ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. LECTURE I. 1. Steam Shovel Ore Mining in the Mesaba Range, 2. Calcining Blackband in Open Heaps in N. Staffordshire, 3. Cleveland Calciner, 4. Arrangement of Blast Furnace Plant. Cleveland, 5. Section of American Blast Furnace Plant. Alabama, 6. Plan of Edgar Thompson Works, PAGE 10 15 16 18 20 21 LECTURE II. 7. Section of Cleveland Blast Furnace, 26 8. Cross Section of Duquesne Blast Furnaces, showing the stockyard and automatic charging apparatus, 32 9. Vertical Section of Modern Blast Furnace, with automatic charging apparatus,. 33 10. Vertical Direct-acting Blast Engine (Half-section), 34 11. Furnaces with Cowper Stoves, 35 12. Water-cooled open twyer, 36 13. Section of Moulds of Uehling Pig Casting Machine, 39 14. Diagram showing connection between chemical composition and grading, 43 LECTURE III. 15. Influence of Silicon on the Properties of Cast Iron, 97 27. W. Jones' Pipe Core Moulding Machine, 28. Shank Foundry Ladle, . 29. Large Foundry Ladle, 30. Diagram illustrating cause of Fracture from Shrinkage, 31. Diagram illustrating cause of Spongy Part of Casting, 97 98 99 44. Cooling Curves of Cast Iron with different proportions of Silicon, 119 LECTURE I. VARIETIES OF IRON AND STEEL. EXTENDING APPLICATION OF CAST IRON. HISTORY OF CAST IRON. PRODUCTION OF CAST IRON. CHIEF IRON ORES. COMPOSITION OF IRON ORES. PHOSPHORUS PRESENT IN PIG IRON. PREPARATION OF ORES. CALCINATION. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF A BLAST FURNACE PLANT. LECTURES ON IRON-FOUNDING. LECTURE I. Varieties of Iron and Steel. EVERYONE connected with the manufacture of iron and steel is aware that iron is commonly met with in three forms :-namely cast iron, wrought iron and steel; and that the properties of these varieties differ so much that there is frequently less difference in physical properties between separate metals, such as nickel and cobalt, or tin and lead, than there is between, say, white cast iron and wrought iron, or grey cast iron and tool steel. These remarkable differences in properties are not due to any variation in the iron itself, but are dependent upon the proportion of other constituents which are present in or with the iron. These constituents can scarcely be regarded as impurities, in that they are necessary for the production of the particular qualities which are desired. Cast iron may be regarded as the iron smelter's crude product. It is the cheapest form in which iron is met with in commerce. It is, relatively, easily fusible and brittle, and contains a large proportion of foreign substances, the total amount of impurities seldom being less than 5% of the whole, while it frequently amounts to 8 or 10%, and, in special cases, to an even higher proportion. Wrought iron, on the other hand, is tough, and has a fibrous structure. While it welds easily, it is only fusible at a very high temperature. Speaking generally, it is the purest commercial variety of iron, and usually contains about 0-25% of total impurities. Steel is a material of intermediate chemical purity, which is now made in so many forms as to make a simple definition somewhat difficult. But it may be conveniently divided into two kinds, one of |