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EXPLANATION

OF THE CHARACTERS USED IN THIS WORK.

= SIGNIFIES equality, or equal to : as, 20 fhillings 1 pound : that is, zo fhillings are equal to 1 pound.

+ Signifies more, or addition: as 6+6=12, that is, 6 added to 6 is equal to 12.

Signifies lefs, or fubtraction; as, 6-24; that is, 6 less 2 is equal to 4.

X Signifies multiplication; as 6X2=12; that is, 6 multiplied by 2 is equal to 12.

Signifies divifion; as 6-2=3; that is, 6 divided by 2 is equal to 3. Divifion is fometimes expreffed by placing the numbers like a fraction, the upper figure being the dividend and the lower the divifor thus, 5=9; that is 54 divided by 6 is equal to 9.

::::Proportion; as, 3 : 6 :: 9 : 18; that is, as 3 is to 6, so is 9 to 18.

✔ Prefixed to any number, fignifies that the fquare root of that number is required.

ERRATA.

Page 109, queft. 25, for 296 read 196.

113, 4th line in 6th parag, for 1795 read 1785%
144, queft. 7, after £.24 13 11 read Sterling.
159, queft. 2, for 7261 read 7621.

193, queft. 1, for 163 Ativers read 16.

H

ARITHMETIC.

ARITHMETIC is the art of computing by numbers, and has five principal rules for this purpose, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Divifion.

NUMERATION

Teacheth to exprefs any propofed number by these ten characters, 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9-0 is called a cypher, and the reft figures or digits. The relative value of which depends upon the place they stand in, when joined together, beginning at the right hand as in the following

TABLE.

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Though the table confifts of only nine places, yet it may be extended to more places at pleasure; as, after hundreds of millions, read thousands of millions, ten thousands of millions, hundred thoufands of millions, then millions of millions, &c.

TO WRITE NUMBERS.

RULE. Write down the figures as their values are expreffed, and fupply any deficiency in the order with cyphers.

EXAMPLES.

Write down in proper figures the following numbers,

Twenty-nine,

Two hundred and forty-feven,

C

Seven thousand nine hundred and one,

Eighty-four thoufand three hundred and twenty-nine,
Nine hundred and two thoufand fix hundred and fifteen,
Eighty-nine millions and ninety,

Four millions four hundred thousand and forty,

Nine hundred and nine millions nine hundred and ninety,
Seventy millions seventy thousand and seventy.

Eleven thousand eleven hundred

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Fourteen thousand fourteen

hundred and fourteen.

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12III

To exprefs in words any number propofed in figures. RULE. To the fimple value of each figure, join the name of its place, beginning at the left hand and reading towards the right.

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Teacheth to collect numbers of the fame denomination into one fum.

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As the mercantile method of proving addition is to reckon downwards, as well as upwards, the fums of which will be equal when the addition is just; two spaces are left for the work.

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