paper on Saturday mornings persistently says, "Here's your 'Notes and Curies,' sir." Some of your readers will smile at your amusing "alias," and perhaps the hebdomadal blunder will be corrected by the appearance of these few lines in your columns. E. WALFORD, M. A.

7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

Queries.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.

CHEVY.-This modern word (often less correctly spelt chivy), meaning "chase," is usually associated with the name Chevy Chase, and supposed to be immediately taken from a schoolboys' game called chevy chase, or simply chevy. I should be glad of any information throwing light upon its history, and of examples of its occurrence before 1840, when General Perronet Thompson wrote ('Exercises,' ed. 1842, v. 50), "The other side are to blame, if they do not, as we should say in the dragoons, 'chevy' them back again." From this it would appear doubtful whether the term came into use from the school playground or from the army. Hoppe says chevy is also used in the sense "scolding, reprimanding." Is this so?

Oxford.

J. A. H. MURRAY.

WATER-MARKS OF PAPER MAKERS.-"Collection of 500 Facsimiles of Water-Marks used by Early Paper Makers, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. London, 1840." My copy has no accompanying letterpress. The facsimiles are each numbered, and no doubt these numbers refer to the letterpress. Can any of your numerous correspondents refer me to the complete work?

F. W. C. MOON-SPOTS.—In a certain work of fiction two persons looking at the moon through a telescope were asked what the moon-spots looked like. One, who was a priest, said the spots seemed to him cathedrals. The other, who was a woman, compared the self-same spots to two lovers. Thus they showed their characters. What was that work of fiction? Its name has gone from me as the dream of Nebuchadnezzar faded away when he awoke. I trust that name lives in the memory of some reader of 'N. & Q.' and that he will tell it to me.

Madison, Wis., U.S.

JAMES D. BUTLER.

HERALDRY.-Will some one qualified kindly answer the following questions in heraldry? 1. Suppose I am sprung from the ducal house of Hamilton through one of its well-known branches. To my ducal ancestor were given arms; but I am

not his lineal descendant. To my more immediate ancestor, the founder of the branch to which I belong (suppose it Rosehall or Gilkerscleugh) were likewise, later, given arms; but I am not his lineal descendant. What arms, if any, am I properly entitled to bear? That is, are all the descendants of any person to whom arms have been granted entitled to those arms until, in order to distinguish collateral families, new arms are secured? 2. If for any reason the head of a family makes changes in the arms granted his ancestor, does this change affect the arms of all who are descended from this common ancestor; or do collateral branches still bear the original arms, while the lineal representative bears the changed arms? ARTHUR WENTWORTH HAMILTON EATON. New York.

QUOTATION FROM CICERO WANTED.-Can any one tell me where it is written in the works of Cicero that the planter of a tree is a benefactor of mankind? W. J. BIRCH.

INN SIGNS.-About half way between Stamford and Grantham, on the Great North Road, there is, or was, a well-known inn called "The Ram Jam." I should like to know what "Ram Jam" means, and what was depicted on the signboard? C. E. GILDERSOME-DICKINSON.

Eden Bridge.

[See 5th S. iii. 246.]

Russian troops attacked by wolves, which I have often seen mentioned ? H. M.

HERALDIC.-I have an old silver seal and small signet ring, both of which are engraved with arms, and should be much obliged if any reader of 'N. & Q.' could identify the families to which the bearings belong. The seal has a shield with helmet and mantling, and the date 1639 at the sides. Arms: Argent, a fesse gules between three buglehorns, 2, 1, in chief, and as many ducks swimming in water in base. Crest: a demi-forester blowing a horn. The ring bears a shield divided into three parts per pale and surmounted by a mitre. 1. Argent, two lions passant in pale, on a chief the Virgin and Child, or perhaps "Prester John." 2. Quarterly, 1 and 4, a chevron inter three negroes' heads; 2 and 3, a chevron inter three stags' heads cabossed. 3. A cross moline between five martlets (arms of the Confessor); on a chief the royal arms (France and England quarterly) on a pale between two mullets. The last does not appear to be very old, possibly the commencement of the century. W. ANNETTS WELLS.

BRANDINGS. Dr. Pusey, in his Introduction to the Prophet Jonah' ('Minor Prophets,' Oxford, 1860, 4to., p. 252, col. 2), explains the words, "the earth, its bars around me for ever," as, "perhaps the coral reefs which run along all that shore," quoting the following passages as his authorities:"Considerable quantities of coral are found in the ad. jacent sea."-W. G. Browne, writing of Jaffa, Travels,' p. 360.

"Coral reefs run along the coast as far as Gaza, which cut the cables in two and leave the ships at the mercy of the storms. None lie here on the coast, which is fuller of strong surfs (brandings) and unprotected against the frequent West winds."-Ritter, ii. 399, first ed.

I do not find the word brandings in this sense in the 'N. E. D.' or elsewhere. What and whence is it? W. E. BUCKLEY.

'A CURIOUS DANCE ROUND A CURIOUS TREE,' -Will some kind expert inform me who is the author of the above book? Mr. Dexter, in his notes to the 'Dickens Memento,' says that W. H. Wills is the author. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, in his 'Bookfancier,' is of opinion, I believe, that Dickens did write it. I have not been able to pursue the subject much further, and being a humble student do greatly doubt. I had a copy in my hand a few days back; the dealer was asking 57. 10s. for it, I think. W. H.

[See Athenæum, Jan.-June, 1887, p. 129.] PLACE-NAMES.-There are in the parish of Hendon (Middlesex) three districts or hamlets called respectively the Burroughs, the Hyde, and the Hale, and of these names I have been unable to ascertain the origin with any degree of certainty. The first I have occasionally found spelt Borrows

=

and Burrows, but this form is certainly an error. The name has been in use for at least two centuries and a half. As to the Hyde, this place-name occurs in many parts of the south of England, and I have taken it as being derived from hide a measure of land. The Hale I derive from A.-S. heal a shelter. Hale Farm is to be found in Tottenham parish, and there is Hale End in Essex and Halesworth in Norfolk. Information on the subject will greatly oblige. E. T. EVANS.

63, Fellows Road, N.W. PATRICK.-There was a famous barometer-maker Is it ascertainable where he lived? of this name. C. A. WARD.

THE FIRST PUBLISHED WORK OF GEORGE BORROW. In a recent catalogue of a London bookseller there is a copy of "Romantic Ballads, translated from the Danish, and Miscellaneous Pieces. 8vo. 1826." An added note says this is presumably Borrow's first work, as he was only twentyone when it was published. Was not Borrow the translator from the German of 'Faustus: his Life, Death, and Descent into Hell,' published in 1825 ? Some of the numerous readers of N. & Q.' I dare say will know. W. NIXON. Warrington.

CHAINS OF STRAW.-In the colloquy of Erasmus, De Perigrinatio Religionis Ergo, translated by N. Bailey, the following sentence occurs :

with shells scollop'd, full of Images of Lead and Tin, "But what strange Dress is this? It is all over set off and Chains of Straw Work, and the Cuffs are adorned with Snakes Eggs instead of Bracelets." what shrine and pilgrimage were chains of straw What is the meaning of "chains of straw," and of symbols? I should be obliged for information on this subject. In neither of Mr. J. G. Nicholls's edition of this colloquy is an explanation given. His note is, "This allusion I am unable to explain, as I do not find such emblems elsewhere men

tioned." Perhaps some reader of 'N. & Q.' can help. PAUL Q. KARKEEK.

"LORD BATEMAN.'-Can any of your readers tell me where I can find the music of the 'Ballad of Lord Bateman'? Any other particulars would E. F. S. be acceptable.

MAJOR OTHO HAMILTON.-Is there any way by which I can find the descendants of Major Otho Hamilton, who spent most of his life on this continent, dying in Ireland in 1770? He left two sons: 1, John, colonel of the 40th Regiment when

he died; 2, Otho, captain of a company in the 40th Regiment, afterwards colonel of the 59th, who died in 1811, leaving a son Ralph, an officer; and 3, a daughter, married to General Dawson of the Engineers.

ARTHUR WENTWORTH HAMILTON EATON. New York.

GREEN, THE INVENTOR OF THE STADIA.-In 1778 William Green, a London optician, is stated to have invented the stadia, a tube provided with three parallel horizontal wires for measuring distances by means of the visual angle. Can any one kindly inform me where it is possible to find a description of this instrument or of its inventor? In Germany the credit of the invention is assigned to Reichenbach, who in 1810 constructed a telescope with distance-measuring wires. Reichenbach visited England in 1797, and it is probable that he saw Green's invention, or a description of it, and applied it to his own distance-measurer. BENNETT H. BROUGH.

"SALVE REGINA."-Who was the author of the Roman Catholic prayer or hymn to the Blessed Virgin the first two words of which are "Salve Regina"? It is said, but I know not on what authority, to have been sung by the Crusaders when they stormed Jerusalem.

ANON.

HOW TO RESTORE FADED PENCIL MARKS.— Urgently needed, the formula for restoring faded blacklead pencil writing. I met with such a recipe years ago, and copied it, but, alas! it has disappeared amongst a heap of MSS. afar off, and there is not a Cooley or other similar works to refer to. H. DE S.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.Exact reference to "Do the duty which liest nearest thee which thou knowest to be thy duty; thy second duty shall already have become clearer" (Carlyle). NELLIE MACLAGAN.

The grave is but a covered bridge,
Leading from light to light through a brief darkness.
A. CLIFFORD THOMAS.

Replies.

THE ROSE, THISTLE, AND SHAMROCK.
(7th S. vi. 207, 311.)

Further as to the adoption of the thistle as the badge of Scotland :

"When the Danes invaded Scotland it was deemed unwarlike to attack the enemy during the night, instead of in a pitched battle during the day; but on one occasion, says the tradition, the invaders resolved to avail themselves of the stratagem, and, in order to prevent the least noise of their approach, marched barefoot. They had thus neared the Scottish camp unobserved, when a Dane, unluckily, stepped with his naked foot upon a superbly prickled thistle, which made him vociferate loudly. His cry discovered the assailants' approach;

With reference to the botanical status of the

Scotch emblem, from which something may be, perhaps, gathered, a writer in 1832 says:

"I have frequently seen the cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium) cultivated in gardens in Scotland as the vicinity of London had a very different plant given to genuine Scotch thistle. A Scotch nurseryman in the him as the national flower of his country. He did not, however, recognize it as the milk thistle (Lilybum marianum), a very common weed around the metropolis, but gave strict orders to his foreman to have it carefully attended to. It appears to us, however, that it is no less vain to hunt after the actual botanical representatives of these national floral emblems than after the griffins, dragons, and blue lions of heraldry. Yet I think some very common species ought to be fixed upon rather than that which is rare, and on this principle the spear thistle (Cnicus lanceolatus) seems the best entitled of any to be the emblem of Scotland; the cotton thistle I never met with wild in the country except near gardens where it is commonly reared as the real Scotch thistle......and the milk thistle I only saw once below the rocks of Dumbarton Castle-said by tradition to have been brought thither by Mary, Queen of Scots-while the spear thistle abounds by every road side. The usual heraldic figure, however, I confess, is more like the musk thistle (Carduus nutans)."

There is also a very interesting inquiry into this branch of the subject in Leighton's 'Flora of Shrop

shire.'

As to the shamrock, Mr. Bichino, in the Journal of the Royal Institution, May, 1831, says :

"The term shamrock seems a general appellation for the trefoils or three-leaved plants. Gerard says the meadow trefoils are called in Ireland shamrocks......The Irish names for Trifolium repens are seamaroge, shamrog, and shamrock. In Gaelic the name Seamrag is applied by Lightfoot to the Trifolium repens; while in the Gaelic dictionary......this word is prefixed as a generic term to many plants-Seamrag chapuill, purple clover; Seamrag chre, male speedwell; Seamrag m'huire, pimpernell. I conclude from this that shamrock is a

generic word common to the Gaelic and Irish languages."

He infers from Fynes Morrison (1598) that the shamrock was a spring flower :

"Yea the wilde Irish in time of greatest peace impute covetousness and base birth to him that hath any corn after Christmas, as if it were a point of nobility to consume all within those festival dayes. They willingly eat the hearbe shamrocke, being of a sharp taste, which as they run, and are chased to and fro, they snatch like beastes out of the ditches."

This points to the Oxalis acetosilla, or woodsorrel, which he considers the original shamrock of Ireland-at all events it appears to have been an eatable plant, as in Wyther's 'Abuses Stript and Whipt, 1613, there is this couplet :—

And for my cloathing in a mantle go
And feed on shamroots as the Irish doe.

See also Pratt's 'Flowering Plants of Great Britain.'
R. W. HACKWOOD.

In a little work recently published by Hatchards, and entitled 'The National Arms of the United Kingdom,' your correspondent will find an interest ing chapter on "Floral Badges," including the above named. It is rather too long for your columns; but the book is worth getting, and the price of it is moderate. J. BAGNALL.

Water Orton.

Besides the tradition quoted by a correspondent at p. 311 to account for the adoption of the thistle as the national emblem for Scotland, there is another, much to the same purpose, which I had expected would have been given. The Danes thought it cowardly to attack an enemy by night, but upon one occasion when in Scotland they deviated from this rule, and were stealthily and noiselessly creeping upon the Scots under cover of darkness, when one of them set his foot upon a thistle, which made him cry out. The alarm was given, and the Scotch fell upon the night party and defeated them with terrible slaughter. Ever since then the thistle has been adopted as the insignia of Scotland, with the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit."

Stratford, E.

J. W. ALLISON.

DEATH OF CLIVE (7th S. vi. 207, 293).-About ten years ago I visited for the first time the village of Moreton Say, near Market Drayton. It is but a short distance from Styche, the birthplace of Clive, and the church of Moreton Say has Clive's within its walls. His body lies under the pavegrave ment of the aisle and near to the south door. Although there are several mural monuments in memory of different members of the Clive family, I was surprised that there was no indication of the burial-place of the hero of Plassey, except a pair of rusty spurs and gauntlets on the wall near his grave, but no tablet or inscription of any kind. On the occasion of this and subsequent visits I so strongly expressed my surprise that I think it led to something being done. At any rate there is now an unpretentious, "ut neat mural brass plate over his grave.

The rector of that time was an old man named Upton, since dead. He told me that he had been in the parish as curate, vicar, and (after it was turned into a rectory) as rector for more than half a century; that he had seen the coffin of Clive and the inscription-plate on the occasion of putting

some heating apparatus in the church and the consequent_removing of the pavement, &c., of the aisle. He also told me that on his coming to the parish fifty years ago (sixty, now, or more) he found a very old man there as sexton and bell-ringer. This sexton stated that he himself tolled the bell on the occasion of Clive's funeral, and that the funeral took place in the dead of night. Clive died (by his own hand) at his south Shropshire residence, the name of which I cannot just now call to mind. me the register and the entry of Clive's baptism, The present rector of Moreton Say kindly showed and also the one of his funeral. Strange to say, the officiating curate of Moreton Say at the time of Clive's death was also a Robert Clive, a relative. W. P. BEACH.

P.S.-In the churchyard is the grave of General Powis and great-grandson of Robert, Lord Clive. Sir Percy Herbert, brother of the present Earl of His widow, Lady Mary Herbert, now resides at Styche, the birthplace of Clive.

I

have come across some "memoirs " of Lord Clive Since I wrote my previous note on this subject which were published in the Town and Country Magazine for 1775. The writer of these articles, after remarking that no solaces could "divert his [Clive's] melancholy, which daily increased, insomuch that all company became disagreeable to him,"

continues:

Liverpool.

J. F. MANSErgh.