is mention of Thomas Wakerley, married to Kateren," daughter of Sir Wm. Fitz William. She married secondly Sir John Skipworth. In the book 'Early Lincoln Wills, by A. Gibbons, there is mention of Sir John de la Warre, of Wakerley, in Northants, in 1345, who refers to a family of the name living there. A will of John de Sutton in 1391 also mentions the name. My cousin Alderman Wakerley, of Leicester, informs me that the Wakerleys were lords of the manor of Walton, near Peterborough, of whom was John Wakerley, high sheriff in 1425. If any of your readers could favour me with assistance, I would duly thank them and you. J. G. V. WAKERLEY. Sherwood, Nottingham. Beplies. NELSON'S SIGNAL. (10th S. iv. 321.) NOTWITHSTANDING MR. C. A. WARD'S positive and italicized assertion that "England expects that every man will do his duty" is not the right form, there is absolutely no room to doubt that it is; and I say this, not on the evidence of a man who-nearly eighty years after the battle-wrote that his father had told him that he had heard his grandfather relate, &c.; but on the contemporary evidence of the ships' logs, which in some instances give the code numbers. Any one who wishes to verify them, with the flags which denoted them, may see them in the October issue of the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, or in my own 'Nelson Memorial.' It is incorrect to say that the "Signalling Lieutenant -Pascohad been disabled. A few hours later Pasco was severely wounded in the battle; but we have his distinct authority (Nicolas, vii. 150) for the statement that Nelson gave the signal to him; but it was then worded "England confides that every man will do his duty"; and that confides was changed to expects, on his suggestion, in order to save time. Independent of Pasco's positive statement, there are other very good reasons for accepting this story as correct: first, because England confides"-or "The country confides"-is a phrase which seems to have run readily from Nelson's pen (it occurs not unfrequently in his correspondence); and, secondly, because it fits in with the words which were certainly used, and will not fit in with those which MR. WARD prefers. No one could possibly have written " England | confides every man to do his duty." On the other hand, I do not know of any evidence which would warrant our acceptance of the statement that the signal, as written by Nelson, was worded as Mr. Thompson has put it. And not only is this unsupported by any valid evidence, but it is-as appears to me-entirely contrary to the spirit as well as to the letter of anything that Nelson is known to have written. J. K. LAUGHTON. แ The correct version is, "England expects every man will do his duty." There was no "that." "Will" is much more forcible than will eagerly respond to the solemn appeal made "to do"; it implies a conviction that each man to him. To do" implies a stern command, such as might be addressed to hesitating or lukewarm men. I have seen this question discussed in books and newspapers often sailors' enough. The version I give is in " vernacular": "that" would spoil it; "to do" is too stiff for between decks. W. R. H. NELSON'S UNIFORM (10th S. iv. 326).-If, as is not unlikely, the pictures were varnished with varnish either originally yellow or that turned yellow, the blue of the uniform would appear green, I think. Or perhaps the blue pigment underwent some chemical change in itself. J. T. F. Durham. Artists' mistakes in colour, such as those spoken of by H. H. H., are unfortunately frequent. I have seen many, the result generally of copying from black and white. GIBBON, CH. LVI. NOTE 81: 'AστроTÉλEKUS (10th S. iv. 167, 272).-MR. R. PIERPOINT'S suggested explanation of the passage in the Alexias' quoted by Gibbon appears to me not merely ingenious, but the only one satisfactory in every respect. He is to be congratulated the more as Anna Comnena's sentence of four words has proved hitherto a stumbling block to many a profound scholar. But in order to substantiate his interpretation it is needful to trace back carefully the one mainly doubtful word, through modern and Byzantine to classic Greek, seeking to ascertain whether there exists a continuity or connexion sufficient to establish the meaning of the passage in the way suggested. Du Cange, sub v. άστроTEЛéкη (thus, in the feminine gender-erroneously, as I think), confines himself to placing after the words in the 'Alexias' the rendering of Latin translators: "Astriformem securiculam aurea connexam fibula. Hoeschelius, εἶδος περι δεραίου, esse putat, seu περιαυχένιον κόσμον, uti loquitur Philo." He is unable to offer any other explanation, but adds, " sed hæc nodum non solvunt." The "tolerable meaning" which Gibbon "endeavoured to grope out" is equally unsatisfactory, and even more arbitrary. He is entirely mistaken in asserting that Portius explains кepavvós as "a flash of lightning," κεραυνός as well as in advancing that "xpvorádiov is a golden crown." Xpvoaptov is the later Greek diminutive form of xovoós, and means simply gold ; δεδεμένον μετὰ χρυσαφίου=bound with (set in) gold. His rendering, therefore, a radiated crown of gold," is altogether fantastic. 66 τραπέζιον – τραπέζιν, and παῖς — παιδίον — Taidiv; and later, in modern times, the terminal v is also omitted. Therefore in Anna Comnena we may read ἀστροπελέκιν for dσтрожEλéкιov, from a supposed primitive form doτроéλEKUS. The last form is not met with in any extant classic or early Byzantine text; but there are sufficient indications to warrant the supposition that some such alternative designation for κεραυνός must have been in use in the spoken language or in the popular songs of early times. All scholars are aware that the classic texts which have come down to With regard to the ordinary meaning of us have preserved but a portion of the wealth the word dσTрOTEλÉKη (as he spells it), of the Greek tongue in its various ancient Du Cange refers to the 'Corona Preciosa' (the forms and dialects. But that the bolt of earliest dictionary, or rather concise vocabu-Jupiter was spoken of otherwise than kepavvo's lary, of modern Greek, first published in alone is manifest from the following passages Venice, 1527), to Simon Portius ('Dict. Lat. Gr. in Sophocles (Ed. Col.,' 1515):— στράψαντα χειρὸς τῆς ἀνικήτου βέλη. ὅπως μή σου γένος πανώλεθρον Διὸς μακέλλῃ πᾶν ἀναστρέψῃ δίκη, barbarum et litterale,' 1635), and to Girolamo in which the thunderbolt is referred to as the I have gone through these the earliest vocabularies of modern Greek for the purpose already stated, and not because of any doubt as to the meaning of the word, which is the usual one for thunderbolt in the spoken Greek of even to-day. It is a beautiful and most poetic form of expression. In folk-lore, It is not equally easy to associate the and in the popular songs, & 'Aσrporeléκts is vocable in question with the name given to a famous klepht, so surnamed for his thunder- a precious stone. In that acceptation it is bolt-like onslaughts on the Turkish op- Pollux, Suidas, Hesychius, or Photius, nor not met with in the ancient dictionaries of pressor. Also & Auтparоytávvns, the light-in the Etymologica. Nor does Theophrastus ning John. ('De Lapid.') refer to any stone of that name. writes: « Τοιοῦτοι ταῖς ἠλιθίαις οἱ λίθοι γυναιξὶ περιδούμενοι τοῖς ὅρμοις, καὶ τοῖς περιδεραίοις εγκατακλειόμενοι, ἀμέθυσοι, καὶ κεραυνῖται, It should here be stated that, if we suppose a classic masculine form, ἀστροπέλεκυς, then in the passage under consideration we should read ἀστροπέλεκυν, and not αστροπελέκυν, as in the Bonn edition of the 'Alexias.' In a foot-note the editor refers to another reading, dσтроTEλéKIV, which he rejects, which, however, is the correct one. In the Greek language the tendency to attenuation is observable at an early stage, as in the classic use of βιβλίον for βίβλος. Such diminutive forms become more and more constant in Byzantine and later Greek; and, moreover, The evidence thus forthcoming of the use we find that by the operation of a well- of keрavviτns as applied to ios is all the known linguistic law, that of phonetic decay, more important when considered in conthrough laziness in pronouncing, first the onexion with the passage in Pliny (xxxvii. 51) of the diminutive termination is dropped, where we meet with the name cerqunia for as in Tupòs-Tupiov-rupív, and Tрáπela- the first time, though in its Latin form; it is καὶ ἰάσπιδες.” a mere transcription in Latin letters of a Greek word evidently mentioned by the two Greek writers whom Pliny quotes, Zenothemis and Sotacus. We have thus sufficient warrant for accepting as certain that the designation (1) Keрavvía libos or (6) Kepavviτns λίθος was in common use with ancient Greeks. The fact, moreover, that Sotacus affirmed that those stones resemble axes [TEλékes] in shape" supplies the link connecting these terms with the Byzantine doтρоTEλéκιov, if applied to a stone. 66 Now, this statement of Sotacus, and what immediately follows in Pliny, .e., that a certain kind of such stones "is much in request for the practices of magic, it never being found in any place but one that has been struck by lightning"; that the thunderstone brontea (55) "falls with thunder"; that the shower-stone ombria (65) falls with showers and lightning much in the same manner as ceraunia" - all this, which the uncritical and credulous Fliny narrates, with much else of the same value, is, on the face of it, a mixture of fact and superstition, of geology and folklore, in which it is possible to pick up the end of the web of scientific truth. Clearly, the name of kepavvirns must have been applied primarily to meteorites, which no doubt gave rise at first to all kinds of superstitious beliefs and magical impostures. The fall of meteorites, being a fact of no rare occurrence, was then received as the only available explanation of the source and nature of certain other stones, bright, usually polished and shaped-to wit the celts, stone implements, arrowheads, and ares, which to this day are popularly known in the English language as ax-stone,† storm-stone, thunderstone, thunder-hammer, thunder-axe, or simply thunderbolt (see Century Dict.' and New Eng. Dict.'); It is not difficult to conceive how, by a confusion of facts and a muddling of ideas, certain precious stones, iridescent, luminous, and with a flashing effect, came to be included in a loosely defined category of minerals and *So also the names of certain other stones enumerated by Pliny (ib. 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 65, 73), asteria, astrion, astriotes, astrobolos, brontia, ombria, astrapaea, from dorp, a star, Bpovrn, thunder, oßpos, a shower, dσтparn, lightning. + Parker Cleaveland (Elem. Treatise of Mineral.,' second ed., Boston, N.E., 1822 pp. 269, 340), referring to the stones mentioned by Pliny, supposes they are varieties of jasper or of the " axe-stone." H. Mandrell (Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, 1497) describes certain stones" vulgarly call'd thunder-stones." worked stones, which were supposed to have dropped from the clouds. name From the foregoing it becomes evident that the Byzantines, in accepting a new for Kepavvòs, or in giving more general currency to an already extant alternative designation, ἀστροπελέκης, renamed αστροTEλEKLOV the Keрavviτns Xilos. In conclusion, perhaps I may be permitted to note the following curious fact: Marbode (Marbodus or Marbodeus), Bishop of Rennes (+1123), a famous Latinist of his time, rendered into Latin verse for the use of Philippe Auguste a work on gems, which was said to have been composed originally in Greek by Evax, an Arabian physician. This reputed original is not known to exist, but the 'De gemmarum lapidumque preciosorum formis, naturis atque viribus opusculum,' was first printed in 1511, and several times since then. The Lubeck edition of 1575, which pretends to be the first, bears this title: 'De gemmis scriptum Evacis Regis Arabum; olim & poeta quodam in Carmine redditum.' It is included in Migne's 'Patrologia' (vol. clxxi.), accompanied by a quaint old French version, and the 'Poëmes de Marbode' were recently republished, with a metrical French translation by S. Ropartz, at Rennes, 1873. In § 30 (28), 'De Ceraunio,' the following lines occur: Ventorum rabie cum turbidus aestuat aer, Since the above was written, MR. PIER met with mention of the "ceraunia" stone, POINT has kindly informed me that he has besides Pliny, in some of the later Latin writers: Claudian ('Laus Serenae,'74); Sidonius dius (Heliogab.,' c. 33). Columella ( De Re Apollinaris (Carm.,' v. 49); Aelius LampriRust.,' iii. 2) speaks of a kind of grapes as "cerauniae.' J. GENNADIUS. The reply signed ROBERT PIERPOINT reminds me of my own suggestion for the Baskish word izarri, meaning marble, namely, that it is formed from izar and arri, literally star-stone, alluding to the shining specks which product of the mountains. For the_contraction there is the model of sagardo = cider, formed from sagar apple, and ardo, a variant characterize this of arno-wine. In Guipuscoa there is a mountain called izarraitz, whence, as we are told by Agustin Cardaberaz, the marble used in the church of St. Ignatius of Loyola, adjoining his birth-house, was carried. The name means marble-rock, peña de marmol. Mr. Sproole, of Exeter College, Oxford, once told me that the reason why the Romans called the sea marmor was because the Tsurface of the sea often presents a streakiness resembling the markings of marble. E. S. DODGSON. 66 BROUGHAM CASTLE (10th S. iv. 229, 293, 329). -Your correspondent T. says that in replies at the second reference there is some confusion as to the identity of Brougham Castle and Brougham Hall. Will he kindly indicate where, and by whom, Brougham Castle and Brougham Hall, which he erroneously states have nothing to do with each other," have been mixed up"? It is implied that the connexion of the Broughams with Brougham dates from the year (1726) in which the Hall was bought by the first Lord Brougham's grandfather. But Brougham is only another form of Burgham, and of Broracum or Branovacum, a Roman station which Gough has located here. The estate of Burgham or Brougham belonged to the Brougham family before the Conquest. This is proved from the fact that the earliest possessors had Brougham at the time of the Conquest, and continued to hold it afterwards by the tenure of drengage (Burke's Peerage'). Gilbert de Broham, about the fourth year of King John, granted to Robert de Vipont one-half of the town of Brougham, together with the advowson of the rectory-but no part of the manor-although the castle, then a single tower, which was afterwards enlarged by Roger Clifford, Vipont's successor, stands within the manor of Brougham (ibid.). Hutchinson, in his Excursion to the Lakes,' informs us that on the outer gate of Brougham Castle there were discernible in his time "the arms of the Vallibus, or Vaux family, being chequy and gules." Vaux is, of course, the second name in the title of the present Lord Brougham and Vaux. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. In reference to the 66 mixing up" of Brougham Castle and Brougham Hall mentioned by your correspondent T., I subjoin a cutting I happened to find in an old scrapbook (I do not know name or date, but evidently between 1821 and 1830) which appears to confirm the story. At any rate, it is interesting from a genealogical point of view : "We have no wish to rake up old stories, nor unnecessarily wound personal feelings, but when folly and presumption soar too high, and men and give them a gentle set down-there are several indiwomen forget themselves, it is quite necessary to viduals capering and vapouring about London just now, who want a little of our wholesome discipline, and we think no season can be better adapted for stripping pretenders than this, when the town is empty, and the weather sufficiently warm to prevent any risk of their taking cold. "The first person who comes under our eye is Mr. Henry Brougham (whose birth-place has recently been fixed in a garret in Edinburgh), whose friends and admirers flatter their idol by sanctioning his pretensions to be called Henry Brougham, of Brougham Hall, in the county of Westmoreland, Mr. Brougham had succeeded from a long line of Esq., as if it were an ancient domain to which ancestors. "Mr. Brougham, the grandfather of the late Queen's Attorney-General, was a most amiable man, and was the owner of a small farm-house Brougham-hall-he was a solicitor and sort of agent (called, we believe, the Bird's-nest), now nicknamed to the Duke of Portland, who greatly esteemed him. "Through his Grace's interest Mr. Brougham had an attic apartment granted him in Windsor Castle, at which time he had also a house in Castle-yard, Holborn. "The eldest son of Mr. Brougham, the same nobleman appointed to the sinecure place of Serjeant at Arms to the Lord High Treasurer-a post, netting somewhat under 1007. per annum. father of the present Barrister) was engaged with "About fifty years since, this Mr. Brougham (the a Mr. Callmell, of Albemarle-street, in a gaming concern with Mr. Howard, who afterwards became the mirror of Whiggery, and Protestant Duke of Norfolk. A large sum of money was lost by Mr. Howard to Messrs. Brougham and Callmell, anddiately left London and retired to Edinburgh, why, we really know not-Mr. Brougham immewhere he married, and subsequently resided. "Mr. Broughan his son (the Barrister) had two uncles-of one of whom we know nothing-the other was beneficed by the Duke of Portland, and is a most worthy and respectable clergyman in Ireland. "Mr. Brougham, Sen. had likewise three daughters, one married we believe to the late Mr. Meux, another to Mr. Lowndes, a solicitor, and the other to the late Mr. Aylmer, also a lawyer. Brougham it is not our intention to speak, nor do "Of the marriage, &c. of the present Mr. we mean in the slightest degree to impugn the respectability of his family-we merely mean that when Mr. Brougham is talked of as proprietor of Brougham Hall, a fine property in the north of England, it is necessary that the world should know how much of the boasting is founded in truth." A. H. ARKLE. CROWN STREET, SOHO (10th S. iv. 326).—I must confess to some degree of scepticism with regard to "Elde Lane" or "Elde Strate," as it is commonly written, being the ancient appellation of Hog Lane, or Crown Street, which was partly in Soho and partly in St. Giles's. It is said to be so called in ancient documents, but I suspect these docu- whether situate in Broad Street, or at the ments existed only in Parton's imagination, corner of Rose Street, Soho. or else that he confused the lane with the W. F. PRIDEAUX. authentic "Elde Strate" (Old Street), in the 'LES MISERABLES': ITS TOPOGRAPHY (10th parish of St. Giles without Cripplegate. AS. iv. 309).-H. H. B. is right in his surmises; strate" means a paved road, and it is im- the old Rue des Postes was renamed Rue probable that a thoroughfare of this descrip- Lhomond, 27 February, 1867, and Rue Neuve tion would have sunk into the condition of Ste. Geneviève became Rue Tournefort, the country lane that we see depicted by 24 August, 1864. The Collège Rollin was Aggas. It is a practice of topographers to No. 34, Rue des Postes, but in 1823 it was copy from their predecessors without any called Collège Ste. Barbe, and did not take examination of evidence, and after a time the name of Rollin till after the Revolution fiction acquires the force of fact. of 1830. Rue Copeau is now Rue Lacépède; and Rue du Petit Banquier is Rue Watteau The Rue de Pontoise has existed since 1772, and still remains. Rue du Battoir-there should be a comma between "Battoir" and St. Victor in H. H. B.'s query-retained its name till 17 January, 1894, since when it is called Rue de Quatrefages. The Rue St. Victor of the present day is only part of the old street; a portion has been renamed Rue Jussieu, and a portion is now Rue Linné. This is shown by the statement that Hog Lane, about the year 1762, received the name of Crown Street, and was called so after the "Rose and Crown" Tavern at the corner of Rose Street. It was, I believe, Cunningham who first made a suggestion to this effect in his 'Handbook of London.' This suggestion has now developed into a statement of fact. But Hatton, in his 'New View of London,' 1708, i. 270, in describing the boundaries of St. Giles's parish, calls the thoroughfare "Hog Lane or Crown Street," so the name is nearly sixty years older than Cunningham imagined. That it continued to be known as Hog Lane is only in accordance with human nature, which dislikes innovation of this kind. Up to the present day I always think of the thoroughfare connecting Paddington with Islington as the New Road, in which faith I was brought up. It requires an effort to recall the fact that years ago an inventive genius split the road into Marylebone and Euston. In olden days these mnemonic exercises were still more difficult, as the streets were not universally labelled. But in 1762, if Cunningham is correct, the local authorities jogged people's memories by fixing up a tablet with the inscription, "This is Crown Street, 1762," and after that date Hog Lane was forgotten by map-makers. As regards the name, Maitland, History of London,' 1739, p. 760, says : "The Gallows was erected at the north end of the Garden Wall belonging to the Hospital opposite the Pound, where at present the Crown Tavern is situate, between the ends of St. Giles's High Street and Hog Lane.' Hatton, in his list of London streets, 'New View,' i. 22, gives "Crown Yard, at the N. end of Hog Lane, by St. Giles's Pound." He also gives, New View,' i. 70, "Rose and Crown Yard, at the northerly side of the broad part of St. Giles's Street." It is evident, therefore, that Crown Street derived its name from the "Crown" Tavern at its northern end, and not from the "Rose and Crown," which was a different place of entertainment, Having made Old Paris my special study for fifteen years, I consider myself rather an authority on the subject, and shall be glad to give any readers of N. & Q., who may be searching in our city, any information in my power. ROBERT B. DOUGLAS. 64, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. RIPLEY ARMS (10th S. iii. 167; iv. 314).When Edward Baines wrote his History of the County of York,' 1822, there was in the great staircase of Ripley Castle a superb Venetian window of stained glass, ornamented with a series of escutcheons displaying the quarterings and intermarriages Ingilby family during a period of 443 years. Is it not probable, if this window still exists, that the Ripley arms will be found quartered here with those of the Sir Thomas de Ingilby who, in 1378, married the heiress of the of the Ripley family, and then came into possession of the estate? The Ingilby Amcotts arms where also those of Ripley, co. York, are said are given in Burke's General Armory, to be Per chevron, dovetailed or and vert, three lions rampant counterchanged. Crest, a demi-lion rampant, reguardant, vert, collared argent, holding between the paws an escutcheon per chevron, or and azure. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. HENRY ALVAREZ, S.J.: HENRY ALWAY (10th S. iv. 126).-In the Winchester College Register of Scholars the marginal note to the name of Henry Alway (elected 1534) is " Sacerdos," and this note seems to support MR. WAINEWRIGHT'S conjecture that Henry Alvarez, S.J., was the same man. Henry |