appoint Vicars or substitutes, to officiate regularly in the Churches which had been given to them, in order that the lower classes of the people might have religious instruction. After this period a large number of Vicarages were endowed by property taken from the Rectories. In 1391 (fifteenth of Richard II.) it was enacted, that in all appropriations of Churches the diocesan Bishop should ordain, in proportion to the value of the Church, a competent sum to be distributed among the poor parishioners annually, "in aid of their living and sustenance for ever," and that the Vicarage should be well and sufficiently endowed. At the Dissolution of religious houses in the reign of Henry VIII., when the tithes and lands of these institutions were granted or sold on easy terms to the King's friends and favourites, who thereby became what is termed lay impropriators, many of the Vicarages were left with very insufficient endowments; and at the present day there are many poor Vicarages and Perpetual Curacies, whilst immense sums, arising from tithes, lands, &c., in these parishes, are appropriated to laymen, descendants of those to whom Henry VIII. granted or sold them.

Rectories are those parishes or livings which have not been appropriated, but in which all the tithes or other emoluments belong to the Incumbent. QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY.-From a very carly period every Bishop and clergyman has been required to pay the amount of his first year's incumbency into a fund, called from thence First Fruits, and every succeeding year as long as he is in possession of the living, he has been required to pay onetenth part of his income into a fund, hence called The Tenths. In 1290, a valuation for this purpose was made of all the ecclesiastical livings in England; and the book containing that record is preserved in the Remembrancer's office, under the title of "Valor of Pope Nicholas IV." At the time of the Reformation there was a law passed, that the first fruits and tenths should be applied to the use of the State, and that any Bishop or clergyman neglecting to pay those imposts into the public treasury, should be declared an intruder into his living, and should forfeit double the amount; and, in order to ascertain the full amount, an accurate and full valuation was made of all the ecclesiastical livings in England and Wales. Except during a short period in the reign of Philip and Mary, the first fruits and tenths continued to be paid into the public exchequer, till the reign of Queen Anne, when that Monarch, deploring the wretched condition of many of the poor clergy, owing to the insufficiency of their livings, determined that the first fruits and tenths of the livings of all the Bishops and clergy should be paid into a fund, to be called Queen Anne's Bounty, and that the amount should be appropriated to the augmentation of the livings of the poor clergy. As there was no fresh

valuation instituted in the time of Queen Anne, the first fruits and tenths continue to be paid according to that made by Henry VIII. in 1535, and which was registered in what is called the King's Books (Liber Regis), to which, as well as to the augmentation from Queen Anne's Bounty, we shall frequently refer in the accounts of Church livings in this history. That this payment might not operate oppressively, the first year's income was to be paid by four annual instalments, and all livings of small value were entirely exempt, and hence called Discharged livings. The increase which has taken. place in the value of Church livings since 1535 is enormous.

The receipts by the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty in the year 1855, amounted to £229,939., of which, £14,192. accrued from first fruits and tenths; £26,989. from benefactions; £23,642. from sale of stock; £74,822. from income derived from capital; and £23,214. from the sale of land and buildings. The payments for the same year amounted to £230,559., of which, £72,132. was paid to the clergy, and the remainder was expended in the purchase of land and buildings, and in the erection of residence houses, and glebe houses.

SANCTUARIES. The privilege of Sanctuary was introduced into the Christian Church about the time of Constantine. It had its origin in the laws of Moses, who, at the divine command, appointed Six Cities of Refuge, as a protection to the involuntary homicide against the summary vengeance of his incensed pursuers.-Numb. c. 35. It was used also in Pagan times. Some particular trees in the Druidical grove were Sanctuaries; and the altars of idolatry were decorated with horns, which were always reputed a sanctuary for crime; so that even murderers, fleeing for safety to the horns of the altar, esteemed themselves perfectly secure from the danger of apprehension until their crimes were legally investigated. This privilege having become quite a nuisance, through the number of the vilest malefactors, who remained in the temples of the gods with impunity, and set at defiance the operation of the laws; Tiberius Cæsar abolished the protection afforded by these Sanctuaries, and confined it to the two Temples of Juno and Esculapius. By the laws of the Saxon King Ina, A.D. 693, any person guilty of a capital crime, taking refuge in a Church, his life was spared, on condition that he made recompence to the friends of the deceased, according to justice and equity; and if one who had merely incurred the punishment of stripes took such refuge, his punishment was suspended.

York Cathedral was one of the Churches that possessed the great privilege of Sanctuary from a very early period-probably from the time of the Saxon King Athelstan, who granted this privilege to the Church of Beverley, and

who visited York and founded there the Hospital of St. Leonard in the same year, A.D. 936. Many of the Churches possessed the privilege of Sanctuary, and when kept under proper restraint was a public benefit, and moderated the rigour of the common law. It allowed time for criminals to make restitution, and for the falsely accused to prove their innocence, whilst without this respite they might have suffered immediate punishment or death. The Leuga, or privileged circuit, was comprehended within the circumference of a circle, of which the Church was the centre, and its limits were marked by stone crosses on the principal roads leading to each of these "Cities of Refuge." The refugee, or grithman, generally arrived at the entrance to the Church under the cloak of night, and was admitted by the porter of the Church or Monastery into the porch or Galilee.* In the morning a Chapter was assembled to hear and record the details of the case. The Sanctuary oath was then administered, and having paid the customary fee for registering the circumstances of his crime, he was seated in the Fridstol, and permitted to remain within the precincts until he was favoured with an opportunity of compromising with his adversary; or in case of murder, with the surviving relations and friends of the unhappy sufferer. "If a malefactor, flying for refuge, was taken or apprehended within the crosses, the party that took or had hold of them there did forfeit two hundreth; if he took him within the town he forfeited four hundreth; if within the walls of the churchyard, then six hundreth; if within the Church, then twelve hundreth; if within the doors of the quire, then eighteenth hundreth; besides penance as in case of sacrilege; but if he presumed to take him out of the stone chair near the altar, called Fridstol, or from among the holy relics behind the altar, the offence was not

"The King's peace extended three mila, three furlong, three æcera bredæ, nine fote, nine scefta munda, nine bere corna."-Wilk. Leg. Ang. Sax., p. 63. The remains of three of these Sanctuary crosses may yet be seen in the neighbourhood of Beverley.

Some of our Cathedrals and great Churches possess an appendage called the Galilee, or Galilee porch, probably considered as a part of the edifice less sacred than the rest, where preliminaries to admission, as in baptism, the churching of women, &c., were performed; and where great sinners doing public penance were exposed before being received back into commnnion with the Church. In conventual Churches this appendage was a small gallery or balcony open towards the nave of the Church, from which visitors, or the family of the Abbot, with whose residence it communicated, might view processions. Here also the female relatives of the monks were permitted to have interviews with them. From this last circumstance, Dr. Milner explains the origin and derivation of the appellation. On a woman applying for leave to see a monk, her relation, she was answered in the words of Scripture, "he goeth before you into Galilee, there you shall see him."-Britton's Archit. Ant., vol. v., Appendix xlii.

Mr. Staveley, on the authority of Richard, Prior of Hagulstad, says that the hundredth contained eight pounds.

redeemable with any sum; but was then become sine emendatione boteles, and nothing but the utmost severity of the offended Church was to be expected, by a dreadful excommunication, besides what the secular power would impose for the presumptuous misdemeanor." The Fridstol, that is, freed stool, was a chair of refuge and safety from the immediate infliction of punishment for any crime whatsoever.*

By a statute enacted in the ninth of Edward II. (1316), it was provided that "so long as the criminals be in the Church, they shall be supplied with the necessaries of life." Whilst the nature and circmstances of his crime were being investigated, the Church continued its protection, and the culprit remained in perfect safety within the limits of the Sanctuary; and in all cases the life of the criminal was safe, for having taken the oath of fealty to the head of the religious establishment, and being placed in the chair of peace, he could compel his adversary to accept of a pecuniary compensation.

The places of Sanctuary in process of time became much abused, and diverted from their original purpose; and in the reign of Henry VIII. they were entirely abolished.

A Chronological List of the Archbishops of York, from the establishment of the See in the year 625, to the present time :

The Fridstol, or chair of peace, occurs in the laws of Edgar, ca. 16. There were formerly several of them in the northern parts of Britain; one of them occurs in the charter of immunities renewed by King Henry VII. to St. Peter's, York, where it is interpreted cathedra quietudinis vel pacis.-Wilk. Leg. Anglo-Sax. Gloss., p. 403. The fridstol was generally a stone chair or seat near the high altar, as an emblem of protection to the refugee.-Dugdale's Monast., vol. ii., p. 128. The ancient fridstol of Beverley Sanctuary is still preserved in the Minster of that place.