Handbook for Battery Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Power Systems

100 percent acid active materials ambient ampere-hours amperes antimony applications Attn auxiliary systems available capacity battery characteristics Battery Discharge Voltage battery system battery types cell designs cell or battery CELL TEMPERATURE cell voltage charge rates charge voltage charge/discharge charging current commercially available cost decreases deep cycle depth of discharge discharge cutoff voltage discharge rate duty cycle Effect of Temperature electric vehicle electrochemical electrochemical cell electrodes electrolyte energy efficiency fully charged gassing heat hour rate hydrogen increased installation lead-acid batteries lead-acid cell lead-antimony grids lead-calcium low rate maintenance maximum MEDIUM RATE Nickel-Iron Battery nickel-zinc Nickel-Zinc Battery operating temperature operating voltage overcharge percent depth photovoltaic power systems pocket plate cells presented redox requirements result self-discharge rate sintered plate cells sodium-sulfur battery specific gravity Stationary sulfation sulfuric acid system designer TBD TBD TBD tery tion typical VENTED NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY vented pocket plate ventilation VOLTAGE VOLTS VOLTS PER CELL water addition