A

ABRASION test, road-stone (132), 96; Mr.

E. J. Lovegrove's dry and wet, 97;
Lovegrove's machine for, 97.
Absorption test, road-stone (134), 101.
Abutments and piers (96), 79; thickness
of (97, 98), 80.

Adamant slabs, concrete, for paving foot-
ways (583), 394.
Administration des Ponts et Chaussées,

France, road-stones, comparative nu-
merical value of quality (137), 103.
Advantages of breaking macadam by
machinery (243), 183; of steam road
rolling (296), 220; of team haulage
(277), 208.

Air, resistance of (1), 29.

'Alcatraz' pavement used in Glasgow (497),
354.

Altered conditions of trade and traffic,
effect on race of macadam hand-breakers
(241), 182.

Amount of rolling necessary in consoli-
dating metalling (382), 274; of work
performed by working parts, and cost
of renewals, Baxter's stone-breakers
(269), 203.

Annexe for storing detonators (232), 179.
Appian Way-Roman roads, 3.
Arbroath pavement for footways (570),

389.

Arched culverts (77), 71; small convexity

(78), 71; semicircular (79), 71; stones,
depth of (81), 71; bridges (99), 80;
depth of stone (100), 80; depth of brick
(101), 81.

Archer's stone-breaker (251, 252), 187.
Arrangements for blasting, final (211),
163; of stone-breaking machines (244),
184.

Ashton-upon-Lyne, Town Council's recom-
mendation as to traction-engines (18),
40.

Asphalte pavements, sources of supply,
contour and gradients, foundations,

natural bituminous rock, Trinidad as-
phalte, binder course, wearing surface,
method of applying and finishing (483-
494), 348-353; advantages of (498), 354,
355; best for carriageways, slipperiness
(499), 355; repairs (500), 355; life of
(501), 355, 356; first cost and annual
cost of maintenance (502), 356; cost at
present in London, cost of annual
repairs (503), 356, 357, 358.
Asphaltic wood pavement (453), 325;
pavements for footways (574-576), 390.
Australian and other hard woods for paving
carriageways (465), 331.

Aveling & Porter's 15-ton steam rollers
(295, 297), 217, 220.

Axles of vehicles, friction of (1), 28.

B

BALANCING earthworks (40), 53.
Basalt (122), 93.

Baxter's stone-breakers (259), 191; 16" x
9" combined portable, stone-breaking,
automatic screening and loading
machine, description of working parts
(260), 191-194; lifting and lowering
arrangement for top screen applied to
(261), 194, 195; elevator belt and
buckets (262), 196.

Bêton, foundations (427), 309.
Binding properties of road-stone (130), 96;

material in connection with steam.
rolling (303, 381), 226, 273; best results
obtained by using small quantities of
(305), 227.

Bitumen and crushed granite pavement
(496), 353.

Bituminous concrete (428), 310.
Blake's stone-breaker introduced into
England (248), 185; original stone-
breaker, description of (250), 186;
Marsden stone-breaker (257), 190.
Blasting (189), 144; claying bore-holes
(166), 117; agents, gunpowder and high-

grade (190, 191), 144; nitro-compound
explosives (192), 144; effects of (192),
145; determining the charge with
examples (196), 147; shot-holes fired
with straw and safety fuse (199), 152,
153; detonators and safety fuse (199),
153; electrical detonators for firing the
shot-holes (200), 153; and their compo-
sition (200), 155; how detonators are
inserted in primers and placed in bore-
holes (201), 155; several detonators
sometimes used in firing one charge
(202), 155; tamping the shot-holes
(203), 155; damage to wires (203), 156;
form of tamping-rod sometimes used
(203), 156, 157; nature of an explosion
of nitro-compounds (204), 157; con-
necting the shot-hole wires (205), 158;
circuits, different methods of connecting
up, series, parallel, and series and
parallel (206), 158, 159; connecting to
cables and blasting machine (207), 160;
firing and blasting machines, Siemens,
Rackbar (Smith's), Crescent, Victor
(208, 209), 160-162; final arrangements
for (211), 163; volley-firers (Smith &
Co.) (213), 164; misfires (214), 164;
recording charging operations (215),
165; cost of working rock drills (217),
167; of explosives (218), 168; and of
detonators (220), 169.

Blue lias for paving footways (573), 389.
Bomford's scarifier (Eddison & De Mattos)
(328), 240.

Bore-holes, position of, (183), 133; con-
ditions to be observed, 134; vertical,
inclined and horizontal, 135; size and
depth (187), 139; pump (sand), 140.
Boring the shot-holes (187), 138.
Boulder or cobblestone pavements (417),
303.

Boulton's flexible wheel for traction or
road-engines (18), 39, 40.
Breast walls (70), 68.

Brick pavements, tried in Liverpool and
London, characteristics, preparation,
tests, absorption and abrasion, size of
bricks, foundations, laying, specification
for brick paving in Indianopolis, U.S.A.,
advantages and defects of, cost of (504-
518), 359-365.

Bricks or tiles for paving footways (584),
394.

Bridges (84), 73; materials used in
building (85), 74; selecting site for (86),
74; waterway of rivers (87), 74; brick
arches (101), 81; timber (108), 84; iron
and steel superstructures, cast iron
beams and jack-arching, steel trough
decking (109-110), 86-87.
British roads, early, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Broadbent's stone-breaker (258), 190.
Burrell and Rutty's road-breaking machine
(325), 239.

с

CAITHNESS flags, for paving footways
(568), 388, 389.
Carriageways, early, materials now used
for, when more suitable material than
macadam should be used, selection of
suitable material for (412-414), 300,
301; essentials which good pavements
should possess (415), 301; traction on
different kinds of material (416), 302;
boulder or cobblestone pavement (417),
303; cubed granite or setts for (418),
303, 304; 'Euston' pavement (419), 304;
width of carriageways (420), 305; con-
gestion of street traffic (421), 305;
gradients and contour (422), 305, 306;
contour adopted in Liverpool (422) 306;
difficulties in obtaining uniform gradi-
ents under certain conditions (423),
306; formation of (424), 307; founda-
tions and preparation of, Portland
cement concrete, bêton (425), 307;
bituminous concrete, hand set rubble,
macadam, gravel and cinders (425, 430),
307, 311; pitched pavements, size of
stones used, jointing, bituminous grout,
cement grout, joints made with sand
(431-434), 312-314; advantages and
objections to pitched pavements (435,
436), 315; quality of setts, and sources
of supply (437), 316; setts supplied
from the continent (438), 317; cost of
pitched pavements, foundations (439),
317; of paving setts per ton, in different
towns, and cost of joint filling (441),
318; annual maintenance (442), 319;
annual cost of cleansing (443), 319;
life and annual cost of granite sett
pavements in London and provincial
towns (444, 445), 319, 322; wood
pavement, first laid in London, used
in Russia and New York, Australian
hard woods (446), 323; wood pave-
ments, practically noiseless (447),
323; Stead's wood pavement, De
Lisle's, Carey's improved wood, Ligno-
mineral, asphaltic, Henson's, Mow-
lem's, Duffy's and other patented
systems (448-456), 323-327; gradients
of wood pavement (458), 327; contour
of wood pavement (459), 327; method
of constructing foundations, fixing levels,
lath-templates (460), 327, 328; wood,
soft, treatment of, comparative expan-
sion of plain and creosoted, comparative
expansion of in Piccadilly and Regent
Streets, London (462), 328, 329; cre-
osoting soft woods (463), 330; life of
soft wood paving in the Strand, and at
Charing Cross, London (464), 331;
method of laying and jointing hard woods
in this country (465-469), 331, 334; in
Sydney, New South Wales (470), 334;

pitch joints elastic, cement rigid (471),
334; advantage of cement grout under
certain circumstances (472), 334; effect
of cement grout on timber (473), 334;
as observed in Sydney, New South Wales
(473), 335; pitch grout jointing, blocks
can be laid with close joints (474), 335;
expansion of the blocks, equalized by
elasticity of joints (475), 336; expan-
sion joints (476), 336; merits and de-
merits of wood pavements with wide
joints (476), 336; relative lifetime of
soft and hard wood pavements in Sydney,
New South Wales (478), 337, 338;
observations as to wear of hard wood
pavements in Lambeth and St Pancras
districts, also as to wear of soft wood
blocks at West Strand Post Office,
Strand, London (479), 338-341; classi-
fied table of traffic and wear on soft
wood paving (480), 341, 342; cost of
wood pavements and particulars as to
cost of hard wood pavements in Lambeth
district, London (481), 342; cost of
wood pavements, 342, 343; table giving
particulars as to description of founda-
tion, class of wood employed, methods
of laying and forming the joints, cost
and annual amount of repairs, and the
life service of the pavement, in the
principal cities and towns of the king-
dom, 344, 345; average lifetime of
soft and hard wood pavements in Lon-
don, and the relative wear and cost
during life service; table showing aver-
age annual cost of repayment of loan
at 3 per cent., spread over period of
duration of wood for 1 mile of road-
way 40 feet wide (482), 346, 347;
asphalte rock pavements, introduced
into London, and sources of supply
(483), 348; Trinidad asphalte much
used in Canada and U.S.A. (484), 348;
characteristics of rock and Trinidad
asphaltes laid as compressed pavements
(485), 348, 349; contour and gradients
(486), 349; foundations (487), 349;
rock asphalte and Trinidad asphalte
now only used in compressed form for
carriageways (488), 349; natural rock,
composition of (489), 350; conditions
as to laying (490), 350; spreading the
asphalte powder (491), 350; Trinidad
asphalte, also used on old carriageway
foundations, manufacture, ingredients,
composition (492), 351, 352; Trinidad,
thickness to which laid, binder course
(493), 352; wearing surface, method of
applying and finishing surface and
number of square yards which 1 cubic
yard will cover at varying thicknesses
(494), 353; different combinations used
(495), 353; bitumen and crushed granite
pavement tried in U.S.A. and Paris

(496), 353; 'Alcatraz' tried in Glasgow
(497), 354; asphalte pavements, advan
tages of (498), 354, 355; best for
carriageway pavements with one excep-
tion (499), 355; repairs (500), 355;
actual life of (501), 355, 356; first cost
and maintenance by contract in Cheap-
side and other thoroughfares, London
(502), 356, 357; present cost per square
yard of Val de Travers, Limmer, and
Trinidad in London (503), 356; brick
pavements (504), 359; Tees scoria'
bricks in Liverpool, bricks in London
(505), 359; characteristics which bricks
should possess (506), 359; methods of
preparing the clay (507), 360; absorp-
tion test (508), 361; abrasion test (509),
361; crushing test (510), 361; size of
bricks (511), 362; foundations (512),
362; laying (513), 362; grouting the
joints (514), 362; specification for
brick paving adopted by the Indian-
opolis Board of Public Works, U.S.A.
(515), 363-365; advantages and defects
of (516), 365; life of (517), 365; cost
of in U.S.A., and probable cost in
this country (518), 365; M'Dougall's
pavement (519), 366; cork pavement
(520), 366; sanitary block pavement
(521), 367; tar macadam (522), 367;
seasoning or refining the tar (523),
367;

materials composing aggregate
(524), 368; methods of drying the
stones and mixing the matrix (525, 526),
368; quantity of tar cement used
depending on the nature of the stones
composing the bulk, proportions suitable
(527), 368; method of laying and
durability (528), 369; cost of laying,
details (529), 370; where used in Eng-
land and Scotland (530), 370, 371;
macadamized roadways (531), 371;
life of (532), 371; cost of construction,
annual cost of repairs in London and
other cities (533), 371-372; pavements,
conclusions as to, traffic and sanitary
conditions, durability, asphalte an ideal
pavement, comparative safety or slipperi-
ness on different pavements, observa-
tions by G. W. Haywood and Captain
Greene, table showing comparison of
merits and objections of different descrip-
tions of pavements by H. Percy Boul-
nois, street traffic records in different
parts of London, form of record table for
street traffic (534-549), 372-381; most
suitable material for (612), 415; con-
gestion of traffic on (613), 415-420.
Cast iron beams and jack-arching for
bridges (109), 86.

Cement concrete kerbs (553), 383.
Centering for culverts and bridges (104),
82; wedges and striking blocks for
(105), 83.

Centre line of new roads, staking out (35),
47.

Centres for arches of bridge over River
Don and London Bridge (106), 84.
Channels (557), 384; gradients (558),
385; raised at crossings and inter-
sections of streets (559), 385.
Charging the shot-holes (199), 151; re-
cording the operations (215), 165.
Churn-drilling (163), 116.

Circuits, different methods of connecting
up (206), 158.

Clearing out bore-holes (164), 116, 117.
Close fences and snowstorms (113), 89.
Coffer-dams (95), 77.

Collision, wheels of vehicles on road sur-
faces (1), 28.

Comparative trials of rock drills (182),

132.

Comparison of cost of the two methods of
quarrying (228), 174.

Composition of high-grade explosives (192),
144; a road crust (368), 265; Codring-
ton's experiments (369), 265.
Conclusions as to the use of different
descriptions of pavements of carriage-
ways (534), 372.

Concrete paving for footways,

Stuart's

imperial stone, Victoria stone, adamant
stone, Jones's annealed stone, Ran-
some's stone, ferrumite stone, Bucknell's
granite breccia, Guernsey granite con-
crete slabs (579-582), 391-393.
Condition of roads in the north of England
in 1770, 10.

Conditions and peculiarities of high-grade
explosives (194), 145.

Congestion of traffic in thoroughfares (613),
415-420.

Conical wheels (11), 35.

Connecting the shot-hole wires, blasting

(205), 158; to cables and terminals of
blasting machine (207), 160.
Considerations to be observed as to
hauling metalling (284), 213.
Consolidation of embankments (48), 55.
Construction of new and the maintenance
of existing roads (342-411), 249-299;
of roads, Telford's system, Macadam's
system, advantages and defects of
both, effect of subsoils and methods
adopted at the present time, width of
roads, contour and minimum gradients,
details of construction, cost of rolling
bottoming (343-356), 249-258.
Cork paving for footways (586), 394, 395.
Cost of steel trough decking and brick-
arches compared (111), 87; of work-
ing rock drills (217), 167;
plosives (218), 168; electrical detona-
tors (220), 169; quarrying by manual
labour (227), 173, 174; of the two
methods compared (228), 174; machine
drilling plant (229), 175; of hand-

ex-

breaking macadam (239), 181; sup:
plying metalling per ton, by manual
labour (240), 182; of breaking mac-
adam by machinery (267), 200-202;
of haulage, method of arriving at
(274), 207; of team haulage (276), 208;
steam road rolling (302), 224; steam.
rollers and accessories (311), 230; work-
ing Rutty's scarifier (337), 244; working
Morrison's scarifier (339), 247; scarify-
ing by hand and machine compared
(341), 248; road maintenance (361),
261; probable method of arriving at the,
of repairing roads (390), 278; of light
repairs on roads (391), 284; maintenance
of roads, comparisons of, in relation to
cost of materials, and systems adopted
(611), 412, 413; per mile, with other
relative figures in different counties in
England and Scotland; "Grant in
Aid," &c., total mileage and cost of
maintenance of the main roads in Great
Britain (612), 413-415.
Counterforts (68), 67.

Country districts, footpaths situated on
(588), 395.

County Councils, authority to make by-
laws as to width of tire and weights
carried by vehicles (13), 36.

Crescent blasting machine (209), 162.
Cross section of English road about 1809,
10; for new roads (32), 45; mitre drains
(61), 60.

Crosta's surface water gully (562), 386.
Crushing test, road stone (136), 102.

Culverts (71), 68; waterway of (72), 68;
materials used in building, stone, salt-
glazed pipes, pipes and concrete, and
iron pipes (73-76), 69-71; arched (77),
71; various forms (82), 71-73; catch-
pits on upper side of (83), 73.

Curves, vertical, in laying out roads (35),

47.

Cuttings, rock (44), 54; drains in (63),

62.

Cylinder and caisson foundations (95), 78.
Cylindrical inch, as applied to calculating
the drilling of bore-holes (167), 118;
inches bored in one hour by mechanical
drills (188), 142.

D

DANGEROUS places, protecting (112), 88.
De Lisle's wood pavement (449), 324.
Depth of arch stones (100), 80.
Determining the charge in blasting rock
(196), 147.
Detonators for safety fuse (199), 153;
electrical slot, bridge and incandescent
(200), 153; composition of (200), 155;
how placed in primers and shot-holes
(201), 155; several used, at times, in
one charge (202), 155; electrical, cost of

:

(220), 169; annexe for storing (223),
179.

Diabase (123), 93.

Different explosives in relation to wet bore-
holes (193), 145.

Dimension stones, quarrying for (186), 137.
Diorite (121), 92.

Direction boards and mile-stones (410),
299.

Dished, or slightly conical form of wheel
(11), 35.

Distribution of different sizes of macadam
(245), 184.

Ditches, side, formed before commencing
earth works (57), 59.

Drain pipes, partially surrounded with
clay (56), 59; in cuttings (63), 62.
Drainage of slopes (55), 58; of subsoil (59),
60; of embankments (62), 62.
Drilling-tools broken in bore-hole, remov-
ing of (165), 117; machines, hand power
(170), 120; different types (171), 120;
requirements of (André) (171), 120;
Ingersoll Sergeant' (175), 122;
'Hirnant' (176), 126; cost of working
(217), 167; cost of plant (229), 175.
Drill-bits, machine (179), 130; wings for,
in seamy rock (179), 131; tempering
(180), 131.

Drop test for road-stones (133), 100.
Duffy's wood pavement (456), 326.
Durability of road-stones (141), 105.
Dynamometer applied to horse-traction (5),

31.

E

EARTHWORKS, equalizing (40), 53; cubical
contents (54), 58.

Economy in the maintenance of roads
secured by using the best materials pro-
curable (394), 289.

Eddison and De Matto's scarifier (Bomford's)
(328), 240.

Edgeworth, essay on the construction of
roads and carriages by, 14.

Effect of an undrained subsoil on a road
covering (60), 60; the introduction of
railways on the Turnpike system, 26;
of springs on vehicles (20), 41.
Embankments (47), 55; consolidating (48),
55; on side-long ground (49), 55; and
the retaining walls required (50), 56;
drainage of (62), 62; formed over bridges
and culverts (103), 82.
Engine shed and store (404), 295.
Equalizing earthworks (40), 53.
Estimates and expenditure, annual, of road
repairs (411), 299.

Examples of quarrying, taken from actual
practice (185), 136; of charging and
blasting (196-198), 147-151; of arrang-
ing rolling operations (378), 270.
Excelsior stone-breaker (Hope's) (254), 187.

Excessive weight on wheels (19), 41.
Expansion joints, wood pavements (476),
336.

Experiments by Morin, results of resist-
ance of traction of vehicles (3), 30; by
Sir J. Macneill on the tractive forces re-
quired on macadamized and other de-
scriptions of roads (4), 30; carried out
with horse dynamometer (5), 31.
'Explosives Act,' excerpt from (230-234),
175-179.

Explosives store, description of (231),
176; construction of (231), 177, 178;
cost of erection (233), 179; different
explosives in relation to wet bore-holes
(193), 145; conditions and particulars
of high-grade explosives (194), 145;
storing of (230), 175.

Extended powers of County Councils con-
ferred by the Local Government Acts,'

27.

Extent of ground required, and half-widths
in constructing new roads (52), 58.
External forces affecting the motion of
vehicles (1), 28.

F

FIRECLAY brick kerbs (554), 383.
Firing or blasting machines (208), 160.
Flints (128), 94.

Footpaths, country (409), 298.
Footways, kerbs, channels, gullies, paving
materials for footways (550), 382; kerbs:
stone, cement concrete, fireclay brick,
cast and wrought iron (551-555), 382-
384; channels (557), 384; raised at
crossings and intersection of streets (559),
385; gradients of (558), 385; gullies, 3;
essential points necessary in (560), 385;
Sykes' stoneware and iron (561), 385;
Crosta's surface-water (562), 386; other
descriptions (563), 386; gully pits, illus-
tration of form used in Liverpool (564),
387; width and cross fall of (565),
388; qualities which paving materials
should possess, and different descriptions
of material used (566), 388; good founda-
tion indispensable (567), 388; natural
stones used for paving, Caithness flags
considered best (568), 388; Yorkshire
flags (569), 389; Arbroath pavement
(570), 389; laying natural stones, and
life service of the above paving materials
(571, 572), 389; other natural stones
made use of (573), 389; asphaltic pave-
ments (574), 389; Trinidad asphalte
(575), 390; rock asphalte (576), 390;
tar concrete pavement (577, 578), 390,
391; concrete paving (579), 391; Stuart's
granolithic in situ pavement (580), 392;
objections to (581), 393; concrete slabs
(582), 393; adamant slabs (583), 394;
bricks or tiles (584), 394; used in U.S. A.