Notes and Queries

outer petals argent and five inner gules, embedded in the pomegranate, and also a peculiar badge of an impalement of the same rose sinister with a sheaf of arrows dexter, surrounded by circular rays, in which, at the summit, is embedded the lesser crown. Richard III. had also a singular device of a falcon with a virgin's face holding sinister a white rose of two rows of five petals. Lower gives the first monarch who assumed the rose as a badge to have been Edward I.," who bore the flower or, the stalk green," and says James I. "combined the dexter half of the Tudor rose with the sinister moiety of the Scottish thistle ensigned with the crown."

may have been confounded with him. Keightley,
in a note to another part of his work, says that
Friar Rush, otherwise Bruder Rausch, who haunted
houses, was never the same with Jack-o'-lanthorn,
and that Milton has made a mistake. But in
Midsummer Night's Dream' Robin Goodfellow,
the household fairy, and apparently the friar also,
is "sometimes a fire" and misleads travellers
through bog and through bush. I think that in
his note Keightley has forgotten not only what
Shakspeare said, but also what he himself has
previously said in another place.
E. YARDLEY.

In 'Marmion' we read,

Better we had through mire and bush
Been lantern-led by Friar Rush.

Canto iv. st. 1.

To this we have the following note:"Alias 'Will o' the Wisp.' This personage is a strolling demon, or esprit follet, who, once upon a time, got admittance into a monastery as a scullion, and played the monks many pranks. He was also a sort of Robin Goodfellow, and Jack o' Lanthern. It is in allusion to this mischievous demon that Milton's clown speaks,

It may be worth while to note here, perhaps, that in the accounts for work at Windsor Castle for the year 1366, temp. Edward III., the Round, or Rose Tower, then designated "La Rose," was evidently painted externally in imitation of the flower from which its name was taken, mention being made of several colours, and varnish and gold leaf for the use of a painter called William Burdon, "who was at work upon the painting of a tower called La Rose for 123 days and a half," with several inferior workmen under him, and who used "67 lbs. of white lead, 12 lbs. of verdiThe History of Friar Rush' is of extreme rarity, and gris, 18 lbs. of red lead, 8 lbs. of vermilion, 1 lb. of for some time even the existence of such a book was brown, and 7 lbs. of blue, altogether about a cwt. of doubted, although it is expressly alluded to by Reginald colour and 22 gallons of oil; for which was also Scott, in his Discovery of Witchcraft.' I have perused required 1,400 leaves of gold, 6 lbs. of fine varnish a copy in the valuable library of my friend Mr. Heber; and I observe, from Mr. Beloe's Anecdotes of Literaand 3 lbs. inferior varnish." (See 'Domestic Archi-ture, that there is one in the excellent collection of the tecture of the Middle Ages,' vol. ii.) Marquis of Stafford."

She was pinched, and pulled, she said,
And he by Friar's lanthern led.

R. W. HACKWOOD. I think this scarce little book was reprinted in the late Mr. W. J. Thoms's Early Prose RoEDWARD PEACOCK.

It would seem that there is no difference between a Union rose, a Tudor rose, and a York and Lan-mances.' caster rose. I quote from 'Rank and Badges,' by Lieut. Ottley Perry :

"1. Badge of the United Kingdom, the Tudor rose between the thistle and shamrock issuant from the same stalk, &c.

"2. The Tudor rose is a combination of the Lan

castrian (red) and Yorkist (white) colours in the same rose. The following roses are worn by different regiments-the red, the white, the Tudor, and the Hampshire rose, the last being identical with the red or Lancastrian."

Hythe.

G. EGERTON, Lieut.

"FRIAR'S LANTHORN (7th S. vi. 168).—The friar, I believe, is Robin Goodfellow, or Puck, who acted as Jack-o'-lanthorn or Will-o'-the-wisp. Keightley, in the Fairy Mythology,' quotes the 'Declaration of Harsenet,' published in 1604: "And if that the bowl of curds and cream were not duly set out for Robin Goodfellow, the friar," &c. I think that the word "friar" is here used in apposition to Robin Goodfellow, as his title. If so, it will account for Milton's expression. Friar Rush was a house spirit; but Robin Goodfellow, who was both a house and a field spirit,

Brand's 'Popular Antiquities' (Bohn's ed., vol. iii.) is very full upon the folk-lore of the ignis fatuus. There seems no particular superstition connecting it with friars, any more than for its other names of Peg-a-lantern, Jack-a-lantern, Elffire, &c. EDWARD H. Marshall, M.A. Hastings.

EXTRACT FROM PARISH REGISTER (7th S. v. 367; vi. 37, 171).—I am somewhat unwilling to interfere in this matter, but as one or two points have not yet been made quite clear, I venture to add a few words.

1. I believe MR. PIGOTT's extract mentions the

word married twice instead of published. In sup-
port of this opinion I give three consecutive entries
from the register of St. Alphage, Canterbury, the
year being 1657 :-

Tho' Ady of Eastwell and Elizabeth Titterden of
Kingsnoth wer maried-May-8-15-18.
Joh' Hales of Douer and Elizabeth Skilet of of (sic)
Burgate was maried March-13-20-27.

Steuen Cort of Reculuer and An Houson widdow of

Hackintun was maried Aprill-24-28-May the 5.
From which it will be seen that the above couples

were

"maried" three times. Substitute the word "published" for married, and the difficulty will disappear.

2. The Act referred to by your correspondents bears date August 24, 1653, so that MR. PIGOTT'S marriage on Jan. 8 and Jan. 15 (O.S.) clearly falls under this Act.

3. Incumbents were sometimes chosen "registers." On July 18, 1654, a General Sessions of the Peace was houlden at ye Castle of Canterbury," and in a note entered by the Clerk of the Peace I read, "Whereas it appeareth vnto this Court that St. Alphage parson not long since hath been chosen parish Register," &c. This parson the parishioners "did elect and chose on Sept. 21, 1653, and he was sworn on Oct. 27 following. But parson as he was, it is extremely unlikely that he would solemnize marriages in his church, seeing that all marriages other than civil marriages were not to be accounted marriages according to the laws of England. MR. BLENKINSOPP's rector, like mine, was chosen registrar, but he had no power to marry. He could only register the civil marriage, and this he did, in the book already provided for that purpose, and, as was not very uncommon, without saying where or by whom the ceremony was performed. J. M. Cowper.

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RELIC OF WITCHCRAFT (7th S. v. 426, 497; vi. 138).-The following advertisement, from the Postboy of Jan. 1, 1707-8, which I copy from an omnium gatherum made by the late Edmund F. King, M.A., under the title of 'Ten Thousand Wonderful Things,' throws some light on the family of the early proprietor of the elixir, and may be of use to inquirers :

"Daffey's famous Elixir Salutis by Catherine Daffey, daughter of Mr. Thomas Daffy, late rector of Redmile in the valley of Belvoir, who imparted it to his kinsman, fit of the community, and his own great advantage. The Mr. Anthony Daffy, who published the same to the beneoriginal receipt is now in my possession, left to me by my father. My own brother, Mr. Daniel Daffy, apothecary in Nottingham, made the Elixir from the said receipt, and sold it there during his life. Those who know it will believe what I declare, and those who do not may be convinced that I am no counterfeit, by the colour, taste, smell, and operation of my Elixir. To be had at the Hand and Pen, Maiden Lane, Covent Garden." ST. SWITHIN.

Does not Prussian Court, Old Bailey, stand for Prujean Court? Would MR. WHITE kindly say in what magazine his Memoranda from the London Gazette' appeared? I have not ready reference to Poole's Index,' or would not ask this.

Walthamstow,

C. A. WARD.

So far as England is concerned I may inform ANON. that the arms of the various towns and cities are given by Lewis in his Topographical Dictionary." W. S. B. H.

SAMUEL FOOTE, THE DRAMATIST (7th S. vi. 187). -He was the third son of Samuel Foote, of Truro, Goodere, of Burhope, co. Hereford, Bart., by esquire, by Eleanor, daughter of Sir Edward Eleanor, daughter and sole heir of Sir Edward Dineley, of Charleton, co. Worcester, Knt. The issue of this marriage was John, his heir; Samuel, captain R.N.; and a daughter Eleanor. Sir John, on succeeding to the Charleton estate, assumed the name of Dineley before that of Goodere. Being without issue, he was murdered by his brother, Capt. Goodere, who was a distinguished officer, on Jan. 17, 1741, at Bristol, and who thereby succeeded to the title and estates. Sir Samuel was executed on April 15 following, leaving five children-two sons, Edward and John, who both succeeded to the title, and three daughters, Ann, Elizabeth, and Mary. Sir Edward succeeded to the title, but was a lunatic; John succeeded, but died unmarried. Ann married, but died s. p. ; and Elizabeth and Mary died unmarried; so that the

7th S. VI. SEPT. 29, '88.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

estates and representation of the family devolved upon John Foote, the elder brother of Samuel, who was baptized at St. Mary's, Truro, Aug. 14, 1718. The dramatist himself was baptized at the same JOHN MACLEAN. place Jan. 27, 1720.

Glasbury House, Clifton.

for us, and the criticisms occasionally passed upon them
can agree with them or not. The 'Sense of Pre-Exist-
are of value as coming from the New World, whether we
ence (real or alleged) has been discussed in our own
columns, naturally without leading to any definite con-
clusion. It seems going rather far for a writer to say
(as in American Notes and Queries, No. 7) that he is ac-
quainted with "two educated men who have lived before
We ourselves knew a
their present representatives."
contributor to N. & Q.' (now among the majority) who
believed that he had lived before, and would hereafter
reappear as somebody else; but we should hesitate to
write in N. & Q.' that he had lived before, or that he
would reappear in the guise of another person.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (7th S. v. in the persons of rather more famous individuals than 449, 518).—

Oh, rest thee, my darling, the time it shall come,
When thy sleep shall be broken by trumpet and drum,
Then rest thee, my darling, oh, sleep while you may,
For war comes with manhood as light comes with day.
In a song which I have seen from the stage adapta-
tion of Guy Mannering' the words quoted are ascribed
to D. Terry. See 'Songs of England,' by J. L. Hatton.
ANNIE CHARLTON.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &o.

Good words from

American Notes and Queries. Vol. I., Nos. 1-13. Edited
by W. S. and H. C. Walsh. (Philadelphia, 619, Wal-
nut Street.)
Ir is a somewhat dread reflection that the few words
which we may be able to say in praise and in criticism
of our new-found kinsman beyond sea will be in all proba-
bility gibbeted in future extracts of "
the Press." But faint heart never won fair American,
so we must e'en chance it. We find some of the American
press say that the new American Notes and Queries is
more interesting to the American reader than our own
poor selves; yet we have been able to boast of a fair
share of American correspondents, and we think we have
proved of some use to them. Much of this may no
doubt be set down to the credit of genealogy, which has
always been one of our foremost departments, but which
our American namesake does not appear disposed to
cultivate. Shakspeariana, however, with us has been
a department always fertile in American as well as Eng-
lish contributors, and this, too, seems not to be a feature
of our American cousin. The "Notes" are apparently
editorial-at least they are not signed. They are pretty
much like our own, only with a perhaps more decided
tendency to run in the groove of legend, myth, proverb,
and ghost story. Thus we find 'The White Lady of the
House of Hohenzollern,' and the alleged, but not seem-
ingly so well authenticated White Lady of Bayreuth';
The Drowning of Caer Is'; 'The Red Spectre of the
Tuileries'; and other similar stories, partly bordering
on the supernatural partly belonging to the legendary
The number of legends of
heritage of the Aryan race.
drowned cities would make a respectable volume. We
remember one case, a French one, in which such a
legend appears to have grown up to account for the
curious constructions of the beaver, so oddly similar to
lacustrine remains as almost to have deceived the elect
among experts in that class of prehistoric antiquities.

We are sorry to find that the Old World myth of the
Salic Law, which we had thought exploded by Sir Henry
Sumner Maine, has passed over to the New World, and
receives credence in American Notes and Queries. We
must confess that we do not know what are the "old
English rules of royal descent"-whatever that may
mean-which would have given us "Maria Theresa I."
as our queen instead of "Victoria R. et I."

Some of the more strictly literary subjects treated in American Notes and Queries, such as the writings of Thackeray, Carlyle, Dickens, &c., have a direct interest

It may be seen that our American cousin covers a wide have no doubt that there is plenty of room for American field, in which fact and fancy alike find a place. We Notes and Queries, and we shall be glad to see it flourish, were it only for the pleasure of occasionally passing a critical remark upon some astounding feat of a Philadelphia littérateur in a pre-existent state in the Old World.

New Edition, Revised, with Notes, &c., by Henry History of Prose Fiction. By John Colin Dunlop. A Wilson. (Bell & Sons.)

The

a reprint of Dunlop's "Library of Standard Authors" A pioneer in a field now fully MESSRS. BELL & SONS have done wisely in adding to their 'History of Fiction.' occupied by an army, Dunlop did good work, and in spite of all that has been done by subsequent writers, his work retains genuine and recognized value. on the Gaal romance, which was, of course, out of only portion of it which has been rewritten is that date. Notes from the German translation of F. Liebappendix of a hundred pages, including a condensed acricht, and from other sources, have been added, and an count of prose fiction in Germany, Russia, and Scandinavia, has been added. A good index also contributes to the utility of the reprint, which will be generally wel

comed.

Shakespearean Extracts from Edward Pudsey's Booke,
temp. Queen Elizabeth and King James 1., &c. Col-
lected by Richard Savage. (Stratford, John Smith;
London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co.)

A SERIES of Stratford-upon-Avon note-books leads off
with this work, which is edited by Mr. Richard Savage,
the secretary and librarian of Shakspeare's birthplace.
It is probable that the exact significance of the find may
be debated in our columns. Meanwhile it may be stated
that Edward Pudsey's book was compiled by a man who
An idea is even
was a contemporary of Shakspeare, who lived in Shak-
speare's country, and who may well, Mr. Savage thinks,
have been friendly with the dramatist.
expressed that some of the readings which differ from
any already known may be due to Shakspeare himself.
Dr. Furnivall
Some extracts from a play entitled 'Irus' are supposed
to indicate a new play of Shakspeare.
has, however, shown that the play in question is by
Chapman.

piled by Edward Cook. (Macmillan & Co.)
A Popular Handbook to the National Gallery. Com-
THIS volume is all that its name denotes, and as such is
thoroughly welcome. It is ushered in by a preface of
our National Gallery in words that have already been
highest interest by Mr. Ruskin, in which he speaks of
copied into the majority of newspapers, and need not be
again quoted, and it includes notes collected by special
permission from Mr. Ruskin's writings. It supplies exactly
the information the visitor desires to have concerning

the painter first, and next concerning the picture, the circumstances (if known) under which it was painted, and a short, sensible, and valuable criticism upon the work. This handbook is excellent in all respects, and cannot fail to make more generally known and appreciated the treasures of our national collection.

A New, Practical, and Easy Method of Learning the Russian Language. By F. Alexandrow. (Thimm.) M. THIMM has in this little volume made a useful addition to his series of European grammars. If the student masters its contents he will acquire an elementary knowledge which must prove advantageous to him, and may greatly facilitate his further acquaintance with the Russian language.

The New Latin Primer. Edited by J. P. Postgate, M.A., Litt.D., with the co-operation of C. A. Vince, M.A. (Cassell & Co.)

A MORE Concise, comprehensive, and intelligible grammar for the use of all but advanced students of Latin cannot be desired. A special feature in a work which is a model in its class is the marking of the quantity both in closed and open syllables. This is specially valuable to those who use the work for the purpose of self tuition. The Early Writings of William Makepeace Thackeray. By Charles Plumptre Johnson. (Stock,) PUBLISHED in a limited edition, this book, with its revelations concerning Thackeray's early works, its reproductions of portraits of him and of designs by him, R. Doyle, F. Walker, Chinnery, and other artists, cannot fail to be welcome to collectors. It is, indeed, an indispensable portion of a Thackeray collection.

Book Prices Current, Vol. II. Part I. (Stock.) WITH this number a new volume of Book Prices Current begins. Bibliographical works have been a specialty with Mr. Stock. No one of these has, however, been of utility so great or so recognized as that of Book Prices Current. To the bookseller and the book buyer it is in the full sense indispensable. The first volume is under our hand for constant reference, and the extending series will simplify the labours of the bibliographer of the future to an almost incalculable extent. The first part deals with the sales of December, 1887, to February, 1888. We shall look eagerly for succeeding parts.

By the death of Robert Dymond, F.S. A. and J.P., of Exeter, which took place on August 31 at his moorland residence, Blackslade, near Ashburton, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, the antiquarian world has sustained a severe loss. His intimate acquaintance with all matters relating to the history, genealogy, and topography of Devon (and especially of the city of Exeter) was the cause of his being regarded as the chief authority upon disputed points relating to local antiquities, and towards him every fragment of information upon these and kindred topics appeared to gravitate by a natural process. Readers of N. & Q.' and of the transactions and journals of various learned societies, &c., cannot fail to have benefited, more or less frequently, by his accumulated stores of recondite knowledge, which were always placed, most unselfishly and ungrudgingly, at the service of any inquirer. Could his various contributions be brought together the world would see how valuable and important his antiquarian work has been, and the extent to which his contemporaries have been indebted to his laborious researches in the dusty contents of parish chests and family muniment-rooms. Mr. Dymond's personal appearance-his noble features and commanding presence-gave earnest of the mind within. A more kind-hearted, genial man did not exist, and this side of

his character was often observable when the performance of magisterial duties brought him upon the Exeter bench. His modesty, which arose out of an innately gentle disposition, and was not to be referred to diffidence or selfdistrust, was most remarkable, and was in harmony with his freedom from "scientific" jealousy and from pride of antiquarian discovery. Just and upright in all his actions, both in public and private life, ever mindful of his duty to God and to his neighbour, Robert Dymond has passed away amidst the heartfelt regrets of those who had the privilege of friendship with him, leaving to his family the precious inheritance of a good name, and to the world the memory of an honest man.

ALFRED WALLIS.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but ON all communications must be written the name and as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

FRED. W. MANT ("The Empress Eudocia and the Apple").-The story is told under the head "Eudocie" in the Nouvelle Biographie Générale' (Firmin Didot Frères). A large apple of singular beauty was given by Theodosius to Eudocia. She gave it to Paulinus, who in ignorance presented it once more to Theodosius. His suspicions aroused as to the intimacy between his wife and Paulinus, he asked her concerning the apple. She swore that she had eaten it, thus confirming his fears and leading to the death of Paulinus in Cappadocia. Gibbon treats this as a tale worthy of the Arabian Nights.'

S. F. C. ('Servants to Kings and Queens,' ante, p. 69) AND HECATEUS (Kimpton Family,' 7th S. v. 389, 498; vi. 92).-Application to Mr. J. G. BRADFORD, 157, Dalston Lane, E., may elicit information.

F. CHANCE(Talleyrand's Receipt for Coffee ').—See 7th S. iii. 48, 153, 215.

MR. J. E. GOODWIN, 75, Cheapside, Liverpool, desires to obtain a copy of a recitation on the growth and expansion of the oak, ending, he believes, with the words, The mighty oak, the forest's pride."

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LONDON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1888.

CONTENTS.-N° 145.
NOTES:-Pamphlet, 261-Shakspeariana, 262-Scotch Mining
Terms, 264-Kirk Grims-First Reviews-Indifferent, 265–
Eastward Ho'-Norwich Pamphlet-Snow in July-Popular

Panfilo of Boccaccio's 'Teseide.' He appears to base his argument on the fact that in French Pamphile is used of the knave of clubs in a game of cards, also called Pamphile; but though there may possibly be some connexion between the knave of clubs called Pamphile and the servant called PanQUERIES:-Dictionary Desiderata-"Confessor of the House-filo by Boccaccio, I am at a loss to see what conhold"- Choir - Funeral Custom-Glasgow Antiquities-nexion there can be between this knave of clubs White Elephant-Note in Rogers's Italy-Ross and (and the servant Panfilo) and our word pamphlet. I reject this derivation, therefore, most unhesitatingly.*

Notions of Eclipses, 266.

Sutherland-Nonsense Verses-Pegge, 267-Labour-in-Vain Court Ronsard - Herrick-Aldermen of BillingsgateThomson and Winter'-"Art for art's sake" Forty stripes save one" - Liverpool Baptismal Registry - Red Book of the Exchequer-Invasion of England - Dollars, 268 -Nicoll Family-Praxedis - Posts at Cross Roads Protestant Schoolmaster' - Pinchbeck-Sully-Champaigne

William Pitt-Authors Wanted, 269.

As for the other derivations, from par un filet and palme-(=paume)feuillet, they have been discussed ad nauseam, and seem to me so ludicrousalthough the latter has been adopted by Littré and by Mahn (in Webster)-that I will say no more about them; and I mention them only in the hope that I may thus prevent their being brought up again.

REPLIES:-Names of Dogs, 269-Rowlandson, 271-St. Ebbe
-Lavender Bush-Colours as Surnames, 272-Chartist, 273-
Killegrew, of Cornwall-Hamilton-Catholic Emancipation
Act-Use of Spectacles-"Of a certain age"-St. Swithin,
274-Russia, Black, White, and Red-" Radical Reform ".
Burns's Poems,' 275-Proverb-Scarpines-'Underground
Jottings' Death Bell-Fufty-Oxford and Cambridge My own feelings are decidedly in favour of the
Magazine,' 276-Flemish Brasses-Hornet of Joshua-Tene- derivation from papyrus, first put forward, appa-
mental Bridges-Byron's Town House - Kimpton-Dress of
Waiters - Fish Guard-Device - Brooke, of Astley, 277-rently, by Skinner, who thinks that there was an
Hall-mark-Dickens and Sir T. Martin-Starve-yoad older form of pamphlet, viz., pampilet, and com-
Sword of the Black Prince-Cawsey-Hampton Court Guide-
Books, 278.
pares for the intrusion of the m the Old Dutch
pampier paper. This view has been advocated
NOTES ON BOOKS: Dictionary of National Biography,' by Mr. Wedgwood in his 'Dict.' and also in

Vol. XVI.-Mee's Llanelly Parish Church.' Notices to Correspondents, &c.

Notes.

PAMPHLET.

'N. & Q.' (6th S. i. 441), by Weigand, and by Scheler; and all that I can now do is to adduce additional arguments in favour of it.

And first with regard to the intrusion of an m before the second p. This is well shown by the Old Dutch pampier quoted above, and for which see especially Hexham, and is supported by pamThis word has been much discussed in 'N. & Q.,' pilio=papilio (in the sense of pavilion in Ducange but, unfortunately, to very little purpose. The and in the sense of butterfly in Wülcker's Wright, only real tangible facts that I can find in the dif- 261, 10, and see also Diefenbach); as well as by ferent notes, which I have carefully read through, pampaver, apparently=papaver, in Ducange (ed. are, firstly, that the Low Latin form panfletus is L. Favre). And that mp may become mph or nph found in De Bury's 'Philobiblon' (about 1344 ?), is shown by panphinus pampinus (Dief.), and by chap. viii. (see 2nd S. ii. 477; 3rd S. v. 167; 6th S. the surnames Pamplin and Pamphlin in the London i. 441; ii. 156; Scheler, s. v. "Pamphlet "; and Directory of 1882; comp. also the surname PamProf. Skeat in his 'Dict.,' second edition, supple- philon (in the same directory) with the common ment); and, secondly, that one of the earliest French name Papillon (Larchey); and in Littré, English forms is pamfilet, which is found in Hoc-pamphile (3) = espèce de papillon. But not only did cleve's (or Occleve's) Poems' (? date), ed. Mason, papyrus or its derivatives become nasalized, its r 1796, p. 77 (see 3rd S. iv. 482; 6th S. ii. 156; and sometimes evidently became l. Comp. papilio in Prof. Skeat, Trans. Philol. Soc., 1888-90, p. 15). Ducange="scyrpeum vasculum," and that it is a There is, indeed, a good deal said about a certain corrupted form from papyrus is shown not only by Pamphila, who lived in the first century and wrote this meaning but also by Ducange's remark, "sed books, and whose name has been thought to have infra papyrio scribitur." And compare also Diefengiven origin to the word (see DR. DORAN'S note bach's "papiluus (st. papyrus) ags. ilugsegg" (pro3rd S. v. 169, and also 4th S. vii. 439), and this bably a kind of sedge), and the Span. papel. We lady's cause was espoused by Prof. Skeat in his 'Dict.' But later on a certain Pamphilus was discovered, who had written a comedy in the twelfth century, and M. Gaston Paris was stated to be of opinion that the word pamphlet was formed from his name (6th S. ii. 156). And finally Prof. Skeat (Trans. Philol. Soc., 1888-90, p. 15) has adopted this suggestion, only that his Pamphilus is the

* I notice that in Diefenbach's Glossary' pam-(pan-) philus is given the two meanings of "mynnenknecht' and " en bok van der leue" (=, I suppose, "a book about love"), but pamphlets have to do with anything rather than with love.

† As will be seen, however, further on, I am of opinion that papyrus may have been more or less mixed up with pampinus, and pamphlet have resulted from the mixture.

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