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FALDING, n. s. Sax. Fealo, palo; Goth. FALDSTOOL, falder (whence our word FALDUSTOR. Sfold). A kind of coarse cloth; fold or wrapper: faldstool is a folding stool, or chair; a kind of stool placed at the south side of the altar, at which the kings of England kneel at their coronation: faldustor the extract explains.

Faldustor was anciently used to signify the highest seat of a bishop, inclosed round with a lattice. Dr. A. Rec8.

FALERII, in ancient geography, a town and territory of Etruria, on the west or right side of the Tiber. The territory was famous for its rich pastures; hence the gramen Faliscum in authors. Eutropius and Frontinus call the town Falisci; which, according to the last, was surnamed Colonia Junonia.

FALISCI, the people of Falerii, called Æqui by Virgil, because they afforded supplemental laws to the twelve tables. When the Falisci were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and proposed to betray them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked, and whipped back to the town by the boys whom he wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully, that they surrendered to the Romans.

FALK or FALCK (John Peter), a disciple of Linné, studied at Upsal, and was appointed director of the cabinet of natural history, at St. Petersburgh; and also professor of botany in the garden of the apothecaries in that metropolis. In 1768 the Imperial Academy of Sciences engaged Falk to assist in exploring the Russian dominions; and he travelled for that object as far as Kasan, when he was recalled. Being afflicted with hypochondria he went to use the baths of Kisliar, and returned to Kasan much relieved but his complaint recurring with violence, he put an end to his life by shooting himself through the head with a pistol, March 31st, 1774. The Travels of Falk were published from his papers, by professor Laxman, in 3 vols. 4to. Petersburgh, 1785.

FALKENSTEIN (John Henry), a voluminous writer of Franconia, was born in 1682. He was appointed director of the nobles' academy at Erlangen; but afterwards, having embraced the Roman catholic faith, he entered into the service of the bishop of Eichstadt, on whose death the margrave of Anspach became his patron. He wrote the Antiquities of Nordgan, in the bishopric of Eichstadt, 3 vols. folio, and several other works of a similar nature. He died in 1760.

FALKIA, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, and hexandria class of plants: CAL. monophyllous: COR. monopetalous: SEEDS four. Species one only, a Cape creeper.

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FALKIRK, a considerable town of Stirlingshire, situated near the river Carron, on the high road from Edinburgh to Glasgow. The road to Stirling and the North Islands also passes through it: and in the neighbourhood are the celebrated Carron iron works. The town stands upon an eminence, commanding an extensive and delightful prospect of the surrounding country. Falkirk was formerly a borough of barony, under the baronial jurisdiction of the earls of Linlithgow and Callander; but no records are extant of any magistrates having been invested with the power of the borough, except the bailiff of the earl; who, before the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, had an extensive authority, both in civil and criminal mattters. It is now governed by a baron bailie, appointed by the lord of the manor; an officer, who, within the bounds of his jurisdiction, can enforce the payment of rents to any amount, and decide all money matters under £2 stering he can also punish petty offenders by fine and imprisonment. The chief support of this town is its great fairs and trysts for black cattle from the Highlands, at which, on an average, there are sold 60,000 head annually. Falkirk is memorable in history for a battle fought in its neighbourhood between Edward I. of England, and the Scots commanded by the Grand Steward of Scotland, Cumin of Badenoch, and Sir William Wallace. The latter had been invested with the supreme command; but, perceiving that this gave umbrage to the nobility, he resigned his power into the hands of the noblemen above mentioned, reserving to himself only the command of a small body who refused to follow another leader. The Scots generals placed their pikemen along the front, and lined the intervals, between the three bodies of which their army was composed, with archers; and, dreading the great superiority of the English cavalry, endeavoured to secure their front by palisadoes tied together with ropes. The battle was fought on the 22d of July 1298. Edward divided his army also into three bodies; and by the superiority of his archers, defeated the Scots with great slaughWallace alone preserved entire the troops he commanded; and, retiring behind the Carron, marched leisurely along the banks of that river, which protected him from the enemy. In this battle fell John de Graham, a hero much celebrated for his valor, and styled the right hand of Wallace. His epitaph is still to be seen on a plain stone in the church-yard of Falkirk. On the 18th of January, 1746, a battle was fought here between the king's forces commanded by general Hawley, and the Highlanders headed by prince Charles Stuart. The former were seized with a panic and fled; but colonel Husk with two regiments, who kept their ground, prevented the Highlanders from pursuing their victory. Extensive ruins are to be seen in the neighbourhood of this town, supposed by some antiquarians to have been the capital of the Pictish government; but others believe them to be the remains of some Roman stations. On taking down the wall of the church, a few years ago, two inscriptions were found, which have excited considerable controversy. The one referred to events supposed to have occurred not many centuries

ter.

subsequent to the Christian era; the other alluded to the foundation of a church or monastery here in the eleventh century. Both, however, appeared in a character and under peculiarities fatal to their supposed antiquity: therefore, if not entirely spurious, they can only be considered an attempt at renewing inscriptions of more ancient date. The annual competition of bagpipers was formerly held at Falkirk, but of late years it has been transferred to Edinburgh. It is twelve miles south-east of Sterling, and twenty-four west of Edinburgh.

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FALKLAND, a town of Fifeshire, anciently one of the seats of the Macduffs, earls of Fife, which, on the attainder of Munro Stewart, the seventeenth earl, in 1424, became forfeited to the crown, and afterwards was a residence of the Scottish kings. It was erected into a royal burgh by James II. in 1458; enlarged and improved by James V. who died here in 1542; and received a renewal of its charter from James VI. in 1595, to obviate (as the preamble states), the damage and inconvenience sustained for want of innkeepers and victuallers, by the many prelates, peers, barons, nobles, and others of their subjects, who came to their country seats.' By this charter Falkland has a right to hold a weekly market and four annual fairs. The town is neatly built, and plentifully supplied with excellent water. It carries on a manufacture of coarse linens and osnaburghs, and is governed by three bailies, fourteen counsellors, a treasurer, and town clerk. The annual revenue of the borough is about £100. The remains of the palace evince its former magnificence and elegance, and the noble taste of the architect. The gateway is placed between two fine round towers; and on the right hand joins the chapel, roofed with wood, handsomely gilt and painted, but in a most ruinous condition. Beneath are several apartments. The front next to the court was beautifully adorned with statues, heads in bas-relief, and elegant columns not reducible to any order, but of fine proportion, with capitals approaching the Ionic scroll. Beneath some of these pillars was inscribed I. R. M. G. 1537: Jacobus Rex, Maria de Guise. This place was also a favorite residence of James VI. on account of the fine park and deer. The east side was accidently burnt in the time of Charles II., and the park ruined during Cromwell's usurpation; when the fine oaks were cut down to build the fort at Perth. Falkland is fifteen miles north of Edinburgh, and fifteen south-east of Perth.

FALKLAND ISLANDS, a cluster of Islands at the extremity of South America, not far from the Straits of Magellan. They were discovered by Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594. The soil is bad, and the shores are beaten by perpetual storms. A British settlement was formed in 1764, but the settlers were dispossessed by the Spaniards in 1770; which occasioned an armament on the part of Britain; but, the dispute being settled by a convention, the British regained possession of them. In 1774, however, they were voluntarily abandoned to the Spaniards. The soil is represented as a mere bog, and the mountains to be barren. They have been called, by different navigators, South Belgia Islands, New Islands

of St. Lewis, and the Mallouines: but they are now generally known by the name of Falkland Islands. Long. between 50° and 56° W., lat. from 51° to 53° S.

FALKLAND SOUND, a strait or bay separating the two largest of the foregoing islands.

FALL, v. n. & v.a. Sax. reallen; Germ. fallen; Belg. vallen; Goth. and Swed. falla; ab Heb. 5, says Minsheu. To drop; tumble down; move down; sink; descend in any way: hence to decrease; lessen; ebb; grow shallow; decline; become dejected; sink below something else in comparison; sink into weakness and apparent torpor (hence the phrase 'to fall asleep'); come to an end (as that which falls to the ground does with regard to its motion); die. To fall also frequently includes the idea of casualty, accident, or chance, perhaps from the ancient modes of decision by lot, or from the accidental manner in which fruit and other things drop around us: it is also applied to wrath and punishment, as being supposed to fall with weight; to the birth of animals who are dropped from the mother, &c. As an active verb, to fall signifies to let fall; sink; depress; diminish; yean; bring forth. Dr. Johnson having arranged the prepositions with which fall is used in composition alphabetically, we retain that order, and his definitions of the modification of meaning the verb thus undergoes. Fall, as a substantive, signifies the act of dropping or tumbling from a height, or erect posture; decline; degradation; declension or diminution of any kind; declivity: it is used particularly for the rushing of water down a precipice or declivity, or into a larger body of water; for autumn, the season of the fall of the leaf; and of falling, as a fall of rain;' 'the fall of timber;' for any conspicuous or remarkable act or habit 'fall of prices,' &c. Fall, says Dr. Johnson, is one of those general words of which it is very difficult to ascertain or detail the full signification. It retains in most of its senses some part of its primitive meaning, and implies, either literally or figuratively, descent, violence, or suddenness; in others has no counterpart or correlative. In many of its senses it is opposed to rise; but

Not newe conuertid to the feith; lest he be borun up into pride and falle into doom of the deuel. Wichf. 1 Tymo. iii

And the next multitude fell a lusting.

Numb. ii. 4.
Ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall
before you by the sword.
Lev. xxvi. 7.

Thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man full from thence. Deut. 2 Chron. Acts xix. 17.

There fell wrath for it against Israel.
Fear fell on them all.

Labour to enter into that rest, lest
after the same example of unbelief.

any man fall Heb. iv. 11.

A whistling wind, or a melodious noise of birds.

among the spreading branches, or a pleasing fall oʻ water running violently, these things made them to swoon for fear. Wisdom.

Our fathers were given to the sword, and for a spoil, and had a great fall before our enemies.

Judith, viii. 9. Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless pit, into which it is easier to keep one's self from fall

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Till the empire came to be settled in Charles the Great, the fall of the Romans' huge dominion, concurring with other universal evils, caused those times to be days of much affliction and trouble throughout the world. Hooker.

For such things as do fall scarce once in many ages, it did suffice to take such order as was requisite when they fell.

d. The stout bishop could not well brook that his province should fall into their hands. Knolles.

Solvman, chafed with the loss of his gallies and best soldiers, and with the double injury done unto him by the Venetians, fell into such a rage that he cursed Barbarossa.

Some falls are means the happier to rise.

Id.

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The greatness of an estate, in bulk and territory, doth fall under measure; and the greatness of finances and revenue doth fall under computation. Id.

If a man would endeavour to raise or fall his voice still by half notes, like the stops of a lute, or by whole notes alone without halfs, as far as an eight, he will not be able to frame his voice unto it. Id. Natural History. He fell at difference with Ludovico Sfortia, who carried the keys which brought him in, and shut him Bacon's Henry VII. When the price of corn falleth, men generally break no more ground than will supply their own turn.

out.

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These, by obtruding the beginning of a change for the entire work of new life, will full under the former guilt.

Hammond.

That the Israelites might see the hand of Moses had a greater stroke in the fight than all theirs, the success must rise and fall with it: Amalek rose, and Israel fell, with his hand falling; Amalek fell, and Israel rises, with his hand raised.

Bp. Hall's Contemplations. Perhaps thou talkest of me, and do'st enquire Of my restraint: why here I live alone; And vitiest this my miserable fall.

They not obeying,

Daniel's Civil War.

Incurred, what could they less? the penalty;
And manifold in sin, deserved to fall. Milton.
How sweetly did they float upon the wings

Of silence, through the empty-vaulted night,
At every fall smoothing the raven down
Of darkness 'till it smiled!

They brought scandal

To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt In feeble hearts, propense enough before To waver or fall off, and join with idols. None on their feet might stand,

Id.

Than honesty to honesty engaged?
That this shall be, or we will fall for it.
There will we sit upon the rocks,
And see the shepherds feed their flocks
By shallow rivers, to whose falls
Melodious birds sing madrigals.

Id.

Id.

They then conceiving, did in yeaning time Fall party-coloured lambs, and those were Jacob's.

Id.

If the worst fall that ever fell, I hope, I shall make shift to go without him.

Id.

Id.

Each of us fell in praise of our country mistresses.

Id.

He was stirred,

Though standing else as rocks, but down they fell By thousands, angel on archangel rolled.

Id.

And something spoke in choler, ill and hasty;
But he fell to himself again, and sweetly
In all the rest shewed a most noble patience. Id.

In sweet musick is such art,

Killing care and grief of heart,

Fame of thy beauty and thy youth, Among the rest me hither brought, Finding this fame fall short of truth, Made me stay longer than I thought. The dogfisher is good against falling-sickness.

Waller.

Walton.

Fail asleep or hearing die.

Id.

To-morrow in the battle think on me, And fall thy edgeless sword, despair and die.

Id.

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A long advertent and deliberate connexing of consequents, which falls not in the common road of ordinary men. Hale. When a horse is hungry, and comes to a good pasture, he falls to his food immediately. Id.

I am fallen upon the mention of mercuries.

Boyle. When about twenty, upon the falseness of a lover, she fell distracted. Temple. The odd hours at the end of the solar year, are not indeed fally six, but are deficient 10,'44"; which deficiency, in 134 years, collected, amounts to a whole day and hence may be seen the reason why the vernal equinox, which at the time of the Nicene council fell upon the 21st of March, falls now about ten days Holder on Time. High o'er their heads a mouldering rock is placed, That promises a fall, and shakes at every blast.

sooner.

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A spark like thee, of the man-killing trade, Fell sick, and thus to his physician said; Methinks I am not right in every part, I feel a kind of trembling at my heart; My pulse unequal, and my breath is strong; Besides a filthy fur upon my tongue. Id. Pers. Upon a great fall of rain the current carried away a huge heap of apples. L'Estrange.

They fell to blows, insomuch that the Argonauts slew the most part of the Deliones. Id.

This book must stand or fall with thee; not by any opinion I have of it, but by thy own. Locke.

Upon lessening interest to four per cent. you fall the price of your native commodities, or lessen your trade, or else prevent not the high use.

Id.

Rents will fall, and incomes every day lessen, 'till industry and frugality, joined to a well ordered trade, shall restore to the kingdom the riches it had formerly. Id.

All liquid bodies are diffusive; for their parts, being in motion, have no connexion one with another, but glide and fall off any way, as gravity and the air presseth them.

What men could do,

Burnet.

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For as his own bright image he surveyed,
He fell in love with the fantastick shade.
Before the fall of the Po into the gulph, it receives
into its channel considerable rivers. Id. on Italy.

A kind refreshing sleep is fallen upon him:
I saw him stretched at ease, his fancy lost
In pleasing dreams.

Exalted Socrates! divinely brave!
Injured he fell, and dying he forgave ;
Too noble for revenge.

Id. Cato.

Creech's Juvenal.

The best men fall under the severest pressures.

Wake.

And you have known none in health who have pitied you? and behold, they are gone before you, eveu since you fell into this distemper.

Id.

He died calmly, and with all the easiness of a man falling asleep. Atterbury.

From the pound weight, as Pliny tells us, the As fell to two ounces in the first Punick war; when Hannibal invaded Italy, to one ounce; then, by the Papirian law, to half an ounce. Id.

Cæsar therefore gave orders to build his gallies on the Loir, and the rivers that fall into it. Id.

Birds and fowls, that rest one foot to ease the other, naturally lay their heads under their wings, that the centre of gravity may fall upon the foot they stand on. Cheyne.

I fell in love with the character of Pomponius Atticus; I longed to imitate him. Blount to Pope.

He, careless now, of interest, fame, or fate, Perhaps forgets that Oxford e'er was great; Or, deeming meanest what we greatest call, Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall.

Pope to Parnel. The swain, in barren deserts, with surprize Sees lilies spring, and sudden verdure rise; And starts, amidst the thirsty wilds, to hear New falls of water murmuring in his ear.

Pope.

If to her share some female errors fall, Look on her face, and you'll forget them all. Id. Ulysses let no partial favours fall, The people's parent, he protected all.

Id. Odyssey.

In their spiritual and temporal courts the labour falls to their vicars-general, proctors, apparitors, and seneschals. Swift.

I had more leisure, and disposition, than have since fallen to my share. Id. Some expressions fell from him, not very favourable to the people of Ireland. Id. Some were hurt by the falls they got by leaping upon the ground. Gulliver's Travels.

See the leaves around us falling,
Dry and withered to the ground
Thus to thoughtless mortals calling,
With a sad and solemn sound.
Sons of Adam once in Eden,

Blighted when like us you fell,
Hear the lecture we are reading,

'Tis alas! the truth we tell. Bp. Horne.
There as sad Philomel, alike forlorn,
Sings to the night from her accustomed thorn;
While at sweet intervals each falling note
Sighs in the gale, and whispers round the grot;
The sister-wo shall calm her aching breast,
And softer slumbers steal her cares to rest.

Darwin.

Fallen, fallen, a silent heap! her heroes all Sunk in their urns; behold the pride of pomp,

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Dryden's Virgil.

In a curious brede of needlework one colour falls away by such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, that we see the variety, without being able to distinguish the total vanishing of the one from the Addison. first appearance of the other.

Watery vegetables are proper, and fish rather than flesh in a Lent diet people commonly fall away. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To fall back To fail of a promise or purpose; recede. We have often fallen back from our resolutions. Taylor.

To fall down. (Down is sometimes added to full, though it adds little to the signification.) To prostrate himself in adoration; to sink; not to stand; to bend as a suppliant.

He that herith and doith not is lyk to a man bildinge his hous on erthe withouten foundement, into which the flood was hurlid; and anoon it fel doun, and the fallyng doun of that bous was maad gret. Wiclif. Luk 6. Shall I fall down to the stock of a tree? Isaiah xliv. 11. All kings shall fall down before him; all nations shall serve him. Psalm 1xxii. 11. As she was speaking, she fell down for faintness. Esther xv.

Down fell the beauteous youth; the yawning wound Gushed out a purple stream, and stained the ground.

Dryden.

To fall from. To revolt; to depart from ad

herence.

Clarence

Is very likely to fall from him.

Shakspeare. Henry VI. The emperor being much solicited by the Scots not to be a help to ruin their kingdom, fell by degrees Hayward. from the king of England.

Through many insensible declinations, do we fall from virtue; and, at the first, are so gently led by vice that we cannot believe our accusers. Bp. Hall. To fall in. To concur; to coincide; to comply; to yield to.

Our fine young ladies readily fall in with the direction of the graver sort.

Spectator. It is a double misfortune to a nation, which is thus given to change, when they have a sovereign that is prone to fall in with all the turns and veerings of the Addison. people.

Any single paper that falls in with the popular taste, and pleases more than ordinary, brings one in a great return of letters.

Id.

Objections fall in here, and are the clearest and most convincing arguments of the truth. Woodward. His reasonings in this chapter seem to fall in with each other; yet, upon a closer investigation, we shall find them proposed with great variety and distinction. Atterbury.

When the war was begun, there soon fell in other incidents at home, which made the continuance of it Swift. necessary. That prince applied himself first to the church of England; and, upon their refusal to fall in with his measures, made the like advances to the dissenters."

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Those captive tribes fell off From God to worship calves.

Milton.

Id. Paradise Lost. Languages need recruits to supply the place of those words that are continually falling off through disuse. Felton.

To fall on. To make an assault; to begin the attack: to begin eagerly to do any thing.

Ech that schal falle on that stoon schal be so brisid, but on whom it schal falle it schal alto breke him. Wiclif. Luk. 20.

They fell on, I made good my place; at length they came to the broomstaff with me; I defied 'em still. Shakspeare. Henry VIII. Fall on, fall on, and hear him not; But spare his person for his father's sake. Dryden. Draw all; and when I give the word, fall on. Dryden. Oedipus.

Some coarse cold sallad is before thee set; Bread with the bran, perhaps, and broken meat; Fall on, and try thy appetite to eat. Dryden. Pers. He pretends, among the rest, to quarrel with me, to have fallen foul on priesthood. Dryden. To fall over. To revolt; to desert from one side to the other.

And dost thou now fall over to my foes? Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it, for shame, And hang a calve's skin on those recreant limbs. Shakspeare. King John. To fall out. To quarrel; to jar; to grow contentious to happen; to befall.

much deceived in others, because we first deceived It many times falls out, that we deem ourselves Sir P. Sidney.

ourselves.

Now, for the most part, it so falleth out, touching things which generally are received, that although in themselves they be most certain, yet, because men presume them granted of all, we are hardliest able to Hooker bring proof of their certainty.

It so fell out, that certain players
We o'er-rode on the way; of those we told him.

Shakspeare

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