F.S.A.

Read 7th December, 1837.

DEAR SIR,

Torrington Square, November 20, 1837.

AMONG the ancient compotuses in the Exchequer which have been lately brought to light by the exertions of the Honourable Board of Commissioners on the Public Records, are several which relate to the measures taken by King Edward the Third to bring to justice Sir Thomas de Gournay, the principal actor, as was alleged, in the murder of his father in Berkeley Castle: and as they place the circumstances of his capture, and his ultimate fate, in a light entirely different from that in which they are placed by the old Chroniclers De la Moor and Walsingham, and by modern historians, who, in addition to the Chronicles, have had the benefit of the letters relating to this affair which are printed in the Fœdera, it has occurred to me, that it might be acceptable to the Society of Antiquaries if I were to lay a summary of the contents of these documents before it.

It appears by the Pleas of the Crown before the King in his full Parliament at Westminster, held on the Monday next after the feast of Saint Catharine the Virgin, in the 4th Edward III. (1330), when Sir Thomas de Berkeley was called to answer touching the death of the late deposed King, that the King had been committed to the keeping of himself and John Maltravers, in whose custody he was at the time of his death. Sir Thomas de Berkeley defends himself from the charge of any participation in the murder, alleging, that at the time of the King's death he was lying ill at Bradley, and was so extremely ill