took the service books that lied in the church, and laid them upon their waine coppes to piece the same. Some took windows of the hay-leith and hid them in their hay. The church was the first thing that was put to the spoil; and then the abbot's lodging, dortor and frater, with the cloister and all the buildings thereabout within the abbey walls. ... It would have pitied any heart to see what tearing up of the lead there was and plucking up of boards and throwing down of the spars. . . . The persons that cast the lead into fodders, plucked up all the seats in the choir, wherein the monks sat when they said service-which were like to the seats in ministers-and burned them, and melted the lead therewithall, although there was wood plenty within a flight shot of them.

10. THE BIBLE AND REGISTER IN EVERY CHURCH [1538] SOURCE: Holinshed, Chronicle, Vol. III. London.

This month of September, Thomas Cromwell, lord privy seal, viceregent of the king's highness, set forth injunctions to all bishops and curates through the realm, charging them to see that in every parish church the Bible of the largest volume, printed in English, were placed for all men to read on and that a book of Register were also provided and kept in every parish church, wherein shall be written every wedding, christening, and burying within the same parish for ever.

11. THE DIVERSITIES OF EXERCISE [1540] SOURCE: Sir Thos. Elyot, The Castle of Health.

The quality of exercise is the diversity thereof, for as much as therein be many differences in moving, and also some exercise moveth more one part of the body, some another. In difference of moving, some is slow or soft, some is swift or fast, some is strong or violent, some be mixed with strength and swiftness. Strong or violent

exercises be these: delving (specially in tough clay and heavy), bearing or sustaining of heavy burdens, climbing or walking against a steep upright hill, holding a rope and climbing up thereby, hanging by the hands on anything above a man's reach, that his feet touch not the ground, standing and holding up, or spreading the arms, with the hands fast closed, and abiding so a long time. Also to hold the arms steadfast, causing another man to assay to pull them out, and notwithstanding he keepeth his arm steadfast, enforcing thereunto the sinews and muscles. Wrestling also with the arms and legs, if the persons be equal in strength, it doth exercise the one and the other; if the one be stronger, then is it to the weaker a more violent exercise. All these kinds of exercises and other like them do augment strength, and therefore they serve only for young men which be inclined, or be apt to the wars. Swift exercise without violence is, running, playing with weapons, tennis or throwing of the ball, trotting a space of ground forward and backward, going on the toes and holding up the hands also stirring up and down his arms without plummets. Vehement exercise is compounde of violent exercise and swift. When they are joined together at one time, as dancing of galiards, throwing of the balls and running after them, football play may be in the number thereof, throwing of the long dart and continuing it many times, running in harness and other like.

The moderate exercise is long walking or going a journey. The parts of the body have sundry exercises appropried unto them; as running and going is the most proper for the legs; moving of the arms up and down, or stretching them out and playing with weapons serveth most for the arms and shoulders; stooping and rising often times, or lifting great weights, taking up plummets or other like poises on the ends of staves, and in likewise lifting up in every hand a spear or morrispike by the ends, specially

crossing the hands, and to lay them down again in their places; these do exercise the back and loins. Of the bulk and lungs the proper exercise is moving of the breath in singing or crying. The entrails, which be underneath the midriff, be exercised by blowing, either by constraint or playing on shaulmes or sackbuts, or other like instruments which do require much wind. The muscles are best exercised with holding the breath in, a long time, so that he which doth exercise hath well digested his meat, and is not troubled with much wind in his body. Finally loud reading, counterfeit battle, tennis, or throwing the ball, running, walking, added to shooting, which in mine opinion, exceeds all the other, do exercise the body commodiously.

12. "THE ORNAMENTATION OF A SHIP" [1543]

SOURCE: Book of War by Sea and by Land, by Jehan Bythorne, Gunner in ordinary to the King. Published in the Naval Miscellany, Vol. I. Edited by Sir John Laughton, 1902.

On touching the ornamentation of your ship, on the outside, from the main wale in the water-line to the top of the castles, she ought to be painted in your colours and devices, as also the fore-castle and the after-castle, as splendidly as may be. And all the shields round the upper part of the castles- -as well the fore-castle as the after-castle -ought to be emblazoned with your arms and devices. And above the fore-castle, on a staff inclining forwards, you ought to have a pennon of your colours and devices; as also at the two corners of the castle. Amidships there ought to be two square banners emblazoned with your arms. On the after-castle, high above the rudder, you ought to have a large square banner, larger than any of the others. And on each side of this castle, as you face towards the mast, there ought to be five or six square banners, not so large as that above the rudder, which I have just spoken of,