uadrupeds, belonging to the order of feræ. The haracters of the dog are thefe: He has fix foreeth in the upper jaw, thofe in the fides being nger than the intermediate ones, which are lobad; in the under jaw there are likewife fix foregeth, thofe on the fides being lobated. He has grinders in the upper, and 7 in the lower jaw. The teeth called dog-teeth are 4, one on eacir fide, oth in the lower and upper jaw; they are tharpointed, bent a little inward, and ftand at a difance from any of the reft. Zoologits commony reckon 14 fpecies of this genus. Mr Robert Kerr, in his Animal Kingdom, Vol. I. enumerates 7. But zoological arrangement feems not yet to ave arrived at its utmost degree of perfection, Ar Pennant with confiderable propriety, (2s Mr Kerr remarks,) excludes all the Ilyene from this nus. Indeed to ordinary readers it must appear omewhat strange to clafs animals of fuch very ippofite natures as the fox, the wolf and the byna, under the fame genus with the dog. But uch is the prefent state of this branch of feience. Adopting Mr Kerr's arrangement in general, as ar as our lexicographical order will permit, we late the diff rent fpecies and varieties as follows: i. CANIS ADIVE, the BARBARY FOX, the CHACAL of Buffon, or the jackal adive, has a long and slender note, fharp upright ears, long buthy ail: colour, a very pale brown; space above and below the eyes, black; from behind each ear, there is a black line, which foon divides into two, which extend to the lower part of the neck; and the tail is furrounded with 3 broad rings. This fpecies is of the size of the common fox, but the limbs are thorter, and the nofe is more flender. M. de Buffon informs us, that Mr Bruce told him this animal was common in Barbary, where it was called thaleb. But Mr Pennant obferves, that Mr Bruce fhould have given it a more diftinguish ing name; for thaleb, or taaleh, is no more than the Arabic name for the common fox, which is aifo frequent in that country. ii. CANIS ANTARCTICUS, the NEW HOLLAND DOG, or Dog of New South Wales, mentioned Ly Gov. Phillips in his Voyages, is thus d-scribed by Mr Kerr, p. 136. "The tail is rathy, and hangs downwards: the ears are fhort and erect; and the muzzle is pointed. It inhabits New Hoiland; is rather lefs than 2 feet high; and about 24 in length. His head refembles that of a fox, having a pointed muzzle, garnished with whifkers, and short erect ears; the body and tail light brown; paler towards the belly, on the fides of the face and throat. The hind parts of the fore legs, the fore parts of the hind legs and all the feet are white. On the whole it is a very elegant aninral, but fierce and cruel; from which, with its figure, (fce Plate LIV.) the total want of the common voice of the dog, and from general refemblance in other refpects, it seems more properly to belong to the wolf than the dog kind." . CANIS AUREUS, the SCHACKAL, OF JACKAL as defcribed by Mr Pennant, has yellowifh brown irides; ears erect, formed like thofe of a fox, but shorter and lefs pointed: hairy with white within; brown without, tinged and dufky: head fhorter than that of a fox, and nofe blunter: lips black, and fomewhat loofe: neck and body very VOL. IV. PART II, much refembling thofe of that animal, but the body more compreffed: the legs have the fame refemblance, but are longer: tail thickeft in the middle, tapering to the point: 5 toes on the toe feet; the inner toe very fhort, and placed high: 4 toes on the hind feet; all covered with hair even to the claws. The hairs are much stiffer than thofe of a fox, but fcarcely fo fiff as thote of a wolf; fhort about the nofe; on the back, 3 inches long; on the bely fhorter: Thote at the end of the tail 4 inches long: Colour of the upper part of the body a dirty tawny; on the back, mixed with black: lower part of the body of a yellowith white: tail tipt with black; the reft of the fame colour with the back: the legs of an urmixed tawny brown; the fore legs marked (but not always) with a black spot on the knees: but on no part are thote vivid colours which could merit the title of golden, bestowed on it by Kæmp fer. The length of this animal from the note to the root of the tail is little more than 29 inches English: the tail, to the ends of the hairs rot; the tip reaching to the top of the hind legs: the height, from the space between the shoulders to the ground, rather more than 184 inches; the hind parts a little higher. This fpecies inhabits all the hot and temperate parts of Alia, india, Perfia, Arabia, Great Tartary, and about Mount Caucafus, Syria, and the Holy Land. It is found in most parts of Africa, from Earbary to the Cape of Good licpe Profeffor Gueldenftaedt, the able defcriber of this long loft animal, remarks, that the cæcum entirely agrees in form with that of a dog, and differs from that of the wolf and fox. And Mr Pennant obferves, that there is the fame agreement in the teeth with thofe of a dog; and the fame variation in them from those of the two other animals. Thefe circumftances ftren/then the opinion entertained by fome writers, that the dogs of the old world derived their origin from one or other of them. The jackals have indeed fo much the nature of dogs, as to give reasonable caufe to imagine that they are at least the chief ftock from which is fprung the various races of those domestic animals. When taken young, they grow inftantly tame; attach themselves to mankind; wag their tails; love to be firoked; diftinguith their mafters from others; will come on being called by the name given to them; will leap on the table, being encouraged to it: they drink, lapping; and make water fideways, with their leg held up. Their dung is hard: odorat anum alterius, cob.æret copula jun&us. When they fee dogs, instead of flying, they feck them, and play with them. They will eat bread eagerly; notwithstanding they are in a wild ftate carnivorous. They have a great resemblance to fome of the Calmuc dogs, which perhaps were but a few defcents removed from: the wild kinds. Our do s are probably derived from thofe reclaimed in the firft ages of the world; altered by numberless accidents into the many varieties which now appear among us. The wild schackals go in packs of 40, 50, and even two hundred, and hunt like hounds in full cry from evening to morning. They deftroy flocks and poultry, but in a lefs degree than the wolf or fox: ravage the streets of villages and gardens near towns, and will even destroy child. PPPP ren, like a dog, but much thriller, and that ch'efi- • the night: never is obferved to be sportive. W: are indebted to Mr Eric Skioldebrand, the Le Swedish conful at Algiers, for our knowkdge i this fingular animal. He never could procure b one alive, which escaped before he examined teeth: the genus is very uncertain: the form d its head and legs, and fome of its manners, de termined Mr Pennant to rank it in this genus. The which was in poffeffion of Mr Skioldebrand fa freely from the hand, and would eat bread boiled meat. Buffon has given a figure of this a nimal; but from the authority of Mr Bruce arbe to it a different place, and different manners E fays that it is found to the S. of the Palus Tro nides, in Libya; that it has fomething of the actur of the hare, and fomething of the fquirrel; and the it lives on the palm-trees, and feeds on the fram ren, if left unprotected. They will enter ftables and outhouses, and devour fkins, or any thing made of that material. They will familiarly enter a tent, and steal whatfoever they can find from the fleeping traveller. In defect of living prey, they will feed on roots and fruits; and even on the most infected carrion: they will greedily difinter the dead, and devour the putrid carcafes; for which reafon, in many countries the graves are made of a great depth. They attend caravans, and follow armies, in hopes that death will provide them a banquet. Their voice naturally is a howl. Barking, Mr Pennant obferves, is latently inherent; and in their state of nature feldom exerted but its different modifications are ⚫ adventitious, and expreffive of the new paffions and affections gained by a domeftic ftate. Their howlings and clamours in the night are dreadful, and fo loud that people can fearcely hear one another fpeak. Dellon fays, their voice is like the cries of a great many children of different ages mixed together: when one begins to howl, the whole pack join in the cry. Kampfer fays, that every now and then a fort of bark is intermixed; which confirms what is above afferted by Mr Pennant. Dellon agrees in the account of their being tamed, and entertained as domestic animals. During day they are filent. They dig burrows in the earth, in which they lie all day, and come out at night to range for prey: they hunt by the nofe, and are very quick of feent. The females breed only once a year; and go with young only 4 weeks; they bring from 6 to 8 at a time. Both Mr Gueldenftaedt and Mr Bell contradict the opinion of their being very fierce animals. This animal is vulgarly called the Lion's Provider, from an opinion that it rouzes the prey for that bad-nofed quadruped. The fact is, every creature in the foreft is fet in motion by the fearful cries of the jackals; the lion, and other beafts of rapine, by a fort of instinct, attend to the chace, and feize fuch timid animals as betake themselves to flight at the noise of this nightly pack. The jackal is defcribed by Oppian, under the name of Athefe 3 dogs, although perfectly distingirthabk a Extos, or yellow wolf; who mentions its horrible howl. It may, as M. de Buffon conjectures, be the Os of Ariftotle, who mentions it with the wolf, and fays that it has the fame internal ftructure as the wolf, which is common with congenerous animals. The Thoes of Pliny may also be a variety of the fame animal; for his account of it agrees with the modern history of the fchackal, except in the last article. See Lib. viii. c. 34. iv. CANIS CERDO, the ZERDA, has a very pointed vifage; large bright black eyes; very large ears, of a bright rofe-colour, internally lined with long hairs; the orifice fo fmall as not to be vifible, probably covered with a valve or membrace: the legs and feet are like thruft of a dog; the tail is taper: colour between a straw and pale brown. Length from nofe to tail ten inches; ears 34 in ches long; tail, fix: height not 5. It inhabits the vast defert of Saara, which extends beyond mount Atlas. It burrows in the fandy ground, which fhows the neceffity of the valves to the ears; and is fo exceffively fwift, that it is very rarely taken alive. It feeds on infects, especially locufts; fits on its rump: is very vigilant: barks V. CANIS CINEREO-ARGENTEUS, the S. LIE Fox of Louisiana, refcinbles the common fox i form, but has a most beautiful coat. The flut hairs are of a deep brown; and over them fpeis long filvery hairs, which give the animal a ver elegant appearance. They live in forefts abound ing in game, and never attempt the poultry w run at large. The woody eminences in Louition are every where pierced with their holes. vi. CANIS FAMILIARTS, the DOMESTIC, c FAITHFUL DOG, is diftinguished from the cth: fpecies by having its tail bent to the left fide which mark is fo fingular, that perhaps the t of no other quadruped is bent in this manne Of this fpecies there are a great number of vari ties. Linnæus enumerates 11; Buffon gives i gures of 27; and Mr Kerr, enumerates no fewe than 40. See Plates LA LII, LIII, and LA The maftiff is about the fize of a wolf, with th fides of the lips hanging down, and a full robu body. The large Danith dog differs only from the former in being fuller in body, and genera of a larger fize. The grey-hound is likewife th fame with the mastiff; but its make is more for der and delicate. Indeed the difference betwe first fight, is not greater than that betwixt a Dutd |