Reflections on Arab-led Slavery of Africans

African Afrique America Arab Atlantic Bedouin Berbères black Africans C'est called captives castration cause Christian colonial Conference continued countries cultural d'esclaves dans les descendants deux Durban economic enslavement esclavagistes esclaves été ethnic eunuchs existence exploitation exported fact fait female forces forms groups Haratine human rights important institution Islamic issue l'Afrique l'esclavage Lake Nyasa langue leaders leur living maître Mali master Mauritania means Middle East monde Muslim musulmans noirs North nous origin Ottoman Palestinians Paris pays period peut plantation political politique population ports position practice present production qu'il question racial racisme Red Sea region relations reported responsible role routes siècle situation slave trade slavery social société societies Songhay sont sources South status struggle Sudan traite United vers victims villages West women World