Distance and Space: A Geographical Perspective

areal units associated attributes backcloth BIRMINGHAM Chapter city centre coefficient cognitive distance cognitive mapping cognitive space concept configuration consider constructed coordinates denotes dimensionality dimensions dissimilarity Disyonicha ecology economic space Empire State Building empirical environment environmental Euclidean distance Euclidean space example flows Forer functional Galerucella geographical distance geographical space geometry Golledge graph graph theory graphical HOLYHEAD indicate individuals industrial instance intra-urban landmarks LEICESTER locations London Manchester Maryland yellowthroat matrix measure metric space Metropolitan Opera House modified from Figure multidimensional scaling niche overlap non-metric obtained pairs physical distance places Pontania problem proximities Q-analysis q-connectivities Rana pipiens Redwinged blackbird relation defined relationship representation respondents route sectors set of objects similar simplex social distance social groups social space species Spiders structure suggests Table taxicab metric theory tion Tobler towns transformation transport triangle inequality two-dimensional urban variables visual yields zones