the famous Italian actors, who appeared in France and England in the seventeenth century. All the actors made their first appearance in Paris, before coming over to London. Tiberio Fiurelli (not Fiorilli) was probably the Italian Scaramuccio recorded by Evelyn in his Diary (Sept. 29, 1695). Maurice Sand, in the second volume (p. 25%, of his work, says:

Tiberio Fiurelli, le plus célèbre tous les Scaramouches, laissa le masque de côté, s'enfarina le visage et, par les jeux de sa physionomie, fut le plus grand mime du monde." Il porta d'abord la culotte large, puis il prit celle qui resta traditionnelle à ce type. La ceinture a été tantôt d'étoffe de drap, comme le costume, tantôt de cuir. Les passementeries et les boutons furent tonjours de la couleur du vêtement.

There is also a portrait of Tiberio Fiurelli in the second volume of Maurice Sand's work (planche 43).

ANDREW DE TERNANT.

record that he has made a note in it that his mother preserved his caul. WM. SELF WEEKS.

Westwood Clitheroe.

The interesting note on Cauls reminds me of a curious story in one of Captain Marryatt's works, told as illustrating their efficacy. A bundle, containing among other things a caul, being accidentally dropped into the Thames could not sink, but was floated back by the tide within reach of its. owner who, inspired by faith in his amulet, I think the book was on the watch for it. is Jacob Faithful.' It would be interesting to know whether any advertisement for cauls appeared during the recent war, which was certainly a period of special danger for sea-goers. JOHN PHILIPS.

93, Philbeach Gardens, S.W.5. [For advertisements for cauls see ante p. 581.. INQUISITIONS POST MORTEM (12 S. xii. 30).

:

E. ST. J. B.

FOLK-LORE CAULS (12 S. xii. 9, 58).-I have come across a recent use of a caul as a protective amulet, but it was an animal, not a human one.

In October, 1917, a very respectable farmer in the neighbourhood of Clitheroe came into my office. I enquired for his two sons who had been serving for a considerable time in France. He told me they were both well, and had so far passed safely through all perils, and that he was expecting one of them home that day to receive the Military Medal. He went on to say that he had had three lambs born with cauls, or, as he expressed it, with veils over their faces," and that he had given each of his sons one of the cauls and had retained the other himself, and that his sons were careful always to carry the cauls with them, and he was strongly of opinion that it was owing to the protecting influence of these cauls that they had both been preserved.

I have a copy of Pettigrew's 'Medical Superstitions,' which formerly belonged to the well-known antiquary Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A., and it may be interesting to

The

ent to know that the procedure he describes with reference to the above is substantially that now followed in the Manors within the extensive Honour of Clitheroe upon the admittance of new tenants to copyholds after the death of the previous tenant. The solicitor concerned in the case drafts an inquisition setting out the particulars of the admittance to the property of the deceased tenant, together with so much of his will as is material, and the fact that he died seized of the property without having surrendered it to the uses of his will, and the document concludes with a finding by the jury that the devisee is entitled to be admitted tenant. In case of an intestacy the necessary variations would be made to suit the case. draft inquisition is then sent to the steward with the necessary documents and evidence to support the statements contained in it. If the steward is satisfied with the evidence he returns the draft with such alterations (if) any) as he may consider necessary to make it comply with the form usually adopted for such documents in his Manors. The solicitor then engrosses the inquisition, and on the Court day attends with it before the jury and reads it over, handing to the foreman the various documents necessary to prove the findings contained in it. This, in practice, is a merely formal proceeding, as the juryrely on the previous perusal by the steward. After the reading of the document the foreman signs it, but before he does so, there is

usually a bit of haggling between the solicitor and the jury, as to what fee he should pay them, and till this is settled, the foreman does not sign the inquisition. The fees thus collected by the jury are expended in paying for the court dinner, though in some of the larger courts there is usually a balance over, which in late years has frequently been given to a local hospital or other charity.

The demanding of a fee by the jury before they will give their verdict is probably quite illegal, but it is a very old practice, and is submitted to because the cost of an admittance in this way is usually less than that of a special admittance by the steward out of Court.

Westwood, Clitheroe.

WM. SELF WEEKS.

FRENCH COINAGE AND THE BIRMINGHAM MINT (12 S. x. 490).-Matthew Boulton, the proprietor of the Soho Mint, Birmingham, did not strike any French coins other than those he supplied to Monneron Frères, 1790-92. He long expected to enter into a contract with the French Government for a coinage, or instal his alternatively to patented coining presses at the Paris Mint. I believe that J. G. Droz, the Swiss engraver whom he at one time employed, erected at the Paris Mint, power-presses on Boulton's principles, which he, much to Boulton's disgust, falsely claimed to have invented.

Admiral Lord Gardner, at the date of his visit, November, 1802, would have been shown the Soho Mint in operation striking one of the numerous copper coinages executed by Boulton for the East India Company, viz., 20, 10, 5 and 1 Cash of the Madras Presidency.

ARTHUR WESTWOOD.

WHIP (NAUT.) (12 S. xi. 431; 12 S. xii. 33).-DR. MAGRATH'S information on coal-whipping may be amplified by reference to p. 243 of Henry Mayhew's 'London Labour and the London Poor,' under the heading of The Coal-heavers.' At p. 450 there is a drawing of a Gang of coal-whippers at work below bridge.' This account, however, informs us that the Thames coalwhippers did their work in perfect silence, so that nothing is heard but the friction of the ropes, the discharge of the coal from the baskets into the [weighing] machine, and from the machine into the barge.'

From Mayhew's statement (p. 246) that "There is a floating pier called a depôt

used as a receptacle for the tackle with which the colliers are unloaded, which pier is fitted up with seats where the men wait in the summer," it would appear that the 2,700 vessels which, at the time of writing (1848), were bringing coal into London, did not carry the whips aboard, but were supplied on arrival. If this was the usual practice, they could hardly be the whippes " of which DR. BRADLEY is in search. Down here (South Devon) a whip "aboard ship is a light line thrown by hand or rocket, by which the heavier and stronger rope, the hawser, is drawn ashore. It also refers to line used for " whipping" or binding a rope's end to prevent fraying or chafing. THOMAS WINDER.

this

Ovid, it is true, does not employ form of the patronymic, which apparently not found before Sidonius ('Carmen,' But Ovid calls her Schoeneis in Heroides,' xic. 15), Tardat Schoenida ter cadente pomo. xiv. 15), Tardat Schoenida ter cadente pomo. Amores,' I. vii. 13, where it is applied in error to Atalanta of Calydon. In the tenth book of the Metamorphoses,' where present story is told, Atalanta is Schoencia (1. 609), and in Tristia,' ii. 399, she is Schoencia virgo.

EDWARD BENSLY.

Our

RICHARD WHITTINGTON, HIS KNIGHTHOOD (12 S. xii._32).—Richard Whittington was mayor in 1397-8, 1406-7, and 1419-20. If he was knighted for having entertained Henry V during his third mayoralty, one would expect to find him called " eques in subsequent documents; but he is not. For example in the account of the founding of the Library of the Grey Friars of London begun in 1421 by him (which is printed by J. G. Nichols, Grey Friars Chronicle of London,' p. xiv., from the Register of that House) he is styled "venerabilis vir Rich

ardus Wyttynton mercer et maior Lond',' though Nichols calls him Sir Richard.

DICKENS'S PUNCH (12 S. xii. 31). The novelist sent his recipe to a lady friend in Jan., 1847 (Dickensian, 1905, pp. 205-206); it is as follows:--

To Make Three Pints of Punch. Peel inta a very strong common basin the rinds of three lemons, cut very thin, and with as little as possible of the white coating between the peel and the fruit, attached. Add a doublehandfull of lump sugar (good measure), a pint of old rum, and a large wine-glass full of brandy-if it be not a large claret glass, say two. Set this on fire, by filling a warm silver spoon with the spirit, lighting the contents at a wax taper, and pouring them gently in. Let it burn 3 or 4 minutes at least, stirring it from time to time. Then extinguish it by covering the basin with a tray. Then squeeze in the juice of the three lemons, and add a quart of boiling water. Stir the whole well, cover it up for 5 minutes, and stir again. At this crisis (having skimmed off the lemon pips with a spoon) you may taste. If not sweet enough, add sugar, but it will be a little sweeter later. Pour the whole into a jug, tie a leather or coarse cloth over the top to exclude the air completely and stand it in a hot oven 10 minutes or on a hot stove one of an hour. Keep it hot until it comes to table in a warm place near the fire, but not too hot. If it be intended to stand 3 or 4 hours, take half the lemon-peel out, or it will acquire a bitter taste. To produce it bright strain it into bottles through silk.

J. ARDAGH. 27, Hartismere Rd., Walham Green, S.W.6. I do not know Dickens's recipe for gin punch, but he wrote from Paris on Jan. 18, 1847, to a lady, I send you the tremendous * See Thoms' edition pp. 7, 15, 41, 91, 102, 103, 112, 119, 123, 136, 190, 191.

This is no doubt the punch which Mr. Pickwick found so much to his taste on One Tree Hill. 'Well, that certainly is most

66 6

and having drunk that glass, Mr. Pickwick took another, just to see whether there was any orange peel in the punch, because orange peel always disagreed with him; and finding there was not, Mr. Pickwick took another glass to the health of their absent friend, and then felt himself imperatively called upon to propose another in honour of the punch-compounder, unknown." T. W. TYRRELL.

St. Elmo, Sidmouth.

GEORGE I STATUES (12 S. xi. 525).—1 well remember the equestrian statue in Leicester Square, when the horse was painted white and spotted with black, and the effigy lay broken. upon the ground dismantled and There seems to be some confusion in books on Old London between the statues of George I and George II. Cunningham's Handbook has the following, under 'Leicester Square': "The equestrian statue of George II came from Canons in all likelihood erected about the year 1754 (see print in Stow,' 1754 ed.) Also under Golden Square,' the following: The statue in the centre was brought from Canons and represents, it is said, King George II." Bohn's Pictorial Handbook locates George I in Leicester Square and George II in Golden Square; also another statue of George I by Van Nost in Grosvenor Square. Referring to the latter, Cunningham says it stood on the now empty pedestal.'

6

THE STOCKS (12 S. xi. 386, 438, 472, 492, 517; xii. 38).

Kent.--At the sale in February, 1920, of the contents of Charlton House, Charlton, Kent, the property of Sir Spencer MaryonWilson, the following lot was included among the effects, "A set of old English stocks and whipping post." I saw these prior to the sale, and they seemed to be in a good state of preservation. They were, I think, undoubtedly the ancient stocks of Charlton which, according to old engravings, were once situate at a short distance from the Parish Church. I cannot say who is their present owner.

A. R. MARTIN. Lancashire-Huncoat, near Accrington. The stocks have been removed from their original position, and re-erected a few yards away, on a piece of vacant land by the roadside. The side stones are the original ones, but the woodwork has been renewed at the expense of local gentlemen, who for the protection of the whole structure have caused it to be surrounded with iron railings.

"FAMILLE VERTE " (12 S. xii. 12). This term seems to apply to Chinese porcelain only, and from Dillon's Porcelain (Methuen, 1904), it appears to have arisen in the Manchu or Tsing Dynasty (c. seventeenth century), and to be peculiar to the enamel wares of the Kang-he reign; a long account will be found commencing on p. 98. It is so called from the decoration being chiefly in green enamel, and a description of the washes used will be found in almost any book on Chinese porcelain.

ARCHIBALD SPARKE.

MRS. ORGER (12 S. xii. 52).-Mary Ann Orger, born in London on 25th February,

schools, forty years ago, it was a practice to place a delinquent in the corner of the room, and if his offence was an untruth the word Liar was written on his back and a piece of paper cut to represent a tongue pinned on the chest. Fools' caps and dunces' caps went out with the inauguration of Board Schools, for teachers disliked having their conduct canvassed before a public board.

law when he suggests an indignant parent "St. Swithin" is entirely wrong in his would "hale a teacher before the magistrate for defaming the character of his offspring. This could not be construed as an assault view of numerous decisions, would not come upon the child, and the Court of Appeal, in to the conclusion that a master had exceeded the authority delegated to him by the parent. dealing with unsatisfactory pupils, but I methods have been adopted for express no opinion as to whether they are efficient. H. PROSSER CHANTER.

"" Gentler

Whetstone, Middlesex.

LALY'S REGIMENT (12 S. xii. 32).-Biographies of Lally (spelt thus) may be found in the Biographie Universelle,' vol. xxii, p. 639, and in the 'Nouvelle Biographie Générale' vol. xxix, p. 15.

D. R. WEBSTER. The querist informs us that he has received several replies, and we therefore do not print two accounts of Lally which Mr. Archibald Sparke and Mr. Hill have been kind enough to send].

NURSERY RHYME: ORIGIN WANTED (12 S. xi. 513; xii. 58).—In 'The Cherry and the Sloe,' by Alexander Montgomerie :A cow shall teach the bar, But since ye think it easy thing To leap above the moon,

Of your own fiddle take a spring
And dance till all is done.

I quote from memory.

H. S. MONTGOMERIE.

Notes on Books.

6

may

or

English Critical Essays (XVI-XVIII Centuries). Selected and edited by Edmund D. Jones. (Oxford University Press. 2s. net). THIS is one of the best of the pleasant little volumes of the Oxford Series of the World's Classics. It contains the most important expositions we have of the principles of literary criticism as understood by poets and essayists from Sir Philip Sidney to Thomas Warton. Reading through again-as here one Sidney's Defence of Poetry,' Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy,' or Pope's Essay on Criticism,' considering anew Addison's method of judgment on Milton and on Chevy Chase' Johnson's dealings with Dryden and Gray, the reader will not be more struck by the manly vigour which English criticism displays as its tradition expands and deepens through these centuries than by the manifold differences between these critics and those of to-day. We have gained something-nay, much; but perhaps we have travelled far enough in direction to make some redressing desirable. Much of our criticism uses an author's work as clue or data for making interpretations of the author's own capacities and character; and again lays heavy stress on the direct conformability of literature to life. Both these modes of interpretation are necessary to the perfection of criticism as а whole both afford enticing opportunity for the exercise of wit and cleverness. But, in their favour, the

one

philosophic, constructive and theoretic aspects of literature-the larger impersonal aspects been somewhat neglected. This little book is which chiefly engaged the older critics-have most handy for a coat-pocket, and contains great wealth within its covers. A re-meditation of familiar but perhaps quiescent ideas on a walk or a journey might be profitable as well as refreshing.

Essays and Studies by Members of The English Association. Vol. viii. Collected by G. C. Moore Smith. (Oxford, Clarendon Press. 7s. 6d. net).

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PROFESSOR MOORE SMITH has here brought together a very interesting group of Essays. Mr. John S. Smart examines the two main theories of Tragedy-that which refers it to destiny or fortune, and that which makes character its essence. He has not much difficulty in showing that each is inadequate if used as exclusive explanation, and he lays stress on the element of mystery. He concludes that the pleasure a tragedy excites comes chiefly from admiration of it as a work of art-" There is all the difference in the world between literature and life, and they cannot be judged by the same standards." His remarks provoke reflection on the relation between tragedy and the effect of great calamities-heard of, but_not_experienced-upon the mind. Mr. G. B. Grundy contributes a paper of considerable importance on the meaning of about sixty terms found in the Anglo-Saxon Charters. The notes on del," cistel," bæc," "floda and leah may be mentioned as examples. The Felon Sew of Rokeby is well worth having. Mr. Cowling's text is based on a transcript made in the early eighteenth century, collated with other versions. Scott's edition of it in the notes to Rokeby' stands close criticism exceedingly well. Mr. Hamilton Thompson's study, The Mystical Element in English Poetry' is a delicate and delightful piece of work, marked especially by discrimination. He perceives that neither the adhesion to definite dogma, nor the consciousness of mystery about us is mysticism, and their expression does not constitute a mystical element in poetry. Writers on this subject are apt to grow confused. In Romanticism in the Modern World,' Dr. Herford is dealing with the recent American reaction against the conventional lawlessness of literature and art. The reaction is timely and salutary, but-as it might be expected-goes too far. The true mean is perhaps more difficult to state than to apprehend: Dr. Herford's study should be welcome as, for the present exigency, a successful statement. Mr. W. P. Ker's sympathetic paper on Hazlitt contains a number of excellent illustrative quotations, which should send some readers to an author to whom, perhaps, less than justice is commonly done. By no means the least interesting of these papers is the last, English Grammar and Grammars,' by Mr. R. B. McKerrow, whose views have been formed in the course of teaching English in Japan. It is especially good on the tenses of verbs and the force of auxiliaries.