Cotgrave, the articles named would be made of metal, as of "Lattin" (=latten, or brass), &c. Littré, however, gives two or three senses, in which, I think, the instrument might be made of wood: first, a long funnel, pierced with holes, for use in pouring a liquid into a barrel without undue speed or disturbance; second, a tap for a barrel; and third, a kind of barrel. Then, as I conjecture, Woodden Gods = wooden goods. Will this do? JULIAN MARSHALL. This word is to be found in any good French dictionary, and has the following meanings: a watering-pot, a sort of funnel, and a gully-hole. In Cotgrave's French-English Dictionary,' published 1650, it is given as follows: Chantepleure, F., a garden Pot, or Gardners watering Pot; also, the Cocke of a cesterne; also, a certaine device, or engine, for the emptying of a water-vessell; made of two Lattin pipes (of equall bignesse and length), joyned together at the one end and thence dividing them selves into the forme of a forke." In Richelet's 'Dictionary' I find : "On apelle aussi Chante-pleure, une espèce de Barbacanne, ou ventouse qu'on fait aux murs de clôture, construits près de quelque eau courante afin que pendant Bon débordement elle puisse entrer dans le clos, et en sortir librement, parceque ces murs étant solides, ils ne lui pourroient pas résister: Depuis deux jours on m'entretient ENGRAVINGS BY KIP (7th S. vi. 147).-These excellent prints belong to the 'Britannia Illustrata,' 1707-8, or to the 'Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne,' v.y., down to 1724-8, by I. Kip (see Lowndes for collation, &c.). The volumes are often found composed of different contents, says Lowndes. The prints are of great value and interest, since they give us views of many beautiful old houses which have ceased either to exist or to be recognizable. JULIAN MARSHALL. The engravings are doubtless from Kip's 'Views in England,' 1724-8, vol. v. The Supplement comprised the " Country Seats of the English Nobility," eighty-four plates. A great number of them relate to seats in Kent; and, as the rest are mostly well-known places, there can be little difficulty in ascertaining the county to which they belong. G. L. G. If MR. MORRIS refers to Quaritch's August Catalogue, No. 91, he will find a collection of the plates of these Dutch artists for sale, entitled, Kip's Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne, 5 vols., fol., Lond., 1724-28." The price asked is H. T. FOLKARD, Librarian. 501. Free Library, Wigan, VIRGIL AND MODERN ICONOCLASM (7th S. v. 400; vi. 22).-Allow me to endorse most cordially the protest of MR. BOUCHIER against the assertion of the Edinburgh Review that Virgil has fallen from his pedestal, and that his worship is a bygone cult. No doubt he is unknown and unintelligible to what Tennyson calls deservedly a "chorus of indole ignorant-reviewers," simply because of their ignor ance; and I am sure that it is only when all good taste and sound scholarship are dead amongst us that Virgil will be forgotten. E. WALFORD, M.A. 7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. In the admirable "apology" by MR. BOUCHIER on this subject in 'N. & Q.' the single reference to Cowley appears to me hardly sufficient. Cowley speaks of Virgil and of the 'Eneid,' in his essay Of Agriculture,' in terms of loving admiration-in tion impossible. He speaks of "our truly divine a way, one would think, that would leave depreciaVirgil," of his "great and imperial poem," and declares Horace, in another passage," the next best poet in the world to Virgil." But surely it is vain to talk of Virgil's cultus as bygone. W. B. 'OUR MUTUAL FRIEND' (7th S. v. 206, 298, 517). I fail to see the appositeness of the quotation from Ned Ward. The "mutual," though unnecessary, is not contrary to sense, as in the case of our mutual friend." For I see no reason to suppose that the "friends" are intended to be described as "mutual friends" of the house mentioned in the next line. They are only "mutual friends" (of one another). As the discussion seems getting a little off the track, will it be deemed superfluous or impertinent to state a case? Love between husband and wife may be all on one side, then it is not mutual. It may be felt on both sides, then it is mutual. They are mutual friends, and something better; but if a third person step in, though loyal regard may make him a friend of both, no power in language can make him their mutual friend. KILLIGREW. The passage from Ned Ward's' Wandering Spy' is an instance of the right use of the word mutual, and not of its incorrect modern use. In this last there is nothing mutual, for it describes the relation of one person to two others who may have nothing else in common beyond that relation; but Ned Ward describes the relation which two persons mutually bear each to the other. Aldenham House. HENRY H. GIBBS. ST. SOPHIA (7th S. iv. 328, 371, 436; v. 35, 51, 290, 334, 351, 491; vi. 75).—With regard to the accounts of what the Sultan Abdul Aziz said (p. 75) they differ. MR. CROSSMAN does not say that either Gordon or himself heard what the Sultan said. It is extremely unlikely that any stranger heard what the Sultan said. The evidence of the Turkish (?) guide is probably correct as to 66 Johnnie," but doubtful so far as any Turk saying "Constantine." With regard to what Gordon knew directly on the matter, reference might be made to the gentleman then in his staff, serving under the Foreign Office, his old Crimean friend, Capt. Stab, now resident in Smyrna. HYDE CLARKE. The tradition of the interrupted mass, communicated at the last of these references, is related by Mr. Athelstan Riley, in 'Athos; or, the Mountain of the Monks,' p. 25, and accompanied by a note, which, to my thinking, is a desirable addendum to what is being preserved on the subject in the columns of 'N. & Q.':— "During the restoration of the church in 1847-49 by Monsieur Fossati, an Italian, called in by the Sultan Abdul-Medjid to save St. Sophia from the ruin which threatened it through long neglect, that architect had the curiosity to open a wall at the spot Turkish and Greek traditions alike declare the priest to have entered. He found a little chapel in the thickness of the wall with a descending stair encumbered with rubbish.” Mr. Riley is of opinion that if the celebrant should return to complete the holy office "the nineteenth or twentieth century will persuade itself that he is but an optical delusion: it will take something more than the reappearance of an old priest to shake the world out of its material conceits." ST. SWITHIN. ROWLANDSON (7th S. v. 487; vi. 10, 93).-I sincerely hope your correspondent MR. J. B. MORRIS will kindly give us the benefit of his knowledge to which he refers in N. & Q.' This being a subject of which very little appears to be known, his information may be of great use to the future historian of dress. H. BEAZANT. DYMPNA (7th S. v. 408, 491; vi. 33). The unique and ancient institution of "boarded out" insane people at Gheel and its patron St. Dymphna was first brought to English notice by Mrs. Pitt Byrne in Flemish Interiors.' She subsequently published an exhaustive description and history under the title of Gheel; or, the City of the Simple,' a companion volume to her 'Beghynhof; or, the City of the Single.' All three works are out of print, but can be consulted at the British Museum or principal lending libraries. R. H. BUSK. SWINE SUCKLING (7th S. vi. 28).—PROF. J. D. BUTLER merely states on a hearsay report that a general was swine-fed. Alexander ab Alexandro, in his 'Geniales Dies,' gives a list of traditional animal feedings, but in his notice of the animals says nothing of swine (lib. ii. ap. 31, Hanover, 1610). ED. MARSHALL. *If not Signor, why Monsieur in prefererce to Herr or Mr. ? OVID'S 'FASTI' (7th S. v. 507).—I believe H. T. Riley's translation of Ovid's 'Fasti,' published by Bell & Son, is the best. J. Gower published a version at Cambridge in 1640, and there is a prose rendering by Butt, published at Dublin about fifty years ago. ASTARTE. 'THE MEDUSA' (7th S. v. 487).—The first number of the Medusa; or, Penny Politician appeared on February 20, 1819. Its motto was "Let's die politics were of an advanced type. In the numlike men, and not be sold like slaves," and its ber for January 7, 1820, it is stated that in consequence of the new Stamp Duty Act the price of that on January 15 the first number of the new the paper would have to be raised to sixpence, and Medusa. series would appear as The Cap of Liberty and G. F. R. B. IMPOSSIBLE (7th S. v. 466).—The REV. ED. MARSHALL'S note recalls the story of Mirabeau, which Carlyle quotes from Dumont : "Monsieur le Comte,' said his secretary to him once, 'what you require is impossible.' Impossible!' answered he, starting from his chair, 'Ne me dites jamais ce bête de mot,' Never name to me that block head of a word."""The French Revolution,' vol. i. p. 336. C. C. B. VERNON (7th S. v. 487; vi. 14, 71).-If Vernon is rightly assigned to a Brytho-Celtic origin, it has its equivalent in Goidhelo-Celtic. The surname Farnie, Farnachan, Fernie, may be traced to the Goidhelic fearn, fearnóg in Erse and Gaelic, fernóg in Old Erse ('Irish Glosses,' 558). Alders supplied many ancient place-names in Celtic districts, e. g., in Scotland, Balfern, Carsphairn, Drumfarnachan, Calharnie, &c. HERBERT MAXWELL. Add Pen-gwern, the native Welsh form that preceded Scrobbesburig, now Shrewsbury, for the capital of Shropshire, where gwern is the alder bush or "shrub." Subsequently we have l=r, as Salop, Srop, Srewsbury, locally sounded s, not sh. A. HALL. PORTMANTEAU WORD (7th S. vi. 147).- Alas for the fate which overtakes even the best writings of men! A few years ago, when Lewis Carroll's delicious nonsense was in everybody's mouth, this question would not have been asked. See 'Through the Looking-Glass,' p. 126: "Slithy means lithe and slimy-you see it's like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed up into one word"; and for an explanation, too long to copy, of the theory of these words see 'The Hunting of the Snark,' preface, p. x. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Foleshill Hall, Coventry. [Many contributors are thanked for replies to the same effect.] JEWISH NAMES (7th S. v. 509).—Quite eighty per cent. of personal names ending in ard, art, aert, ert are patronymics. I have a list of upwards of a thousand of such names. Among others are Abélard, Ballard, Billard, Bollaert, Colard, Collard, Gillard, Jacquemard, Jobard, Jobart, Jonnard, Mozart, Musard, Philippard, Philippart, Simonard, Stevenard, Willard." In some names, mostly of German origin, as Cunard, Hunnard, Leotard, Maynard (inverse of Hartmann), Nothard, Richard, the termination is from hart, hardt, strong; others, as Rambert (inverse of Bertram), Robert, Rupert, are from brecht, precht, bright (clarus, præclarus). R. S. CHARNOCK. COGONAL (7th S. v. 87, 197) I would suggest means a collection of plants of the willow or ozier tribe. Probably from cogul, a kind of willow, whose shoot is used for firewood ('Salva,' second edition, 1847). The o for u is not uncommon. Conf. cogolla = cogulla, &c. The formation of the collective noun | by the elision of the final letter and addition of al or nal is very usual. Thus paja means a straw, a reed, and makes pajonal, a collection of reeds; icho makes ichal, &c. H. GIBSON. SCOTT OF ESSEX (7th S. v. 467).—I have in my Suffolk collections a MS. pedigree of the Scott family of Glemsford, co. Suffolk, wherein is mention of three William Scotts. Thus: William Scott, of Scott's Hall, Kent, Knight, married Elizabeth, daughter of Vincent Herbert, als. Finch, temp. Henry VI. (1422-61). Another William Scott, of Scott's Hall, married Sibill, daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor, temp. Henry VIII. Another William Scott married Margery, daughter of William, Lord Winsor, anno 32 Henry VIII. These facts, giving early dates, may be of use to your correspondent BALIOL; and the pedigree comprises many other names and branches of the Scott families, and appears to have been compiled for the use of the American branch of the Scotts. C. GOLDING. Colchester. WATER FLOW (7th S. vi. 88).-The creek may be fed by an underground reservoir, with a curving channel as an outlet, forming a natural siphon; the reservoir might be a long time in filling till it reached the level of the highest point of the siphon, when it would flow strongly till it was emptied down to the level of the opening of the siphon into the reservoir. I have seen somewhere (alas! no note made) an account, with a diagram, of a "Sabbatical spring" in Palestine, which flows (they say) so as to observe the Sabbath, and it is explained in this way. The fact that rain had not recently fallen need be no difficulty, for surface water takes a long time to make its way through some formations. ERNEST B. SAVAGE, F.S.A. St. Thomas, Douglas, I.O.M. CHRISTABEL (7th S. iv. 368, 412; vi. 130). Coleridge may have invented this name, but it was in existence before his time. "It is," says Miss Yonge, "to be found in Cornwall in 1727, and in the North of England. It occurs at Crayke, in Yorkshire, between 1538 and 1652" ( Christian Names,' 1884, p. 104). C. C. B. THE WRECK OF THE BIRKENHEAD (7th S. vi. 108).-As I have a duplicate, I have pleasure in forwarding for H. M. L. a copy of Great Shipwrecks during Queen Victoria's Reign,' compiled for and published by an enterprising business house here last year, and sold by them for the small sum of one penny. It is now, I believe, out of print. As regards the loss of the Birkenhead, it contains the statement of Capt. Wright, of the 91st Regiment, and also extracts from that of Capt. Bond, of the 12th Lancers. All the most important shipwrecks during the last fifty years are included in the pamphlet. J. F. MANSErgh. Liverpool. P.S.-I would draw H. M. L.'s attention to the loss of the Northfleet (p. 65). [The pamphlet has been forwarded to H. M. L.] PRIVATE TUTOR OF JOHN WILKES (7th S. vi. H. M. L. will find a full account in 'Shipwrecks 149).—T. A. T. seems to assume that the dissent- and Disasters at Sea,' of which I forget the author. ing clergyman named Leeson occupied the vicarage A concise description appears in Stocqueler's house at Aylesbury in some official or quasi-clerical History of the British Army.' The 'Household capacity. Of course this is, as Euclid so often Narrative' (Dickens) for April, 1852, contains the says, absurd. But suppose the vicar were non-report of Capt. Wright of the 91st, the senior resident, and Mr. Leeson rented the house? We surviving officer. all know how frequent was non-residence at that time-presumably, since Wilkes was born in 1727, between 1740 and 1745. C. F. S. WARREN, M. A. E. T. EVANS. Perhaps it may interest H. M. L. to know that the Great Duke" of Wellington at the Royal Academy dinner, 1852, spoke with pride of the THE GREAT CRYPTOGRAM (7th S. vi. 25, 151).-military discipline shown on the occasion of the It is worth noting that the arithmetical pretensions know where an account of the wreck is to be found. wreck of the Birkenhead. I, too, should be glad to of the great cryptogram, which will impose on no mathematician, are thoroughly exposed in the number of Knowledge for August 1. A fair parody of it occurs in the Cornhill Magazine of the same date. CELER. A. B. Descriptive accounts of this wreck will be found in the Illustrated London News for April 10, 1852; All the Year Round, issued on July 19, 1873 being No. 242, New Series; also in 'Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea,' by W. H. G. Kingston. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. [MR. J. R. GILLESPIE says, "There is a six-page account in Perils and Adventures of the Deep' (Nelson & Sons, 1863)."] SNEAD (7th S. v. 347; vi. 14, 134).-In Sussex this is spelt sneath, and the two small handles, called by MR. STIL WELL "nibs," are dole haudes or dole woods. The Rev. W. D. Parish, in his 'Sussex Dialect,' spells it sneathe, Anglo-Saxon sned, the long handle of a scythe. In an old work, Dictionarium Rusticum,' 1668, "Sneed, the handle of a sythe, or such like tool." Eastbourne. JAS. B. MORRIS. ANYTHINGARIANS (7th S. vi. 66).-This was evidently, I think, a word in common use at the date of the quotation given by MR. W. ROBERTS, for I have just come across an instance some months earlier in the New England Historic Genealogical Register (Boston), July, 1881, 'Letters of Hugh Hall to Benning Wentworth, Merchant in Boston,' dated London, July 16, 1717. The material features of the passage run thus: "I intended......to have descanted on ye Customs and Constitutions of ye Any-thingarians of this Age." I may perhaps mention that the correspondence of Hugh Hall is quite worth reading for the proverbial expressions which it supplies, as well as for its quaint language and lively pictures of the times. Indeed, some of the proverbs may be worth a place in 'N. & Q.' NOMAD. A godless acquaintance of mine, having to fill up a census paper eight years ago, entered himself under the head of religion as a Calathumpian, meaning" what you please." I have seen this word somewhere in print. Whence does it come and what does it mean? C. C. B. THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS BY EDWARD I. (7th S. v. 328, 492; vi. 57).-The following notes from 'The Annals of England,' collated with other chronological records, may possibly be of service in briefly summarizing facts respecting the Jews in this reign : "1275. A parliament held at Westminster, near the end of April (another account says October 5), when several reformatory statutes are issued; especially one to restrain the usurious practices of the Jews." Matthew of Westminster says: "That they might be distinguished from the faithful the King ordered them to wear on their outer garments a sign like a tablet, of the length of a palm." "1278. The Jews throughout England seized on one day (Nov. 12) being accused of clipping coin; 280 are hanged shortly after in London alone (? 1279) and 'a very great multitude' in other places: a number of Christians, *principally the rich citizens of London,' charged as their confederates, are allowed to ransom themselves." The king even granted letters patent to his mother forbidding them to reside on any of her estates. "1286, May 2. The Jews were all seized by order of the King, who extorted large sums of money from them to the amount of 12,000 pounds of silver." "1290. The fierce multitude of Jews' with their wives and children (another account says to the number of 15,000) and all their moveable property are ordered to leave England Aug. 31 [they had previously been banished from Gascony by the king]. The feast of All Saints (Nov. 1) was the period assigned, which they were not to exceed on pain of death.” It appears the king granted passes to the number of 16,511, and strictly forbade any injury to be done to them. "Some mariners who violated his commands by drowning a number of them at the mouth of the Thames were executed." R. W. HACKWOOD. I think that, in reference to the reply by W. S. B. H., neither of us can have looked far enough on in Milman to do justice to him; for at a later page, 262, in a note, there is :"The Act for the Expulsion of the Jews has not come down to us; we know not, therefore, the reasons alleged for the measure. Of the fact there can be no doubt (see Report on the Dignity of a Peer,' p. 180), and there are many documents relating to the event, as writs to safe conduct to the port where they were to embark." the authorities in Gloucester and York to grant them Milman, therefore, corrects his interpretation in P. 259, if it is such, and not merely a reference to The 'Report' referred to was first printed 1820-5, "Jewish tradition," at the later page, 262, note g. and was reprinted by order of the House of Commons, May 19, 1826, in 4 vols. fol. See Lowndes, p. 1817. ED. MARSHALL. NEWSPAPERS (7th S. vi. 47, 112).-I do not think there is any bibliography, other than the press guides, extant. The introduction of the newspaper press into Scotland is an historic event which is worthy of being recorded and preserved. of Cromwell's regiments during the civil wars of The institution was effected by the officers of one the seventeenth century. The troops arrived at Leith in 1652 for the purpose of garrisoning the citadel. named Christopher Higgins, for what purpose is They were accompanied by a printer not definitely known, but it is supposed he was commissioned by the officers to reprint a London daily journal, called Mercurius Politicus, for the instruction and amusement of the garrison. The first number of this reprint was issued on October 26, 1653, and in November of the following year the publication was transferred to Edinburgh, where it was continued till April 11, 1660. I have not been able to ascertain any information regarding the movements of Higgins after this date. On December 31, 1660, there appeared at Edinburgh the first number of the Mercurius Caledonius, comprising "the affairs in agitation in Scotland, In 1705 the Edinburgh Courant appeared, but ceased after an existence of five years. It reappeared, however, on December 12, 1718, under the title of the Edinburgh Evening Courant (published three times a week), and continued under that name till December 16, 1871, when it reverted to its original title, viz., the Edinburgh Courant. On February 8, 1886, it amalgamated with the Glasgow Daily News, and the combination is still published under the title of the Scottish News, a Glasgow Conservative daily. The Caledonian Mercury made its appearance on April 28, 1720, and had a successful career of considerably over one hundred years. In 1796 the Scottish Congregational Magazine was established, and this journal is still published under the name of the Scottish Congregationalist, having assumed this title in 1880. From the information I have been able to collect these appear to have been the principal Edinburgh journals published prior to the nineteenth century. There was a variety of other prints issued, but most of them certainly did not merit the title of newspaper. the parliamentary Walter Strickland, who is invariably said to have been the immediate successor of Luttrell, in reality followed Hanham, being elected in response to a writ issued in 1645. Will you allow me to point out a most satisfactory confirmation to these suggestions? In the appendix subjoined to the admirable index just issued to part i. of Parliamentary Returns, the two several writs for Minehead are brought to light-the first dated June 11, "vice Alexander Luttrell, Gent., deceased"; the other, on October 30, 1645, "vice Sir Francis Popham, Knt., deceased, and Thomas Hanham, Esq. [disabled]." The returns to these writs are not found, but there can be now no question but that in response to the writ of 1642 Thomas Hanham was elected, and that he held the seat, as before suggested, till he was included among the batch of Royalists "disabled" in January, 1644. W. D. PINK. The inference which I am inclined to draw from CHAISE-LONGUE: CHAISE-MARINE (7th S. vi. 7). the English form chaise-lounge- the Fr. chaiserather from the longue of chaise-longue than from longue is that our word lounge couch is derived the verb to lounge, though this may very likely have helped to turn longue into lounge. If my the original form of lounge. It is certain that our inference is correct, chaise-lounge was probably lounge couch almost exactly corresponds in meaning to the Fr. chaise-longue,† and may, at all events, be rendered by it. As for chaise-marine, I find it in Littré (s.v. The following are the leading journals estab-is not that of a kind of vehicle, but of a kind of "Chaise"), but the meaning which he gives to it lished at Edinburgh during the present century:-chair or seat, designed so as to counteract the rollEdinburgh Review. Liberal. 1802. Edinburgh Medical Journal. 1805. ing and pitching of a vessel. As, however, chaise in French is also used, as in English, of a kind of The Scotsman. Liberal. 1817. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Conservative. 1817. | vehicle, it is possible that the term may formerly North British Advertiser. North British Agriculturalist. 1843. 1826. Journal of Jurisprudence. 1857. Scottish Law Reporter. 1865. The Daily Review. Liberal. 1861. Extinct. The Scottish Reformer. Liberal. 1868. Extinct. Scottish Guardian, 1870. The Evening Express. Conservative. 1880. Extinct. The figures following the names are the dates of establishment. Lightcliffe, Halifax, J. E. ALLEN. THOMAS HANHAM, M.P., 1642-44 (6th S. xii. 227). Some time back I ventured to suggest that this undoubted member of the Long Parliament, but whose constituency had not been ascertained, in all probability sat for Minehead, and that he was elected in 1642 in the place of Alexander Luttrell, deceased. Furthermore, I suggested that * That is to say, if chaise-longue and chaise-lounge came into use before lounge couch. We have three words in English, sofa, couch, and lounge. Of these the first has three backs, one at each end and one on one side; the second two, one at the head and one on one side; the third one at the head only. These distinctions are still pretty accurately kept up in English, excepting that a medical couch has often one back only (at the head); and I am inclined to believe that they at one time existed also, to a certain extent, between the three corresponding words in French, viz., sofa, canapé, and chaise-longue. At any rate, Littré tells us that a sofa has three backs, and a chaise-longue one only (at one end); but he is not so explicit with regard to canapé, though from what he and Bescherelle say it may be inferred that a canapé was originally a end backs replaced by arms. At the present time sofa sofa, either without the two end backs or with the two seems to have almost entirely gone out of use in France, and to have been replaced by canapé. The consequence is that chaise longue is now used not only of couches with one back only (at the head), but also of what we call back does not usually extend the whole length of the couches (with two backs), only that perhaps the side side. |