and collars, 20d. 5 shirts, 8 handkerchiefs, a night kerchief, a collar and socks, 20d. Antony's clothes, 10d. 4 shirts, 12d. 4 shirts, 6 handkerchiefs, socks and night kerchiefs, 14d. 3 shirts, 4 handkerchiefs, and socks, 10d. 3 shirts, 5 handkerchiefs, 10d. 2 shirts, 4 handkerchiefs, 1 pair socks, and 5 sheets, 13d. 6 shirts, 6 handkerchiefs, and 1 pair socks, 19d. 4 shirts, 5 handkerchiefs, and 1 pair socks, 13d. 1 tablecloth, and 14 napkins, 14d. Total, £0, 17s. 5d.

(6) Dress.

Mending Anthony's shoes, 6d. Pair of shoes for him and mending his hose, 20d. Mr More for a pair of gloves when he went to Ratcliff, 18d. Twelve Badges (besides 16s. which his Worship paid), 20s. Pair of shoes for his Worship, 2s. 9d. 4 shirts, 6 bands, 6 pair cuffs (besides 6s. which his Worship paid), £4.

6 yds. murry satin, at 12s., £4. 1s. (whereof Cornelius, the tailor, paid 41s., namely, of Mrs Biggs, 20s., and this accountant, 20s,). 4 ells murry taffeta sarsnet to

line a doublet and canions, 15s. Three dozen of buttons, 12d. Silk to make button holes, 6d. A canopy embroidered with a train of changeable taffeta, £8. Cornelius the tailor in his bill, 80s. His man Humphrey, 12d. 3 yards of black satin at 12s. 6d. shoes, 2s. 6d. Raising a pair of shoes, 1d. a pair of shoes, 5d.

(7) Furniture and Household Stuff.

Pair of

. . Mending

His worship when he bought table-boards, £4. Two glass bottles, 2s. . . . Two chairs covered with grene, 22s.

Three dozen of trenchers, 15d. Long table cloths, 5s. Percy which he paid for cloth for a pair of sheets; two diaper cloths; 8 table napkins, etc., 40s. Three brooms, 2d. Sope, 3d. Nails for the carpenter, 4d. Taps, 1d.

Hazelden for the curtains of Wedmoll lace, rings, curtain rods, and making, 18s. 1 lb. of candles, 4d. A dozen of Pewter trencher plates, 5s. 6 spoons, 5d. An earthern salt pot, 2d. Salt, 3d. Sand to scour the pewter, 1d. Hazelden for mats and matting the great chamber and middle chamber, 4s. 6d. Looking glass, 5s. carpenter for sawing the end of a form, 2d.

(8) Sundries.

oz. of tobacco, 10d.

The

Four tobacco pipes, 2s. Ink and a glass, 2d. The Apothecary upon his bill, 8s. Gardening stuff for Cornelius the gardener, 23s. 3d. Quire of Paper, 2d. Sweetmeats at Mistress West's, 21s.

Percy which he paid for a book, 6d.

ment, 8d. A basket, 2s. 6d.

2 oz. dates, 5d.

Paper and parch

(10) Wild Darrel's Fare in London (1589).

[Darrel had bachelor apartments in a house in Warwick Lane, near Ludgate Hill, and kept a sumptuous table for himself and his friends.]

A pynt of white wyne & lemon & sugar
2 chickens

vjd.

xvjd.

32. LONDON APPRENTICES [circa 1600]

SOURCE: Stow, Survey of London. Ed. Strype. Vol. II.

The ancient habit of the apprentices of London was a flat round cap, hair close cut, narrow falling bands, coarse

side coats, close hose, cloth stockings, and other such severe apparel. When this garb had been urged by some to the disparagement of apprentices, as a token of servitude, one, many a year ago, undertaking the defence of these apprentices, wrote thus, that this imported the commendable thrift of the citizens, and was only the mark of an apprentice's vocation and calling (and which anciently, no question, was the ordinary habit of a citizen), which point of ancient discipline, he said, the grave common lawyers do still retain in their profession; for the professors of that learning, we see, do at this present retain the parti-coloured coats of serving-men at their serjeants feasts; and he wished, that the remembrance of this ancient livery might be preserved by the grave citizens, in setting apart a particular time or day for the feast of their apprenticeship, when they should wear their former apprentice's garb; making profession in this way, that they gloried in the ensigns of their honest apprenticeship.

In the time of Queen Mary, the beginning of Queen Elizabeth, as well as many years before, all apprentices wore blue cloaks in the summer, and blue gowns in the winter. But it was not lawful for any man, either servant or other, to wear their gowns lower than the calves of their legs, except they were above threescore years of age; but, the length of the cloaks being not limited, they made them down to their shoes. Their breeches and stockings were usually of white broad cloath, viz. round slops, and their stockings sewed up close thereto, as if they were all but one piece. They also wore flat caps both then and many years after, as well apprentices as journeymen and others, both at home and abroad; whom the pages of the court in derision called flat-caps.

When apprentices and journeymen attended upon their masters and mistresses in the night they went before them carrying a lanthorn and candle in their hands and a great

long club on their necks; and many well-grown sturdy apprentices used to wear long daggers in the day time on their backs or sides.

Anciently it was the general use and custom of all apprentices in London (mercers only excepted, being commonly merchants, and of better rank, as it seems) to carry water tankards, to serve their masters' houses with water, fetched either from the Thames, or the common conduits of London.

It was a great matter in former times to give £10 to bind a youth apprentice; but in King James the First's time, they gave £20, £40, £60 and sometimes £100 with an apprentice; but now these prices are vastly enhanced, to £500, £600, or £800.

33. THE EXCELLENCY OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE [circa 1600]

SOURCE: The treatise by Richard Carew (b. 1555, d. 1620), included in Camden's Remains concerning Britain.

I come now to the last and sweetest point of the sweetness of our tongue, which shall appear the more plainly, if we match it with our neighbours. The Italian is pleasant but without sinews, as a still fleeting water. The French, delicate, but even nice as a woman, scarce daring to open her lips for fear of marring her countenance. The Spanish, majestical, but fulsome, running too much on the O, and terrible like the devil in a play. The Dutch, manlike, but withal very harsh, as one ready at every word to pick a quarrel. Now we, in borrowing from them, give the strength of consonants to the Italian, the full sound of words to the French, the variety of terminations to the Spanish, and the mollifying of more vowels to the Dutch, and so (like Bees) gather the honey of their good properties and leave the dregs to themselves.