It is not necessary that he should have recourse to images farcically low. Langhorne. To suit our author, and his farce, Garrick. FARCE was originally a droll, petty show, exhibited by charletans, and their buffoons, in the open street to gather a crowd together. The word is French, and signifies literally, stuffing; from the Latin farcio, to stuff. It was applied to this species of entertainment on account of the variety of jests, gibes, tricks, &c., with which it was interlarded. At present it is acted by comedians in the theatre, and becomes the entertainment of a polite audience. In other words, poets have reformed the wildness of the primitive farces, and brought them to the taste and manner of comedy. The difference between the two is, that comedy keeps to nature and probability, and therefore is confined to certain laws prescribed by ancient critics; whereas farce disallows all laws. Its end is purely to entertain; and it gathers some of its most effective materials from the wild and extravagant. Hence the dialogue is usually low, the persons of inferior rank, the fable or action trivial, and nature and truth every where heightened and exaggerated to afford the more palpable ridicule. See DRAMA. FAR'DEL, n. s. Ital. fardello; Fr. fardeau. A bundle; a little pack. Let us to the king: there is that in this fardel will make him scratch his beard. Shahspeare. Who would fardels bear, To groan and sweat under a weary life? Id. FARE, v. n. & n. s. Sax. Fapan; Goth. FAREWELL, adv. and Swed. faran, fara; Isl. fun, a journey. To go; to proceed; to succeed; to be in any state, good or bad; to be sustained; to take food: the substantive signifies, maintenance; food for the table; journey; passage; hence price of a passage, journey, or stage: as also the person carried or conveyed. Farewell is the imperative of fare, and well: we preserve the words separate in the plural fare you well,' and the Dutch and Swedish unite them as we do, in their vaarwel and farwal. It is a parting salute, with various degrees of compliment and kindness implied. He found a ship going to Tarshish; so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish. Jonah, The rich man fared sumptuously every day. Luke. One knocked at the dore, and in would fare; He knocked fast, and often curst and sware, That ready entrance was not at his call. Spenser's Faerie Queene. So bids thee well to fare thy nether friend. At last, resolving forward still to fare, Until the blustering storm is overblown. Id. Id. O queen, farewell! he still possest Id. Some are comforted that it will be a common ca lamity, and they shall fare no worse than their neighSwift. bours. Farewell, thou fair day, thou green earth, and ye skies Our race of existence is run! For other's weal availed on high, But waft thy name beyond the sky. Burns. Byron. FAREHAM. See FOREHAM. FAREL (William), a protestant divine, born at Gap in Dauphiny, in 1498. He studied at Paris, but, having embraced the reformed religion, he thought it adviseable to leave France; and, after visiting several parts of Germany and Switzerland, he went to Geneva, where he labored with great zeal against popery, and was principally instrumental in establishing the reformation there. He was, however, banished thence, together with Calvin, in 1538, for refusing to submit to the synod of Berne. Farel afterwards settled at Neufchatel, where he died in 1565. FARELLONES, rocks in the North Pacific Ocean, in two distinct clusters of three or four rocks in each, lying in a south-east and northwest direction from each other. The highest of the northern group lies fourteen miles S. S. W.; the southern cluster lies seventeen miles S.S. W. from Punta de los Reyes; a third cluster, scarcely above water, lies twelve miles S. S. W. from Punta de los Reyes. FARELLONES, five islands of the archipelago or gulf of Chiloe. They are barren and desert. FARGANI, ALFRAGAN, or ALFERGANI, a celebrated Arabian astronomer, who flourished about A. D. 800; so named from his birth-place, Fergan, in Samarcand. He is also named Ahmed Ben Cothair, or Katir. He wrote Elements of Astronomy, in thirty chapters, wherein he chiefly adopts Ptolemy's hypothesis, using his terms and often quoting him. Of this work there are three Latin translations; the last and best by professor Golius of Leyden, published in 1669, after his death. It is accompanied with the Arabic original, and with many learned notes on the first nine chapters, which Golius's death prevented him from continuing to the end of the work. FARIA SOUSA (Manuel de), a celebrated Portuguese historian and poet, was born in 1590 in the province of Entre Minho y Douro. He devoted the early part of his life to the study of painting, but afterwards devoted himself to Greek and Roman literature, and was made secretary to the bishop of Oporto. Not inclined to the church, he left the service of that prelate, and obtaining the patronage of Pereira, secretary of state to the king of Spain, procured admission into the Portuguese order of the knights of Christ. He was employed in 1631 as secretary to the Spanish ambassador at Rome, whom he so offended, that on his return to Spain, in 1634, he was arrested, and at first closely confined. He was for several years a kind of prisoner at large at Madrid, where he died in 1649. Faria was the author of tical and geographical survey of the territories an Epitome of the History of Portugal; a polibelonging to the crown of Portugal in the various quarters of the globe, entitled Asia Portuguesa, 3 vols. folio; Europa Portuguesa, 2 vols. folio; Africa Portuguesa, folio; and America Portuguesa; Commentaries on the Luciad of Camoens, Poems, &c. FARINA FOECUNDANS, among botanists, the impregnating dust on the apices or antheræ of flowers. See POLLEN. The manner of gathering the farina of plants for microscopical observations is this: Gather the flowers in a dry sunshiny day at mid day, when the dew is perfectly off; then gently shake off the farina, or lightly brush it off with a soft hair pencil, upon a piece of white paper; then take a single talc or isinglass between the nippers, and, breathing on it, apply it instantly to the farina, and the moisture of the breath will make that light powder stick to it. If too great a quantity adhere to the talc, blow a little of it off; and, if too little, breathe upon it again, and take up more. Then, put the tale into the hole of a slider, and, applying it to the microscope, see whether the little grains are properly laid; lastly, cover them up with another talc, and fix the ring; but be careful that the talcs do not press upon the farina, so as to alter its form. FARINA'CEOUS, adj. From Lat. farina. Mealy; tasting like meal, or flower of corn. The properest food of the vegetable kingdom for mankind is taken from the farinaceous or mealy seeds of some culmiferous plants; as oats, barley, wheat, rice, rye, maize, panick, and millet. Arbuthnot on Aliments. In the roots of growing vegetables, as in the process of making malt, the farinaceous part of the seed is converted into sugar by the vegetable power of digestion, in the same manner as the farinaceous matter of seeds is converted into sweet chyle by the animal digestion. Darwin. FARINATO (Paul), a celebrated painter of Verona, whose works exhibited the same freedom of design, and boldness of coloring and execution, to nearly the close of his life, which was protracted to the length of eighty-four years. He died in 1606. His mother is said to have died in childbed previous to his birth, which was effected by the Cæsarian operation. A romantic story is told of his last moments. When on his death-bed he said to his wife, who was lying near him dangerously ill, 'Oh, my wife, I am going!' 'I will go with thee!' replied she; and they died, it is added, almost at the same moment. FARM, n. s. & v. a. Sax. Feopm, provision FARM'ER, N. S. or feeding; Fr. ferme; Goth. and Swed. fura (to cultivate). Ground cultivated, or let out for cultivation; the state of lands let out for culture: to farm is either to cultivate or let out land at certain rates for cultivation; hence to let out or bargain for the culture or current expenses of things or persons generally; thus we hear of farming out the poor,' but find, happily, no instance of it: it is also a common phrase among the agriculturalists of some districts that a man farms his own land.' A farmer is the actual cultivator of ground, whether his own or another's; one who rents any thing. It is great wilfulnes in landlords to make any longer farms unto their tenants. Spenser. The lords of land in Ireland do not use to set out their land in farm, for term of years, to their tenants; but only from year to year, and some during pleasure. Id. on Ireland. Thou hast seen a farmer's dog bark at a beggar, and the creature run from the cur: there thou might'st behold the great image of authority; a dog's obeyed in office. Shakspeare. We are enforced to farm our royal realm, Id. Richard II. Touching their particular complaint for reducing lands and farms to their ancient rents, could not be done without a parliament. Hayward. They received of the bankers scant twenty shillings for thirty, which the Earl of Cornwall farmed of the king. Camden's Remains. Nothing is of greater prejudice to the farmer than the stocking of his land with cattle larger than it will bear. Mortimer's Husbandry. I entered on this farm with a full resolution, "Come, go to, I will be wise!" I read farming books; I calculated crops; I attended markets; and, in short, in spite of the devil, and the world, and the flesh," I believe I should have been a wise man. Burns. For gold the merchant ploughs the main, The farmer ploughs the manor; But glory is the sodger's prize; Id. The sodger's wealth is honour. FARM, FARIN, or FERM, (Firma,) in law, signifies a country messuage or district; containing house and land, with other conveniences; hired, or taken by lease, either in writing, or parole, under a certain yearly rent. See LEASE. This in some parts is differently termed: in Scotland, it is a tack; in Lancashire, fermeholt; in some parts of Essex a wike, &c. In corrupted Latin firma signified a place enclosed or shut in; whence in some provinces, Menage observes, they call closerie or closure, what in others they call a farm. We find locare ad firmam signifies to let to farm; probably on account of the sure hold the tenant here has in comparison of tenants at will. Spelman and Skinner however, derive the word farm from the Saxon fearme, or feorme, provision; because the country people and tenants anciently paid their rents in victuals and other necessaries, which were afterwards converted into the payment of a sum of money. Whence a farm was originally a place that furnished its landlord with provisions. And among the Normans they still distinguish between farms that pay in kind, i. e. provisions, and those which pay in money; calling the former simply fermes, and the latter blanche ferme, white ferm. Spelman shows, that the word firma anciently signified not only what we now call a farm, but also a feast or entertainment, which the farmer gave the proprietor, for a certain number of days, and at a certain rate, for the lands he held of him. Thus fearme in the laws of king Canute is rendered, by Mr. Lambard, victus; and thus we read of reddere firmam unius noctis; and, reddebat unum diem de firma; which denote provision for a night and day, the rents about the time of the conquest being all paid in provisions; which custom is said to have been first altered under Henry I. It might have been expected, that the first essays of improvement on a farm, should have been, to make it both advantageous and delightful; but the fact was otherwise: a small spot was appropriated to pleasure; the rest was reserved for profit only. And this seems to have been a principal cause of the vicious taste which long prevailed in gardens. See GAPDENING. It was imagined that a spot apart from the rest should not be like them; this introduced deviations from nature, which were afterwards carried to such an excess, that hardly any objects truly rural were left within the enclosure, and the view of those without was generally excluded. The first step, therefore, towards a reformation, was by opening the garden to the country, and that immediately led to assimilating them; but still the idea of a spot appropriated to pleasure only prevailed, and one of the latest improvements has been to blend the useful with the agreeable even the ornamental farm was prior in time to the more rural; and we have at last returned to simplicity by force of refinement. The country in the time of our ancestors was neither entirely cleared nor distinctly divided; the fields were surrounded by woods, not by hedges; and, if a considerable tract of improved land lay together, it still was not separated into a number of enclosures. The farms, therefore, most approaching to this character, are those in which cultivation seems to have encroached on the wild, not to have subdued it; those, for instance, at the bottom of a valley where the sides are still overgrown with wood: and the outline of that wood is indented by the tillage creeping more or less up the hill. If the pastures are here broken by straggling bushes, thickets, or coppices, and the scattered trees beset with brambles and briars, these are circumstances which improve the beauty of the place; yet appear to be only remains of the wild, not intended for embellishment. Such interruptions must, however, be less frequent in the arable parts of a farm; there the opening may be divided into several lands, distinguished, as in common fields, only by different sorts of grain. These will sufficiently break the sameness of the space; and tillage does not furnish a more pleasing scene, than such a space so broken, if the extent be moderate, and the boundary beautiful. As much wood is essential to the imitation of the farms of our ancestors, a spot may easily be found, where turrets rising above the covert, or some arches seen within it, may have the resemblance of a castle or abbey. The partial concealment is almost necessary to both; for to accord with the age, the buildings must seem to be entire; the ruins of them belong to later days: the disguise is, however, advantageous to them as objects; none can be imagined more picturesque than a tower bosomed in trees, or a cluster appearing between the stems and the branches. Pieces of water are also a great additional beauty in such a scene; and all the varieties of rills are consistent with every species of farm. Farming is, however, a serious and very important pursuit with a large portion of our countrymen; who can but very slightly regard the mere external beauties of the scene of their labors. In our article AGRICULTURE we have largely discussed the scientific basis and connections of that pursuit; and referred, as we must here do, to that of HUSBANDRY for the practical rules and details of farming. We shall only in this place suggest a few principal considerations on the laying out of farm-lands, the construction of farm-buildings, or farmeries, as they have been called of late, and the keeping of farm accounts; topics, which may with propriety be thus detached from our larger articles. 1. On the Laying out of Farm Lands-On the supposition of our being able to follow nature in the distribution of farm lands, or indeed in almost any ordinary departure from her dictates, the first object of attention to the proprie tor of an estate should be its natural characteristics. He should consider it as in a state of nature, and without inhabitants; observing the elevation and general turn of its surface, whether it consists of mountain, upland, vale, or waterformed land; ascertaining at the same time its soils, the absorbency or retentiveness of the substrata, determining to what uses its several parts are adapted. Having, for instance, determined on the sheep-walk and grazing ground, he should trace the natural and fortuitous lines of the culturable lands; as the feet of steep hills, the ridges of uplands, large rivers, public roads, &c. Where an extent of newly appropriated lands is concerned, he must endeavour to lay them out into what may be termed natural farms, of such sizes as will bring the most permanent rent at the least expense of buildings, yards, separate roads, and fences. A first object of consideration will now be, the most natural or eligible sites for farm-steads; laying to those which are the most eligible such lands as by natural situation and quality belong to them. The principal requisites of a homestall, for a farm in mixed cultivation, are shelter and water for domestic and farm-yard purposes, with some permanent grass ground below the yards, to receive the overflowings of the dungbasins, that nothing of manure may escape or be lost. If lands lie in a shelving situation, it is desirable to have the home-stead near the midway of the slope; thus having lands above as well as below the yards; so that neither the whole of the crops, nor of the dung, may require to be drawn against the hill at one time. A dip, or shallow valley, with a natural stream falling down it, and with lands in the lower part of it, which are capable of being converted into watered mowingground, will, speaking generally, prove a desirable site for a home-stead. An inhabited estate however, with the farmsteads and fences fixed, and the buildings substantial, requires much thought and care to reform as to its general distribution. The lands of different farms often lie scattered and intermixed through circumstances perhaps that were originally unavoidable; through indulgencies to favorite tenants; or through the ignorance or negligence of managers; but something may generally be done towards lessening or remedying this evil; opportunities may be watched, and amicable changes between tenants made. Lands which lie compact and convenient to the home-stall are worth far more to an occupier than those of the same intrinsic value, scattered at a distance; so that by this sort of exchange an advantage may sometimes be secured to two or more tenants at the same time. Where the farms are too large, or the farmsteads very improperly placed, but the existing buildings are in a substantial state, it requires to be calculated whether the increase of rent, by any proposed alteration of them, will pay for the money required to be laid out in making it, taking into the account the superiority of new buildings. The erecting of an entire range of farm-buildings, with the requisite appendages, is an undertaking which of course demands mature consideration. There are cases, however, in which it may be effected with profit, and many in which it may be done with credit and respectability to those employed. Where the farms of an estate have been made too small, suitable consolidations should be made, and each of these be colored on the maps as one farm, the alterations being afterwards made as circumstances may direct; preference being ever given to the most deserving managers, and every fair opportunity taken to dismiss the undeserving. By this easy means, giving the most impressive lesson on good management to the tenantry of the estate, the best effects are produced. The It is to be further remarked, on the subject of laying out farm-lands into suitable tenements, that although compactness of form, and centrality of home-stall are always desirable, they are not the only objects to be attended to. specific qualities of the lands of the estate are another subject of consideration. If the lands of an estate are naturally adapted to different purposes, as cool strong lands, fit for perennial mowing-grounds, especially if they can be profitably watered, and dry uplands that are suitable for mixed cultivation only; a portion of each ought, according to long-established ideas, to be included in every farm: a principle this, however, which is very often destructive of the compactness of form. A more modern opinion is, that perennial grass-lands are not at all necessary to profitable farming, cultivated herbage and roots being equal to all the wants of modein husbandry. Nevertheless, where a suit of meadow and pasture-grounds can be properly united with arable lands, it will generally be for their mutual benefit. But this is to be done by a general arrangement, not by making up disjointed farms with lands lying in distinct and perhaps distant parts of a parish, as we not unfrequently see. For the extra carriage of crops and manure, or the unnecessary and injurious drift of stock, and the waste of manure incurred, together with the mischiefs arising from stock being left at a distance from the eye, and the time lost in passing, on every occasion, between distinct parts of a scattered farm, eventually fall on the proprietor. In fact, where an estate consists of arable lands of different sub-strata, so that some parts are retentive of moisture, and others not, it ought to be the aim of the planner to include portions of each in every farm, in order that each occupier may have a regular succession of employment for his teams in a moist season, and in order that, whether the summer prove wet or dry, he may not be destitute either of grass or herbage. In districts of a mixed nature or strata, where a variety of lands are found, this, by due attention, may not unfrequently be done, without much deranging the compactness of the farms. In the distribution of particular fields, the benefit of having a water meadow below the home-stead has already been pointed out. When this cannot be accomplished, the yardliquor may be profitably expended on a farm garden ground, to be watered by means of parallel trenches, formed across the slope or descent of the ground to receive it; thus conveying the nutritious particles which have escaped from the dung-yards immediately to the fibrils of the plants while growing, or to the base of the soil into which they are required to strike. And, on every farm in which there is not a sufficiency of watered garden ground, a garden field of some acres for the culture of green herbage and roots with the plough, for horses, cattle, and swine, as well as for culinary purposes, ought to be laid out near the farm-yard. A pasturing paddock or two near the house is likewise a requisite appendage to a home-stead. Where the dairy is a principal object, dairygrounds ought in like manner to be laid out near the house, and open into the lobby, green, or milking-yard. But the meadows, or perennial mowing-grounds, may be laid out at a distance with better effect, as it is always convenient to stack hay in the field; and, if not wanted near the spot, it may generally be brought home, with little inconvenience and expense, as it is wanted. But arable lands cannot lie at a distance from home with propriety; as, in this case, not only the crops and manure require a length of draught, but the time taken up by the plough-teams in passing to and fro, is an inconvenience. Nor should the pasture-grounds for working stock, whether oxen or horses (where these are pastured) be far from the home-stall. But those for store cattle and sheep, woodlands, coppicegrounds, &c., may lie at a distance. Arable lands must be laid out according, as we have before noticed, to their sizes, the absorbent or retentive nature of their soils, &c. Where two sets of arable fields can be laid out, the works of tillage and semination will not be liable to be interrupted by a shower, and the stock of the farm, be the season wet or dry, will not be distressed for pasturage. On a large farm, the lands of which are uniformly absorbent, and consequently adapted to the turnip husbandry, it is proper to have more than one set of arable fields, in order that a sufficient choice of contiguous or near fields may be had, over which to distribute the crop, and thus prevent an unnecessary length of carriage. But on rich retentive lands, in situations where a good supply of extraneous manure can be procured, or where such lands are united with marsh and meadow grounds, to furnish a sufficiency of hay and pasturage, without the assistance of arable land, one set of arable fields may be sufficient: four or five fields or divisions are generally found on a small farm. On those numerous English farms, on which a number of manure-making stock are necessary to be supported by the arable lands, a greater diversity of fields is required. It is in this case necessary that the land should be in a state of cultivated heroage two, three, four, or five years. If the arable rotation occupy four years, therefore, taking three crops of corn with a fallow crop or fallow intervening, the number of arable fields required for one set of lands would be six, seven, eight, or nine. The conclusive argument in favor of large arable fields, is, that where fields are small, much time and labor are wasted by short turnings; and it is now ascertained, that if fields are of a regular shape, and the ridges of a proper length, five ploughs may do as much work as six ploughs in fields of a small size, and of an irregular shape; while every other branch of labor (such as dunging, sowing, harrowing, reaping, and carrying in the harvest), can be executed, though not altogether, yet nearly in the same proportion.' Husb. of Scot. vol. i. p. 41. Sometimes, in a bleak situation, it will be found requisite to subdivide the arable fields not only for shelter, but for the greater convenience of shifting and separating stock. The shape, even, of an arable field ought not, in all cases, to be thought a matter of indifference. It should be regulated mainly by the water-courses and roads of the farm, as well as by the nature of its lands, the turn of its surface, and its aspect or exposure. A perfect square, or parallelogram, is a desirable shape, if circumstances admit of it. Two sides at least ought to run parallel to each other; and it is equally, or more desirable, that each field should have a uniformity of soil and sub-soil, as on these depend the uses to which it is applicable. Yet, where the natural line of division is irregular, it is improper always to follow its windings. The planner ought rather to draw a judicious line between the two, and the cultivator to alter the qualities of the lands, which happen to be unnaturally severed, by draining, manuring, &c. The general direction of the fields should be the same as that in which the land ought to be ploughed for a crop. On a level surface, or on one which is gently inclining, the direction of the beds of retentive lands that require to be laid up in round ridges ought to be nearly north and |