rear. and gentry then in England. Lord Hume served under the earls of Crawford and Montrose, and Hepburn earl of Bothwel was in the The first motion of the English army was by the lord admiral, who suddenly wheeled to the right, and seized a pass at Milford, where he planted his artillery so as to command the most sloping part of the ascent where the Scots were drawn up; and it did great execution. The Scots had not foreseen this manoeuvre; and it put them into such disorder, that the earl of Huntley found it necessary to attack the lord admiral; which he did with so much fury that he drove him from his post; and the consequence must have been fatal to the English, had not his precipitate retreat been covered by some squadrons of horse under the lord Dacres, which gave the lord admiral an opportunity of rallying and new forming his men. The earl of Surrey now advanced to the front, so that the English army formed one continued line, which galled the Scots with perpetual discharges of their artillery and bows. The Highlanders, as usual, impatient to come to a close fight, and to share in the honor of the day, which they now thought their own, rushed down the declivity with their broad swords, but without order or discipline, and before the rest of the army, particularly the division under lord Hume, advanced to support them. Their impetuosity, however, made a considerable impression upon the main battle of the English; and, the king bringing up the earl of Bothwel's reserve, the battle became general and doubtful: but by this time the lord admiral, having again formed his men, came to the assistance of his father, and charged the division under the earls of Crawford and Montrose, who were marching up to support the Highlanders, among whom the king and his attendants were now fighting on foot; while Stanley, making a circuit round the hill, attacked the Highlanders in the rear. Crawford and Montrose, not being seconded by the Humes, were routed; and thus all that part of the Scottish army which was engaged under their king, was completely surrounded by the division of the English_under Surrey, Stanley, and the lord admiral. In this terrible situation, James acted with a coolness not common to his temper. He drew up his men in a circular form, and their valor more than once opened the ranks of the English, or obliged them to stand aloof, and again have recourse to their bows and artillery. The chief of the Scottish nobility made fresh attempts to prevail with James to make his escape while it was practicable; but he obstinately continued the fight. He saw the earls of Montrose, Crawford, Argyle, and Lennox, fall by his side, with the bravest of his men lying dead on the spot; and, darkness now coming on, he himself was killed by an unknown hand. The English were ignorant of the victory they had gained; and had actually retreated from the field of battle, with a design of renewing it next morning. This disaster was evidently owing to the romantic disposition of the king, and to the want of discipline among his soldiers; though some writers have ascribed it to the treachery of lord Hume. Many of James's domestics knew and mourned over his body; and it appeared that he had received two mortal wounds, one through the trunk with an arrow, and the other on the head with a ball. His coat of armour was presented to queen Catharine, who informed her husband, then in France, of the victory over the Scots. The loss on both sides in this engage ment is far from being ascertained; though Polydore Virgil, who lived at the time, mentions the loss of the English at 5000, and that of the Scots at 10,000. FLOG, v. a. Lat. flagrum. To lash; to whip; to chastise. The schoolmaster's joy is to flog. FLOOD, n. s. & v. a. Gay. Saxon, Flod; from Sax. Flopaɲ, to flow; Goth. and Swed. flod; Belg. vloed; Fr. flot. A body of water; the sea; a river; a deluge; an reflux: the swelling of a river by rain, or any inundation; flow; flux; as opposed to ebb and other cause. In medical science, catamenia. The verb signifies to deluge; to cover with water. Floodgate is an artificial means of admitting, or excluding, water at pleasure: it is placed across a river, or a water-course, for this purpose; used generally, for whatever impedes, or introduces, water, or any other fluid: it is sometimes used in a metaphorical sense. And whanne he was putt out in the flood, the doughtir of Pharao took him up and norischide him into hir a sone. Wiclif. Dedia. His dominion shall be also from the one sea to the other, and from the flood unto the world's end. Psalm 1xxii. &. Wherefore, Lord Phœbus, this is my request, Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale. Like a great water-flood that tombling low, From the high mountaines, threates to overthrow, With suddein fury, all the fertile playne, And the sad husbandman's long hope doth throw Adowne the streame, and all his vowes make vayne; Nor bounds, nor banks, his headlong usine may sustayne. Spenser's Faerie Queene. Yet there the steel staid not; but inly bate You see this confluence; this great flood of visiters. When went there by an age, since the great fleod, But it was famed with more than with one man? Britain, Mr. Flood, in two able speeches, in sisted, that the simple repeal of this act was no security against similar future claims; and, though he was supported by only three members in the Irish parliament, yet his doctrine was soon after adopted and ratified by the British parliament, who passed an act renouncing the claim for ever. In November, 1783, a violent altercation took place between Mr. Flood and Mr. Grattan, and he was soon after elected a member of the British parliament for Winchester; and in the subsequent one for Seaford, which he continued to represent till its dissolution in 1790; soon after which he died of a pleurisy. His first known production was verses on the death of Frederick prince of Wales; in the Oxford collection, 1751. He also wrote an Ode to Fame; translated the first Pythian Ode of Pindar, printed in 1785; and several orations of Demosthenes, schines, and Cicero; still in MS. Several of his speeches are extant; the last of which, delivered March 4th, 1790, on a parliamentary reform, was celebrated by Mr. Fox as containing the most rational scheme ever proposed on the subject. He married Lady Frances Beresford, daughter of the earl of Tyrone, in 1762, but had no issue. FLOOK, n. s. German, pflug, a plough. The broad part of an anchor which takes hold of the ground; a flounder, a flat river fish. FLOOR, n. s. & v. a. Į Sax. plon, flone; FLOORING, n. s. Goth. flor (from_fla, flat; low. Thomson). Isl. floar; Belg. vloer; Teut. flur; Fr. fleur. The bottom of an apartment: Dr. Johnson says, the pavement: a pavement is always of stone: the floor of wood or stone'; but see his own extract from Shakspeare: the part on which one treads: a story of a house; a suite of rooms, either the ground, the first, or the second story, &c., they are also denominated floors: to cover the bottom with a floor: a modern cant term among boxers for knocking a man down. Hewn stone and timber to floor the houses. 2 Chron. xxxiv. What haukes sitten on the perche above, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. FLOOD (Henry), an eminent orator and politician of the eighteenth century, the son of the right honorable Warden Flood, lord chief justice of the King's bench in Ireland, was born in 1732, and educated in Dublin. In 1749, after attending the university of Dublin for three years, he spent two years with much advantage under the tuition of Dr. Markham, afterwards archbishop of York. Besides the acquisition of mathematics and other sciences, he became so complete a master of the Greek, that he read it with as much facility as English. In 1759 and 1761 he was chosen a member of the Irish par liament, and soon rendered himself conspicuous as the great leader of opposition. The first important measure which he attempted was, an explanation of Poyning's law, by a misconstruction of which the privy council had assumed a degree of power so unconstitutional, as to render the Irish parliament a mere cypher. See Poy- But all a deep descent as dark as hell. NING'S LAW. By his repeated efforts, the obnoxious part of that law was repealed. He next introduced a bill for limiting the duration of the Irish parliament, which till then had always continued during the life of the king. This measure, after much opposition, he at last effected, under the administration of lord Townshend, in 1769, when the octennial bill was passed, which first gave Ireland a constitution somewhat resembling the British. In 1775 he was appointed a privy counsellor in both kingdoms, and a vice-treasurer of Ireland; but resigned this office in 1781; upon which his name was struck out of the list of the privy council. In 1782, the British parliament having repealed the act, 6 Geo. I. c. 5, declaring Ireland subordinate to, and dependent on, the imperial crown of Great He rent that iron door Faerie Queene. His step-mother, making all her gestures counterfeit affliction, lay almost grovelling upon the floor of her chamber. Sidney. Look how the floor of heaven Shakspeare. The ground lay strewed with pikes so thick as a floor is usually strewed with rushes. Hayward. He that building stays at one The flooring is a kind of red plaster made of brick, ground to powder, and afterwards worked into mortar. Addison. Whose spacious barns groan with increasing store, And whirling fails disjoint the cracking floor. Gay. Who fell as rolls an ox o'er in his pasture, And roared out, as he writhed his native mud in, Unto his nearest follower or henchinan, Oh Jack! I'm floored by that ere bloody Frenchman.' Byron. FLOOR, in building. Floors are of several sorts; some of earth, some of brick, others of stone, of boards, &c. See PAVEMENT. Carpenters never floor their rooms with boards till the carcase is set up, and also enclosed with walls, lest the weather should injure the flooring, Yet they generally rough-plane their boards for flooring before they begin any thing else about the building, that they may set them by to dry and season, which is done in the most careful manner. The best wood for flooring is the fine yellow deal well seasoned, which when laid will keep its color for a long while; whereas the white sort becomes black by often washing, and looks very bad. The joints of the boards are commonly made plain so as to touch each other only but when the stuff is not quite dry, and the boards shrink, the water runs through them whenever the floor is washed, and injures the ceiling underneath. For this reason they are made with feather edges, so as to cover each other about half an inch, sometimes they are made with grooves and tenons; and sometimes the joints are made with dove-tails; in which case the lower edge is nailed down and the next drove into it, so that the nails are concealed. The manner of measuring floors is by squares of ten feet on each side, so that taking the length and breadth, and multiplying them together and cutting off two decimals, the content of a floor in square will be given. Thus 18 by 16 gives 288, or 2 square and 88 decimal parts. FLOOR OF A SHIP, strictly taken, is only so much of her bottom as she rests on when a-ground. Such ships as have long, and withal broad floors, lie on the ground with most security and are not apt to heel, or tilt on one side; whereas others, which are narrow in the floor, or, in the sea phrase, craned by the ground, cannot be grounded without danger of being overturned. FLOORS, EARTHEN, are commonly made of loam, and sometimes, especially to make malt on, of lime, and brooksand, and gun-dust, or anvil-dust from the forge. Ox blood and fine clay tempered together, Sir Hugh Plat says, make the finest floors. The manner of making earthen floors for plain country habitations is as follows:-Take two-thirds of lime, and one of coal ashes well sifted, with a small quantity of loam clay; mix the whole together, and temper it well with water, making it up into a heap; let it lie a week or ten days and then temper it over again. After this, heap it up for three or four days, and repeat the tempering very high, till it becomes smooth, yielding, tough, and gluey. The ground being then levelled, lay the floor therewith about two and a half or three inches thick, making it smooth with a trowel: the hotter the season is, the better; and, when it is thoroughly dried, it will make the best floor, especially for malt-houses. Those who would have their floors look better, let them take line made of rag-stones, well tempered with whites of eggs, covering the floor about half an inch thick with it, before the under flooring is too Jry. If this be well done, and thoroughly dried, it will look, when rubbed with a little oil, as transparent as metal or glass. In farmers' houses, floors of this nature are made of stucco, or of plaster of Paris, beaten and sifted, and mixed with other ingredients. FLOOR TIMBERS, in a ship, are those parts of a ship's timbers which are placed immediately across the keel, and upon which the bottom of a ship is framed; to these the upper parts of the timbers are united, being only a continuation of floor timbers upwards. FLOP, v. a. From flap. To clap the wings with noise; to play with any noisy motion of a broad body, A blackbird was frighted almost to death with a huge flopping kite that she saw over her head. L'Estrange. FLORA, the reputed goddess of flowers, was, according to Lactantius, originally a lady of pleasure, who, having gained large sums of money by prostitution, made the Roman people her heir, on condition that certain games called Floralia might be annually celebrated on her birth-day. Some time afterwards, however, such a foundation appearing unworthy the majesty of the Roman people, the senate, to ennoble the ceremony, converted Flora into a goddess, whom they supposed to preside over flowers; and so made it a part of religion to render her propitious, that it might be well with their gardens, vineyards, &c. But Vossius, De Idolol. lib. i. c. 12, will not allow the goddess Flora to have been a courtezan, but rather a Sabine deity, and thinks her worship commenced under Romulus. His reason is, that Varro, in his fourth book of the Latin tongue, ranks Flora among the deities to whom Tatius, king of the Sabines, offered up vows before he joined battle with the Romans. And from another passage in Varro it appears, that there were priests of Flora, with sacrifices, &c., as early as the times of Romulus and Numa. The goddess Flora was, according to the poets, the wife of Zephyrus. Her image in the temple of Castor and Pollux was dressed in a close habit, and she held in her hands the flowers of peas and beans. FLORA, among botanists, is used for a catalogue of the plants and trees growing spontaneously in any particular country or district. Thus Flora Scotica, and Flora Suecica, are the titles of works describing the plants growing in Scotland and Sweden. FLORAC, a town of France, in the depart ment of Lozere, near the Tarn; thirteen miles and a half south of Mende. Long. 18° 0' E. of Ferro, lat. 44° 19′ N. FLORAL, adj. FLORET, n. s. FLORID, adj. FLORID'ITY, . s. FIOR IDNESS, n. s. FLORIFEROUS, adj. FLORIST. All from Lat. flos, floris, à Gr. plos, a flower. Floral is relating to Flora; or flowers: florid(Fr.filerette) a small or imperfect flower: florid, Fr. llorie; j Lat. floridus; productive of flowers; covered with flowers; flushed with red; decorated with brilliant colors; embellished; gaudy; ambitious elegance; particularly applied to the ruddy hue of the face: floriferous is productive of Howers: a florist, one who cultivates or is skilled in them. For not icladde in silk wos he, Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. Our beauty is in colour inferiour to many flowers; and, when it is most florid and gay, three fits of an ague can change it into yellowness and leanness. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy. Nor that Nyseiar isle Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham, Young Bacchus, from his step-dame Rhea's eye. But with a heavenly rapture on his face Byron. FLORAL GAMES, florales ludi, in antiquity, were games held in honor of Flora. They were celebrated with shameful debaucheries. There were several sorts of shows exhibited on these occasions; Suetonius in Galba, and Vopiscus in Carinus, say, that these princes presented elephants dancing on ropes on these occasions. They were chiefly held in the nighttime, in the Patrician street; some will have it there was a circus for the purpose on the Collis Hortulorum. FLORALIA, in antiquity, a general name for the feasts, games and ceremonies, held in honor of the goddess Flora. See FLORA, and FLORAL GAMES. FLOREAL; Fr. i. e. flowery month, from fleurir, to flourish; the eighth month in the French revolutionary calendar, which began on the 20th of April, and ended on the 19th of May. See CALENDAR. FLOREF, a town of France, in the department of Sambre and Meuse, late of the Netherlands, and duchy of Namur, seated on the Sambre, seven miles west of Namur. FLOREN, n. s. So named, says Camden, because made by Florentines. A gold coin of Edward III., in value six shillings. This yongest, which that wente to the town, Ful oft, in herte he rolleth up and down The beautee of thise Floreins newe and bright. Chaucer. The Pardoneres Tale. FLOREN, OF FLORENCE. Every pound weight of standard gold was, by act 18 Edw. III., to be coined into fifty florences, to be current at six shillings each; which made in tale fifteen pounds; or into a proportionate number of half florences or quarter pieces, by indenture of the mint. FLORENCE, the capital of the grand duchy of Tuscany, and one of the finest cities in Italy, is said to have been first founded by the soldiers of Sylla, and embellished and enlarged by the Roman triumviri. It was destroyed by Totla; and rebuilt by Charlemagne. It is surrounded on all sides but one with high hills, which rise insensibly, and at last join with the Appennines. Towards Pisa there is a vast plain, forty miles in length, so filled with villas and villages that they seem to be a continuation of the suburbs of the city. This city is divided into two unequal parts by the Arno, over which there are four bridges; one of which, the Della Trinita, is much admired for its elegant lightness of appearance, and is entirely built of white marble. The quays, the buildings on each side, and the bridges, render that part of Florence through whici. the river runs by far the finest. The handsomest square is the Piazza del Duca, lined with elegant buildings, and adorned with statues. The number of churches is unusually great, even for Italy, and they contain many excellent paintings and statues. In the church of La Sante Crose are the tombs of Michael Angelo, and Machiavel; between which has lately been placed that of Alfieri, the work of Canova. Galileo has likewise an illexecuted monument in this church. The palace of the grand duke, of heavy Tuscan architecture, is said to contain 900 apartments. The cathedral is of great extent and magnificence, its walls being cased, and its interior paved with marble, disposed in part by Michael Angelo. The dome of this building is much admired; as well as the tower adjoining 280 feet in height. The chapel of St. Lorenzo is perhaps the finest and most expensive habitation that ever was reared for the dead; it is encrusted with precious stones, and adorned by the workmanship of the best modern sculptors. Addison remarked that this chapel advanced so very slowly in his time, that it was not impossible but the family of Medici might be extinct before their burial place was finished. This has actually happened, the Medici family is extinct, and the chapel remains still unfinished. The adjoining convent contains the fine library of this family, celebrated for its MSS. The Medicean gallery, known throughout the world as one of the finest collections of works of art, is more than 500 feet long, and so stored with busts, statues, and paintings, as perfectly to dazzle the spectator on his first entrance. The crowning boast of this gallery is the celebrated Venus de Medicis carried off by the French in the late wars, but restored in 1815: on which alone, says rally very rich and very exquisite; some of the Lord Byron, We gaze and turn away, and know not where, Childe Harold, Canto iv. 50. Lady Morgan thus relates the history of its travels to France and re-establishment here :— In the commotions which shook Europe to its centre, Puccini (the Direttorre della Galleria) saw nothing to interest or to fear, but as the changes affected his gallery; and when the grand duke deserted Florence, Puccini, without seeking counsel or asking aid, packed up all the most precious pictures, and taking with him the Venus de Medicis, he freighted an English vessel bound from Leghorn to Palermo, with his precious charge. On his arrival, he presented his beauty of Cnidus to the king of Naples (then a fugitive like herself), and claimed and obtained his legitimate protection for the deposed queen of hearts. The king received the beautiful emigrant, en Preux-a tribune only less superb than that of Florence was allotted to her; and Puccini saw his deity receiving the same homage at Palermo as at Paphos: when to the astonishment of all, and to the utter consternation of her own high priest, the goddess deserted her temple for a French frigate, and exchanged her royal protector for the Jacobin Directory of France. The Directory coquetted about her reception; the king of Naples declared he knew nothing of the transaction; and, after a variety of parler's on both sides, it appeared that Acton, the minister, an Englishman, and the favorite of queen Caroline of Naples (names alike consecrated to national execration) had presented the Venus de Medicis to the French; and Acton, whatever was the dessous des cartes, declared frankly, that he took the responsibility of the transfer on his own head;-a head that stood responsible for deeds of infinitely deeper consequence than this shameful breach of trust. pour "When the restoration occurred, in 1814, the Venus de Medicis was to resume her ancient throne in the tribune, and to be reinstated, like other deposed sovereigns, with the horses of Venice, and the asses of the Annunciata, et ailleurs. In this instance, as in every similar one, an effect was endeavoured to be produced on the people by the 'glorious pomp and circumstance' of her triumphal entry; but it wholly failed in the issue. It was in vain that an escort of cavalry was sent to meet and convoy her to her ancient residence; that she entered the city with colors flying and drums beating-not 300 people assembled to greet her as she passed. The lapse of near a quarter of a century had changed their tastes, and dulled their apprehensions. They wanted statutes, not statues; and the restoration of their ancient commerce, or the continuation of that prosperity they had enjoyed under the more liberal institutions of their ultramontane invaders, would have been a much more welcome result of the re-establishment of their old dynasty, than all the statues that ever filled and adorned the Capitol of ancient, or the Vatican of modern Rome."' Speaking of the other parts of this gallery this lively writer says, 'The Tuscan school is natu prime works of the Hierophants of the art are preserved here. In this precious cabinet is the famous Medusa head of Leonardo da Vinci, the work of his wondrous boy-hood! Old Messere Pietro,' his father, an honest notary of Florence, who took great pride in the talents of his son, requested him to paint a buckler for a peasant who dwelt near his own Podere of Vina. When Leonardo produced his work, the old man fled in horror. This buckler was the Medusa's head, for which the duke Galeas Sforzo of Milan afterwards gave 300 ducats; and which is now deemed one of the most precious treasures of the gallery of Florence. It is a fact, that the venomous reptiles which tress the fine head of the Medusa, owe their terrific vitality to the deep study of the young artist in living specimens. When his shield was finished, his closet was found filled with the noxious productions of marshes and fens, the originals of the serpents, which hiss and dart round the brow of the dying monster, whose last sigh seems to mingle with their pestiferous breath. The contrast to the horrible sublimity of the Medusa is his sweet portrait of Mona Lisa. "The Adoration of the Kings, by Friar Filippo Leppi, is historically interesting, as preserving portraits of the Medici family!~ Here too is a fine portrait, by Allori, of Eleonore, the duchess of Cosmo the First, the mother of many murdered children, whose heart breaks under the splendid finery, which Cellini's exquisite taste designed for her. Here, by the same artist, is the portrait of the Syren Bianca Cappella, whose story is a romance, whose death was a tragedy: and here is the Saint Lucia of Carlo Dolce (whose women always look as if they were painted by angels): a gaping wound in her beautiful neck emits rays of light. The female martyrology of these Italian painters might serve for a gallery of Mahomet's Houris, or the Harem of Charles the Second! Close by each other, hang two famous compositions of Allori and Carradi: the one represents St. Laurence broiling on a gridiron!! the other, St. Theaclea, boiling in a pot. This was A dainty dish to set before a king.' In the adjoining cabinet stands the fine Torso of Ganymede, so exquisitely restored by Cellini; and the splendid bust of Alexander, who, with such a head, might well have believed himself to be the son of Jove. 'The cabinets of Greek, Latin, and Egyptian monuments and inscriptions, that of coins and medals, and that of the Niobe, take days to see and require volumes as well as learning to describe. The gallery of the academy, called the Galleria del Mezzo-Giorno, from the lights falling most favorably at that hour of the day, presents a chronological series, beginning with the Grees painters, and the revival of the arts in the time of the Lower Empire, and continuing by Cimabue, Giotto, Perugino, and Raphael, down to the decline of the arts in the latter end of the sixteenth century. This gallery was anciently the hospital-ward for female patients in the old con |