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FOCUS OF THE HYBERBOLA, a point in the principal axis, within the opposite hyperbolas; from which if any two right lines are drawn, meeting in either of the opposite hyperbolas, the difference will be equal to the principal axis. FODDER, n. s. & v. a. ) Sax. Foðne, foder, FODDERER,. n. S. S from Fod, food. Dry food stored up for cattle against winter. To feed with dry food; he who fodders cattle.

Being not to be raised without wintering, they will help to force men into improvement of land by a necessity of fodder. Temple. Of grass and fodder thou defraudest the dams, And of their mother's dugs the starving lambs. Dryden's Virgil.

From winter keep

Well foddered in the stalls, thy tender sheep. Id. Natural earth is taken from just under the turf of the best pasture ground, in a place that has been well foddered on. Evelyn.

FODDER, in agriculture, all such substances as hay, straw, haulm, &c., which are kept for the winter food of cattle. In the giving of fodder to all sorts of animals, care should be taken that it is not wasted by their having too much, or by its not being well put into racks or cribs, which should be sufficiently numerous. Where these points are not properly attended to, there must be great loss, not only by the fodder being littered about the yard, but from many of the more weak cattle not getting the quantity of food that may be necessary for their support. In respect to racks, those of the staddling and basket kinds are best for foddering, if made strong enough, that is, so as not to be overturned; for these racks may be lifted up as the dung rises in the yard, which those fixed in the ground

cannot be.

FOE, n. s. ? Sax. fah; Goth fegu; old FOE MAN. Teut. fian, to haste. One that bears hatred and malice against another. Enemy is not properly the synonyme of foe. Enemy, inimicus, Lat. merely signifies one that is unfriendly. Foe implies deadly aversion. Crabbe well observes, 'An enemy is not so formidable as a for; the former may be reconciled; but the latter remains always deadly. An enemy may be so in spirit, in action, or in relation; a foe is always so in spirit, if not in action likewise; a man may be an enemy to himself, though not a foe. These distinctions, however, are not strictly regarded even by our best writers. For foe is often used to denote an enemy in war,-an enemy in common life; a persecutor; an opponent; an il. wisher. Foeman is obsolete, except in poetry, where it is often introduced instead of

foe, to eke out the number of feet.

To these gret conquerours two, Fortune was first a friend and sith a a fo.

Chaucer. The Monkes Tale.

his fomen made a feste upon a day,
And made him as hir fool before hem pleye,
And this was in a temple of gret array :-
But, at the last, he made a foule affray,

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FOENUS NAUTICUM. Where money was lent to a merchant, to be employed in a beneficial trade upon condition to be repaid, with extraordinary interest, in case such voyage was safely performed, the agreement was sometimes called fanus nauticum, sometimes usura maritima. But, as this gave an opening for usurious contracts, 19 Geo. II. cap. 37 enacts, that all money lent on bottomry, on vessels bound to or from the East Indies, shall be expressly lent only upon the ship or merchandise: the lender to have the benefit of salvage, &c. See BOTTOMRY.

Blackstone.

FESIUS (Anulius), a learned physician of Paris, born at Mentz in 1528. He published a translation of Galen's Commentaries upon the second book of Hippocrates, under the title of Hippocratis Coi Liber secundus de morbis vulgaribus, difficillimus et pulcherrimus: olim à Galeno Commentariis illustratus qui temporis injuriâ interciderunt; nunc vero penè in integrum restitutus Commentariis sex, et Latinitate donatus, 8vo. In the following year he published a pharmacopoeia, in order to fix the regular formulæ and the particular medicines to be used by the apothecaries of Mentz: its title was, Pharmacopeia Medicamentorum omnium, quæ hodie ad publica medentium munia in officinis extant, tractationem et usum ex antiquorum Medicorum præscripto continens; Basilea, 1561, 8vo. His constant meditations on the works of Hippocrates led him to arrange, in alphabetical order, all the terms which contributed to occasion any doubt or obscurity in the perusal of this ancient writer, under the title of Economia Hippocratis. After prac ising physic a long time with great reputation

at Lorrain and other places, he died in the year 1526.

FŒTIDIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the icosandria class and monogynia order: CAL. superior, four-cleft; con. none: CAPS, woody: four-celled: the cells one or two-seeded. Species, one only; atree of Mauritius, with one-flowered terminal peduncles.

FŒETOR NARIUM (stench of the nostrils), a sort of disease arising from a deep ulcer within the nose, yielding a fetid smell, and remarkable as one of the causes for which marriage might formerly be annulled.

FOETUS, n. s. Lat. fatus, from foveo, to cherish; Fr. fetus. Both signify the thing cherished. It refers to what is formed in the womb of the mother: it differs from embryo, though it is applied to the same substance. Embryo is the first germ of conception; fortus the same germ advanced to maturity of formation.

A firtus, in the mother's worin, differs not much from the state of a vegetable. Locke.

FETUS, the young of all viviparous animals whilst in the womb, and of oviparous animals before being hatched. The name is transferred by botanists to the embryos of vegetables. Till the young is perfectly formed, it is more properly called EMBRYO. See ANATOMY, and MIDWIFERY. In the human fatus there exist several peculiarities not to be found in the adult: 1. The arteries of the naval string, which are continuations of the hypogastries, are after the birth shrivelled up, and form the lower umbilical ligament. 2. The vems of the navel-string are formed by the union of all the venous branches in the placenta; and, passing into the abdomen, become the falciform ligament of the liver. 3. The lungs, before being inflated with air, are compact and heavy; but after one inspiration they become light, and as it were Spongy; and it may be noted here, that the

notion of the lungs sinking in water before the child breathes, and of their swimming after the reception of air, are no certain proofs that the child had or had not breathed, much less that it was murdered: for the uninflated lungs become specifically lighter than water, as soon as any degree of putrefaction takes place in them, and this soon happens after the death of the child: besides, where the utmost care has been taken to preserve the child, it has breathed once or twice, and then died. 6. The thymus gland is very large in the fatus, but dwindles away in proportion as years advance. 7. The foramen ovale in the heart of a foetus is generally closed in an adult.

FUS, PETRIFIED. Bartholine, Pare, Licetus, and many other writers, give an account of a petrified foetus. The child which they describe, is kept as a great rarity in the king of Denmaik's museum at Cpenhagen. The woman lived at Sens in Champaign in 1582. It was cut out of her belly, and was supposed to have lain there about twenty years. That it is a real human fortus, and not artificial, is evident to the eyes of any observer; and the upper part of it, is of a substance resembling gypsum, or the stone whereof they make Paris plaster. The lower part is much harder, the thighs and lat

tocks being perfect stone of a reddish color, and as hard as common quarry-stone; the grain and surface of this part appears exactly like that of the calculi or stones taken out of human bladders: and the whole substance examined ever so nearly, and felt ever so carefully, appears to be absolute stone. It was carried from Sens to Paris, and there purchased by a goldsmith of Venice; from whom Frederic III. king of Denmark purchased it for a very large sum.

FOG, n. s. Low Lat. fogagium. Gramen in foresta regis locatur pro fogazio Leges forest. Scotica. Altergrass; grass which grows in autun after the hay is mown.

Foo, or Foco, is a term that properly signifies the fine soft grass that immediately springs up after the hay crop has been taken from the ground; but which is sometimes used for the tong grass remaining in the pastures till the win

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When sleep is first disturbed by morning cries, From sure prognostics learn to know the skies, Lest you of rheums and coughs at night complain, Surprised in dreary fogs or driving rain. Gay

Mean time his soul weighed down with mude chains,

Can neither work nor move in captive bands;
But dulled in vap'rous fogs all ceaseless reigns,
Fletcher. Purple Island.

As when from fenny moors the lumpish clouds
With rising streams damp the light morning's face;
At length the piercing sun his beam unshrouds
And with his arrows the idle fog doth chase:
The broken mist lies melted all in tears.

Id.

FOG, or MIST, according to lord Bacon, is an imperfect condensation of the air, consisting of a large proportion of the air, and a small one of the aqueous vapor. Fogs happen in winter, about the change of the weather from frost to thaw, or from thaw to frost; but in summer and

spring, from the expansion of the dew. The vapors, which are raised plentifully from the earth and waters, either by the solar or subterraneous heat, at their first entrance into the atmosphere meet with cold enough to condense them to a considerable degree; their specific gravity is by that means increased, and so they will be stopped from ascending; and either return back in form of dew or of drizzling rain, or remain suspended some time in the form of a fog Vapors may be seen on the high grounds as well as the low, but more especially about marshy places. They are easily dissipated by the wind, as well as by the heat of the sun. They continue longest in the lowest grounds, because these places contain most moisture, and are least exposed to the action of the wind. Hence we may easily conceive, that fogs are only low clouds, or clouds in the lowest region of the air; as clouds are no other than fogs raised on high. See CLOUD, and MIST.

FOGGIA, a large town of Naples, in the Capitanata, formerly of great importance, from being a staple for wool and corn, and the seat of the dogano or register-office for collecting the tax on the sheep which pass to and from the pastures of Puglia. The office of Foggia appointed deputations to other towns. The principal square, and several of its streets, are undermined with vaults, where corn is stored and preserved; the sides are said to be faced with stone, and all the orifices carefully closed. The town has been almost entirely rebuilt since the earthquake of 1732. A great fair is held here in May. It contains 17,000 inhabitants. It is sixteen miles south-west of Manfredonia, and forty-two north-east of Benevento.

FOGLIETO (Oberto, or Hubert), a Genoese priest, and one of the most learned writers of the sixteenth century. He had a share in the disturbances that were raised at Genoa, for which he was banished; and died at Rome in 1581, aged sixty-three. He wrote a History of Genoa in Italian, which is highly esteemed; and many works in Latin.

FOH, interj. From Sax. Fah, an enemy. An interjection of abhorrence: as if one should at sight of any thing hated cry out a foe!

Not to affect many proposed matches
Of her own clime, complexion and degree,
Whereto we see in all things nature tends,
Foh one may smell in such a will most rank,
Foul disproportions, thoughts unnatural.

Shakspeare.

Indeed, Sir John, pray good my dear, Tis wrong to make your kennel hereDogs in their place are good I own, But in the parlour, foh! be gone! Somervile. Foh 'twas a bribe that left it, he has touched Corruption. Cowper. FO-III, another name for Fo, the chief deity of the Chinese. They represent him shining all in light, with his hands hid under his robes, to show that his power does all things invisibly. He has at his left Lanza, or Lanca, chief of the second sect of their religion. See CHINA.

FOHR, or FORA, a fertile island of Denmark, or the coast of Sleswick; twelve miles in circuit, with a safe harbour.

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The witty men sometimes have sense enough to know their own foible, and therefore they craftily shun the attacks of argument. Watts's Logick.

Mason.

If you insist upon your right to examine, they retreat, either in confusion or equivocation; and, like the scuttle-fish, throw a large quantity of ink behind them, that you may not see where to pursue. Whence this foille flows is obvious enough. FOIL, v. a. & n. s. Old Fr. affoler, to FOILER, n. s. wound. Crabbe thinks from fail, and the Lat. fallo to deceive; to make to fail. Thus it signifies to put to the worst; to defeat, though without a complete victory; and equally applies to the accomplishment of this, whether by stratagem or open resistance. A person is foiled, whatever the means, who is rebuffed and turned away from his meditated purpose: it is also used in the sense of puzzling and perplexing.

Bonduca, that victorious conqueresse, That, lifting up her brave heroick thought Bove womens weaknesse, with the Romanes fought. Fought, and in field against them thrice prevailed; Yet was she foyled whenas she me assailed.

Spenser. The Ruines of Time.
We of thy cunning had no diffidence;
One sudden foil shall never breed distrust.

Amazement seized
The rebel thrones; but greater rage to see

Thus foiled their mightiest.

Shakspeare.

Milton.

Strange, that your fingers should the pencil foil, Without the help of colours or of oil! Waller. Virtue, disdain, despair, I oft have tried; And, foiled, have with new arms my foe defied.

Death never won a stake with greater toil, Nor e'er was fate so near a foil.

Dryden.

Id.

Whilst I am following one character, I am crossed in my way by another, and put up such a variety of odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the scent of one another, and puzzle the chace. Addison.

nature.

He had been foiled in the cure, and had left it to Wiseman's Surgery. In their conficts with sin they have been so often foiled, that they now despair of ever getting the day. Calamy's Sermons.

When age shall level me to impotence, And sweating pleasure leave me on the foil.

Southern. FOIL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. fouiller. A blunt sword used in fencing: to blunt; to dull.

He that plays the king shall be welcome; his majesty shall have tribute of me: the adventurous knight shall use his foil and target. Shakspeare.

When light-winged toys
Of feathered Cupid foil, with wanton dulness,
My speculative and officed instruments.

Id.

FOIL, n. s. Lat. folium; Fr. feuille. Leaf; gilding something of another color near which jewels are set to raise their lustre; applies metaphorically to whatever enhances the value or beauty of any thing by contrast: the steel or

Fructified olive of foiles faire and thicke.

quicksilver placed at the back of a glass by which bright as a looking-glass; after which they must t is converted into a mirror. be dried, and laid up secure from dust. FOIN, v. n. & n. s. I Fr. foindre, poindre; FOININGLY, adv. Lat. pungo. In fencing, to push; to thrust: a thrust; or push. pushing manner.

Chaucer. Balade II. A stately palace, built of squared brick, Which cunningly was without mortar laid, Whose walls were high, but nothing strong nor thick, And golden foil all over them displayed.

Faerie Queene.

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Broome on the Odyssey.

Foil, among looking-glass grinders, is a sheet of tin with quicksilver, or the like, laid on the backside of a looking-glass, to make it reflect. Chambers.

Fort, in fencing, a long piece of steel of an elastic temper, mounted like a sword, which is used in fencing. It is without a point, having a button at the extremity, covered with leather. The amateurs of fencing caution the learner never to fence with short foils; they ought to measure from one extremity to the other three fect two inches; he will thus be enabled to keep a regular distance, and execute his movements with a greater degree of justness and dexterity.

For, among jewellers, a thin leaf of metal placed under a precious stone, in order to make it look transparent, and give it an agreeable different color, either deep or pale: thus, if a stone is wanted to be of a pale color, put a palecolored foil under it; or if deep, a dars one. These foils are made either of copper, gold, or gold and silver together. The copper foils are commonly known by the name of Nuremberg or German foils, and are thus prepared: Procure very thin copper-plates; beat these gently upon a well-polished anvil, with a polished hammer, as thin as possible; and placing them between two iron plates, as thin as writing-paper, heat them in the fire; then boil the foil in a pipkin with equal quantities of tartar and salt, constantly stirring them, till, by boiling, they become white; after which, taking them out and drying them, give them another bammering, till they are made fit for your purpose. Care must be taken not to give the foils too much heat, for fear of melting; nor must they be too long boiled, lest they should attract too much salt. The method of polishing them is this: Take a plate of the best copper, one foot long and about five or six inches wide, polished to the greatest perfection; bend this to a 1 mg convex, fasten it upon a halt toll, and fix it to a bench or table; then take some chalk, washed as clean as possite, and filtered through a fine hnen cloth, till at be as fine as it can be made; and, having laid some of it on the roll, and wetted the copper all over, lay the fuls on it, and, with a pol-bingstone and the chak, polish the. they are as

Ne no man shal unto his felow ride But o cours, with a sharpe ygrounden spere, Foin if him list on foot himself to were. And he that is at meschief shal be tako, And not slaine, but be brought unto the stake That shal ben ordeined on cyther side; Thider he shal by force; and ther abide.

In a

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Faerie Queene.

He cares not what mischief he doth, if his weapon be out he will foin like any devil; he will spare neither man, woman, nor child. Shak peare.

Then both, no moment lost, at once advance Arainst each other, armed with sword and lance: They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore Their corslets, and the thinnest parts explore.

Dryden. FOISON, n. s. Fr. foison; Lat. fusio, profusio. Plenty; abundance. A word now out of use.

Who fed the Egyptian Mary in the cave
Or in desert? no wight but Crist sans faille.
Five thousand folk it was as gret marvaille,
With loves five and fishes tvo, to fede;
God sent his foyson at hire grete nede,

Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale.
Be wilful to kill, and nuskilful to store,
And look for no foism. I tell the b fore. Tusser.
Nature should bring for,

Of its own kind, all filson, all abundance,

To feed my innocent people. Shakspeare. Tempo t. FOIST, v. a. Fr. fausser; perhaps of Lat. fulsito. To insert by forgery; or in a forced and

Improper manner.

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FOIX (Gaston de), a nephew of Louis XIL of France, was born in 1189, and was the son of John de Foix, viscount of Narbonne. In 1512 he succeeded the duke of Longueville, in the command of the French army in Italy, and forced Peter Navarro, the Spanish general, to raise the siege of Bologn, relieved Breser, and laid siege to Ravenna. His daring exploits, which procmed him the name of the Thunderbolt of Italy, were productive, however, of no permanent advamage; and he fell at the battle of Ravenna, in which he defeated the Spamards,

Easter Sunday, in 1512. Louis XII., on hear ing of his death, exclaimed, I would surrender almost every inch of ground I possess in Italy to restore to life my nephew and his brave comrades. God preserve us from many such victories !'

Foix (Louis de), a French architect, was employed by Philip II., of Spain, in the erection of the palace of the Escurial. He is said to have been in the confidence of don Carlos, by betraying which, he contributed to the destruction of that prince; soon after which he left Spain and returned to France. In 1579 he was employed in the port of Bayonne, and constructed the canal of the Adour. De Foix was also, in 1610, the architect of the tower of Cordouan, at the mouth of the Ga

ronne.

FOKIEN, a province of China, bounded on the north by that of Tche-Kiang; east by the sea; south by Quang-Tong, and west by KianSi. It is commodiously situated for navigation and commerce. The natives catch large quantities of fish, which they send to other parts of the empire. Its shores are indented with many bays; and there are many forts built on the coast. The air is hot, but pure and wholesome. The mountains are disposed into a kind of amphitheatres, by the labor of the inhabitants, with terraces one above another. The fields are watered with rivers and springs, which issue out of the mountains, and which the husbandmen conduct so as to overflow the fields of rice when they please, by pipes of bamboo. It produces all the commodities common in China, particularly musk, precious stones, quicksilver, silk, iron, &c. The natives make hempen cloth, calico, and all sorts of utensils. They import cloves, cinnamon, pepper, sandal-wood, amber, coral, &c. The capital is Fou-tcheouFou, or Fucherofu. As for Fokien, which most geographers make the capital, Grosier informs us there is no such place. The silks and cloth of Fokien are of extraordinary fineness and beauty. The port of Enfouy was formerly open to European vessels, but all the trade has been since transferred to Canton. Considerable commerce is carried on between this province and Japan, Formosa, the Philippine Islands, Java, and Siam. Every city is said to have a peculiar dialect. Fou-tcheon, the capital, is celebrated for its literati; besides which, there are other large towns, Tsuen-Tschosu, Yeu-Ping, and Tchang-Tcheou. The population has been computed at 15,000,000.

FOLARD (Charles), an eminent French general, born at Avignon in 1669, of a noble family. He discovered an early passion for arms; which was so inflamed by reading Casar's Commentaries, that he enlisted at sixteen years of age. His father procured his discharge and immured him in a monastery; but he escaped about two years after, and entered again as a cadet. His inclination for military affairs recommended him to notice. M. de Vendome, who commanded in Italy in 1720, made him his aid-decamp; and soon after sent him with part of his forces into Lombardy. Here his services were such, that he had a pension of 400 livres settled upon him, and was honored with the

cross of St. Louis. He distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Cassano; where he received a wound in his left hand, which deprived him of the use of it ever after. At this battle he conceived the first idea of columns, which he afterwards prefixed to his Commentaries on Polybius. In 1706 Folard had orders to throw himself into Modena, to defend it against prince Eugene: where he was very near being assassinated. He received a dangerous wound in the thigh at the battle of Malplaquet, and was some time after made prisoner by prince Eugene. Being exchanged in 1711, he was made governor of Bourbourg. In 1714 he went to Malta, to assist in defending that island against the Turks. Upon his return to France he embarked for Sweden, to see Charles XII. He acquired the esteem and confidence of that monarch, who sent him to France to negociate the restoration of James II: but, that project being given up, he returned to Sweden, followed Charles XII. in his expedition to Norway, and served under him at the siege of Frederickshall. Folard then returned to France; and made his last campaign in 17 10, as colonel under the duke of Berwick. From that time he applied intensely to the study of the military art; and built his theories upon the foundation of his experience. He contracted an intimacy with count Saxe; and was chosen F. R. S. of London in 1749; and, in 1751, made a journey to Avignon, where he died in 1752, aged eightythree. His chief works are, 1. Commentaries upon Polybius, 6 vols. 4to. 2. New Discoveries in War. 3. A Treatise concerning the defence of Places, in French.

FOLCZ (John), originally a barber of Nuremberg, and born at Ulm about the middle of the fifteenth century, became one of the most celebrated of the German poets belonging to the class called Mastersingers, or Suabian bards. They consisted of clubs or societies established for the cultivation of the old German poetry, and were principally composed of the lower classes. Strasburgh and Nuremberg were the cities in which were found the most famous societies of Mastersingers; but they also existed at Memingen, Ulm, and Augsbourg. Taverns were their usual places of meeting. The epoch of these bards lasted from 1350 to 1519, when Luther produced a reform in the German language; but the societies continued, that of Strasburgh particularly, till the latter part of the eighteenth century. Folcz, distinguished himself by the invention of a multitude of new metres. He printed at Nuremberg a great number of his poems. The earliest, finished in 1470, was imprinted, or engraved on wood, in 1474, and reprinted in a collection which appeared in 1534 at Nuremberg, in 3 vols. 4to. This includes Ein teutsch worhaftig poetisch ystori; an abridged History of the German Empire, in rhyme; and Vita Patrum, vel Liber Colacionum. Of these productions Fischer has given a description. in his Typographical Rarities, Mentz, 1800, 8vo.

FOLD, n. s. & v. a. Sax. palad, Fald; from Goth. faldar, to enclose. There is also a barb. Latin word, fuldagium (a fold). The ground on

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